Full. Unless you cheated. I asked you specifically to look at the document from the 1700s and think about what he says in terms of what he says about the indian economy, indian trade, and specifically the indian slave trade. Little snippets there. What i want to do today is delve more deeply into these issues. I give you a chapter from the fairly recent book on slavery in the indian country, and on page 75, she writes the chickasaw and apalachee experiences could not have been more different. I will throw this out to you. How do they compare, and what does that tell us about the lower south at that time . We can start with the chickasaw. Who wants to start us off looking at how they engage the slave trade . Because they really keep appearing in this chapter. More so than me apalachee. Chickasaw. What can you tell us about chickasaw . Yeah . They participated in the transatlantic trade. All right, participated in the transatlantic trade. That is key. Who wants to elaborate on what is important about this trade . [indiscernible] they had small numbers and they were able to dominate the slave trade by doing raids on other tribes and trade them with South Carolina and virginia. Very good. This is a small group of people, relatively speaking. Especially when you compare them to their near neighbors, which we will talk about today, the choctaw, and others like the apalachee. They are able to use these connections to the european markets, specifically the english, that allow them to maintain their survival and their sovereignty in their homeland and so forth. What is important about this trade . You kind of alluded to it. The key aspect . Richie . It becomes much more profitable for them to raid other peoples and catch them and sell them as slaves, as opposed to concentrating on the fur trade. It was much more profitable. Two things richie said that are important to pick up on. One, the importance of the deerskin trade. We will talk mostly about the indian slave trade, but the deer skin trade is also important. You will see that in one of the slides i have. Between 1700 and 1715, at the height of the slave trade, there 50,000 deerskins leaving the port of charleston. If we focus on one cornerstone of these trading relationships, lets not forget the deerskin trade is important. Ends,he slave trade the deerskin trade will be even more important. And the same thing that you said was the economic benefit of participating in this trade, and that is another thing we will recap as we get to the powerpoint here in a second, looking at economic motivation. There were two sets of motivation indians really thought about and used in engaging this trade. There is cultural, and then there is economic. The economic ones are pretty powerful, as we will talk about. What about the chickasaw that made them so powerful . They were a small group. If you had to say one or two. Answers, what is most crucial here . They started training with the british . They gave them guns. Very good. The apalachee did not have this. They were allied to the english. That is very important. What did the english bring . They brought guns. The chickasaw for a period of time were the only ones in Lower Mississippi that had access to these guns. I am going to ask you this bows and arrows are pretty effective weapons. You can fire them quickly. What makes these rifles, these flintlocks so important . The psychological component. You had the loud banging and flashing. It would not only kill people, but it scared them as well. Ok, good. The psychological aspect of these weapons. The noise, the smoke. The fear and the panic. It is not great for hunting when you try to use stealth and quiet, but for warfare, it is great. They would unsettle these villages they would attack , especially if they had not seen the before and they did not have them. What else would you say is an advantage that guns have that bows and arrows do not have . They were highly effective compared to a parabolic arrow shot. So the damage is done. One, you are hitting your target more, and two, there is a higher rate of fatality. Good. They were expert with these weapons. Yards,d a range of 300 much farther than those of arrows. What else did you say . They shot straight. They were parabolic. Yes, the damage these bullets will do as opposed to a bow and arrow. Ok, good. What else can you tell me about the chickasaw that made them effective slavers . Again, their trajectory and so forth . Yeah, nicole . They have a lot of allies. They use those to their advantage. And not just english allies . Tribal allies. Very good. That is one thing im glad that you picked up on. The English Alliance is critical, but they are not totally making enemies among all their neighbors. They are very selective and strategic about who they are befriending, like the natchez is one of their allies. Anything else . What happens and how does the story end before we move to the apalachee . How does their story end . Their numbers diminish because of what theyre going through to get their slaves . Ok, this is not just hey, ive got a gun and i am raiding a village and it is a piece of cake. As we will see with the choctaw and the chickasaw, these are very destructive raids. People on both sides lost their lives. One is population loss. That is one thing to keep in mind. I will not talk about it in great detail. But this comes with the slave trade to really decimate native populations in the lower south. Yeah, you do see loss of population where they go from around 7500 to around 4000 at the end of the slave trade. What else can you tell me about their story . They would take people who were captured into their own community. We are talking about the diminishing numbers. They would replenish their numbers, their population with the captured slaves. Good. Specifically women and children. And this answers a lot of the questions i was going to ask you that we will do here in a second. But adoption into native communities. One of the questions i have is, what happened to these peoples who were taken captive . Part of the answer is some of them were incorporated into native american clans. The chickasaw, for example. And we will talk about the iroquois, the yamasee, all of these others who will incorporate foreigners or enemies into their ranks. So, what is in store for the chickasaw . Do they lose their identity as a people . Are they run off their land . What . [indiscernible] what happened to them in the end . At the end of the story, what happened with the chickasaw . Let me ask you this. Was it an effective strategy, what they did . Turning to becoming slavers, as one anthropologist said, a militaristic slave raiding society. Was it an effective strategy . Yes and no. Yes and that it allowed them to prosper for a long time. They were able to prosper with a relatively small tribe. However when they started to , take them captives and make them in part of their families, they start to lose their identity more and more. At one point there was one you had the claim that he was one of two original chickasaw left in the world. Do you believe him . No. [laughter] even snyder says, that is probably a major exaggeration. That you are exactly right, it does ring in different cultural elements. Different languages and so forth. In terms of their ethnic identity and their polity, you know their polity, you know the government, what happens . Are they like the apalachee . No. We see them maintain their homeland. There are small numbers, but we see them maintain their sovereignty. Lets jump to the apalachee, because the chickasaw ground this chapter we read. The apalachee appear later. What happens to them . Who are they . Who are their allies . What happens to them . Nicole . They are basically like a huge mississippian chieftain and they had 30,000 people. After that, there were epidemics and the natives kept dwindling down. Ok, disease and war certainly take a toll on their population. During the desoto expedition, they numbered as many as 30,000. By the time we get to the slave trade, it is more like 10,000. Still a very formidable people. What happens to that . Quinn . A lot of them got enslaved, and then there were others that were absorbed into louisiana and florida. Good, good. Hold onto your answer because i am going to return to it in a second. But they are especially targeted and that is what youre getting at. They were especially targeted during the slave raids. Why . One of the major reasons was they had no weapons, no guns. Why is that . Who are their allies . The spanish. Good. The spanish. We will talk about the Mission System where the spaniards try to bring their religion to native peoples with limited success. But they are not trading guns to them, and that is not good when you have aggressive slave raiders attacking from the north. That is a major reason their particular location, the fact that they do not have access to guns, and their ally, the spanish, is fairly weak. That will all play into their demise. We get back to quinns answer, what eventually happens to the apalachee . They are attacked and displaced from their homeland. You are going to see a number of them, as you mentioned, a number of them will be incorporated into yamasee and creek communities. Thousands will be sold into slavery. We will talk about that. And there will be some who relocate to the french in louisiana to seek protection with the french in louisiana, as you read about. A number will surrender to the english. They will relocate to the tallahassee section of florida. There are no Florida State fans in here, are there . Ok, good. They will relocate to the Savannah River area of South Carolina. They will be under the protection of the english government. With that said, there are two major differences here looking at these experiences. So, how do we describe the lower south . If you just did it in one word, what would you say about the lower south from 1670 until 1720 . Factional. Very good. That ties into a later question i have. Snyder asked this why did indians attack one another . Part of the answer is factional. What do you mean by that . What did she mean by that . Yes . They did not see each other as indians. They saw each other as tribes. Very good. There is no indian identity. Race is a nonissue. She writes, the most important thing to native peoples in terms of identity and belonging and protection is what . Kinship. Kinship. Very good. If you are not kin, you are other, you are an enemy. You were a foreigner. You were a prime target. Very good. What else . Why else would native peoples attack one another . We talked about economic reasons. Any cultural reasons we did not touch upon . Anything at all . Cultural reasons . They had two leaders. One civil leader, one war leader. Looking at the political structure of these communities and actually the chickasaw, so much evidence points to the chickasaw changing and the reorganizing their society so they become a militaristic slave raiding society, because it was so beneficial. Economically, but also in terms of survival and protection. That is something to keep in mind there. Ok, a couple other questions we will finish with before we move on to the powerpoint. I guess i could ask you more about the description of the lower south. We did not flesh that out that much. What else would you say . We know that when i ask questions, i like at least five answers. Violence. Violent great description. , what else . People kept breaking their allies and the trust and very good. I think we talked about that last class. It warps native diplomacy. We saw that and we see that here in this reading. Friends could quickly become enemies based on the motivations and the allure of this trade. Very good. Anything else . There are a lot of descriptions you could use, but anything else . These are some good ones. All right. All right. I am not going to get to this, in the powerpoint, so i will ask you now what can you tell me about the captive slave activity before the europeans arrived and how does it change . It was a byproduct of war and not the main cause of war. That is a good answer. It was a byproduct of war and not the main cause of war. You will see as europeans arrived that is motivating people to attack one another. What else . What about indian slavery or captivity during the mississippian period, the era of the chieftains . Before the europeans arrived . Even though europeans will arrive during the mississippian period. It is a much smaller scale. All right. The second big difference is just the scale of captivity. It is going to grow exponentially. And the commoditization of human bodies was unprecedented, meaning they did not get slaves, did not take captives for an export economy. When europeans arrived, that is going to greatly change. We will talk more about this idea of the shatters own and shatter zone and things of that nature. Good. There are some other things we could talk about, but i want to move along. Two other people i want to introduce that we will also talk about in a minute. The iroquois. And the westo. The iroquois. Where are they located . Great lakes upstate new york. ,very good. That is a long way away. What do they have to do with this story . Yes . [indiscernible] good. They are going to attack their neighbors near and far. And they are going to drive peoples from their homelands. And lots of groups are going to be displaced like we see later on in the lower south. One of those groups are the westo. And who are they originally . Best as we know. The erie indians. Their nextdoor neighbors. The five nations and they will , be forced out onto the south, also seeking trade. Westo important to the story . The kind of mimic iroquois tactics. Very good. They basically bring iroquois tactics to the south. They bring these slave raiding expeditions. Although we will talk more about iroquois warfare and the reasons for their work, but the westo bring these tactics down to the south and raid their neighbors. Were going to talk more about that. They traded captured slaves to the english for firearms. They did. Establishee the westo and maintain trading relationships with the english in virginia first, and then move down to South Carolina when that colony is founded. Very good. I think, the last question of the day we will talk about why indians attack one another, but i want you to tell me for our last question before we get to this, why is the yamasee war important . They slave trade and the yamasee war in terms of legacy. Forget about the details of the war. Why are these two things, the slave trade and the yamasee war, why are they significant . What happens . Give me a couple. People away from using indian slaves because they were afraid of a rebellion. Good. One thing that you see is that for all intents and purposes, the yamasee war ends the slave trade. Snyder argues it does not destroy the slave trade, but it basically ends the slave trade. Because within a few years, official sponsorship in terms of the scale, all of that is going to implode. It is not going to be anymore. What else . Legacy. What are legacies . What else do we have . One more . Like we said earlier, it marks an end to certain ways of native diplomacy, that war is so violent and so treacherous and the people are so decimated afterwards. Ok. I would go a little bit further and say this is going to be a major shift in the geopolitical makeup of the southeast. Who wants to elaborate . Were you going to go that way or somewhere else . I was going to say the rise of africanamerican slavery in the south. They used them instead even though they were more expensive and taxed at a higher rate. Very good. There are two answers i am looking for. I think we are getting into both of those answers. One is, the indian slave trade provides for the growth of this plantation economy, this plantation complex in South Carolina. We will talk details about why, but it is intimately connected to that growth. What else . [indiscernible] ok. I would qualify that with yes and no. You do see the yamasee conflict as kind of a panindian type of movement, but much more when you get into the American Revolution and the 1790s and the war of 1812. But i think you can see the beginnings there. The important point here is we say it is the yamasee war, but it is not just the yamasee attacking South Carolina. There are lots of other groups that will join them and we will talk about those reasons. The last thing i wanted you to get out of this was a major shift in the makeup of the southeast, and was that where you were going . I was going to say making them realize there was more separation between the colonists and the natives themselves, they could not really work together. Ok, you definitely see a change in the relationship, and one thing that is going to change is the site of native power, and this gets to our last answer, the site of native power is going to shift to the interior and the main aspect of this relationship in terms of trade is going to be built on the deerskin trade and not human bodies. Along with that, the shift in power, the answer i was looking for, these large polities, confederacies, we struggle with terms for how to describe them. But these nations that will form in the southeast. You talk about the creek, the chickasaw, the choctaw, and so forth. This is going to be this process of coalescence we will finish our talk with today. Very good. Any questions before we turn to this . Any questions . Anytime you have a question during the slide, feel free. All right. Now lets turn to the powerpoint here to get this discussion a little more structured and add some details about some things we have already been talking about. Our story today begins with thomas nairne. Nairne was from scotland and sometime in the 17th century he settled in the neighborhood of port royal, South Carolina. He is what we would consider to be an expert in indian affairs. He had experience in the indian trade. He had experience leading military expeditions against native people. He was an early agent for the colony, which means that he negotiated with native leaders, and he was so important, he drafted documents related to the indian trade. He was also a pretty good observer of indian cultures. He wrote a lot of this stuff down. Letters and journals and so forth. This is a pretty good collection. The evidence is featured prominently in our reading today. I have used it for my own research. Scholars really tap into this to learn more about the south, the lower south, the british empire, and native people. Now nairne probably would have written more except yamasee warriors filled his body with burning splinters and tortured him over the course of several days. And part of the question we want to ask and answer today is why . Why . Why did the yamasee these were his neighbors. This attack occurred in the main yamasee town which is in the vicinity of port royal and nairne was a frequent visitor of the yamasee. So why did they kill nairne . Why, at that same time, did diverse native peoples launch an all out attack against South Carolina . Of course, there are multiple answers, but the answer largely has to do with the indian slave trade. We are going to focus on 1670 to 1720. This is the height of the indian slave trade. It is important to remember that , as we talked about, that indian slavery and captivity did not begin in 1670. For generations, native peoples had been practicing their own cultural forms of captivity. As you mentioned over here, as well, the slave trade did not begin in 1670. Peoples like the occoneechee and the westo were trading slaves to the virginians before 1670. But 1670 is nevertheless a watershed moment in the history of the south. One reason is because the colony of carolina is founded, and from that point on, the slave trade will spread to the interior of the lower south and grow exponentially. All right. The other thing i want to mention before we move onto the iroquois, one historian has written and this is why we will spend so much time with us it is the indian slave trade that is the decisive factor, right, they shaped both colonial and native worlds for years. And we will also finish with the legacy. It really does not end in 1715 or 1720, but this continues on, as you mentioned, adam, for the legacy of the old south and the beginnings of the old south. All right, my clicker does not work so i have to do this manually here. Interestingly, as we talked about, were not going to start in the lower south, but we are going to turn to the iroquois. The iroquois, the five nations, will establish a very powerful confederacy. Sometime as best we know between 1450 and 1525. It is up for debate, but nevertheless from the seneca people in the west all the way to the mohawks in the east, the five nations will become a very powerful confederacy. And they occupy a very strategic position in the region, especially when we look at i throw that up there the arrival of europeans in the 17th century. You have the french who are going to colonize, theyre calling this new france. They will come down to the great lakes, down the mississippi into the Lower Mississippi valley. You also have the dutch along the hudson river. The dutch in the 17th century have one of the greatest commercial empires of any nation and they will establish a mercantile venture along the Hudson Valley that penetrates deep into the interior of modern new york. And the english we have already talked about new england theyre going to rapidly colonize and establish multiple colonies in what becomes new england. Now, europeans are going to bring three crucial elements to these exchanges. Theyre going to bring disease. They are going to bring markets. Global markets. And they are going to bring guns. And the iroquois are especially going to use these. Their connections with the dutch and later the english, they are going to especially use these as part of a very culturallyspecific type of warfare called the mourning war. And these are basically raids for captives. They are going to attack their neighbors near and far in order to weaken their enemies and strengthen their own numbers. The iroquois have been taking a hit from warfare, from disease. There are also cultural reasons. What do i mean by that when it comes to kinship . Why else are their motivations for war, especially when you put it within the context of clan or kinship . Any ideas . Yes . To have power over the other tribes maybe . It certainly was about power because a clan the number of people in a clan brought them power. What else . They held grudges over different attacks and violence good. You can call it the law of revenge or condolences. But kin people had an obligation to alleviate their deceased kin in terms of going out and getting new captives, bringing them into the family, or ritually torturing. It is not all about captivity. This is a very violent, very deadly type of warfare here. If you look at this image here i do not have all the back story of this image you see two iroquois warriors on the right. What are some things you can pull out of this image to reinforce some things we have been saying . What do you notice that is worth mentioning . Richie . The obvious bondage that the man in the middle is in, and the man in the back is controlling them with a weapon. Very telling. Yes, that is quite prominent. What are these . Heads. I thought they were scalps, but maybe they are heads. You see the gun. Very important. If you look at the unfortunate person in the middle, would you say he is going to be adopted into these iroquois clans, or do you think he is up for a horrible fate . What would be your guess . I would say horrible fate. Why . Often times when they would take captives, they would take women and children. Also, he seems pretty depressed, so i am just going with [laughter] his head is down, yeah. A couple good points. Men were adopted into clans, of course. But we have read about largely you see women and children are targeted for captivity and for adoption. Also, head down. What else do you notice about the man in the middle that might tip you off to not a very good fate . We havent really been studying native American History a lot in this class. We are kind of shifting gears a bit. What is this . [indiscernible] all right. Yes . It is not a weapon. That could turn on you real quick. It is most likely a death rattle. This is most likely tied with the halter. We will see a picture of an 18thcentury halter in a second. He is most likely destined for a horrible fate and not to be adopted into these communities. I also want to stress there are economic reasons for war. It is not just about mourning war replacing lost kinsman. You have the iroquois expanding to prevent others, their rivals, from getting access to european trade. Theyre trying to expand their hunting territory. Especially with the allimportant beaver trade. Both of these factors go together in the iroquois attacking their neighbors. And this is going to be important to our story, because this greatly destabilizes the region. In the early days, theyre going to start by attacking their near neighbors. Other iroquoian speakers, people like the huron and the neutral and the susquehanna and the erie. Many of these people if they are not killed or incorporated, they will become displaced. Many will move further west and the iroquois will follow them. Their attacks will be as far as the illinois country along the mississippi river. They will attack peoples in the south. As we mentioned, there is one people, one group that does more damage in a very short time in the south, and that is the westo. The westo were originally erie, iroquoian speakers, made up of the confederation of villages that included peoples like the huron. The erie will relocate from pressure but also to have access to english trade. They will relocate to the falls of virginia in the mid17th century. They are not really welcome there. The english do not want them there. And the occoneechee, another powerful group, does not want them there either. Nevertheless, they establish trading relationships with the english and they will trade and sell slaves, indian slaves to the english in virginia. About 1660, they are going to relocate to the Savannah River area, where they become known officially as the westo. They are going to attack people in the carolina piedmont. They are going to attack groups in georgia and florida as well. I am not going to get into all of the back story, but their reign is shortlived. There is a faction within South Carolina called the goose creek men. We mentioned them last class. Many of them barbadians, aggressive planters. They resent the westo monopoly. They want to open up trade to the interior. They secretly recruit another group of indians, the shawnee indians, known as the savanna, and they will arm them and they will pretty much wipe out the westo. In a war between 1680 and 1682 the westo are going to take a , pretty big hit. There is only about 50 westo remaining at the end of that war and by 1715, they disappear from the records altogether. The westo war is important because it opens up the interior to trade. The english are going to trade to a much greater degree with peoples well beyond the atlantic coast. Deep into the interior. We read a lot about the chickasaw and this englishchickasaw alliance. They are strategically located. Much like the iroquois were, they are strategically located in the Lower Mississippi. Major trade routes. Waterways and land perhaps. Paths. D h nearby, you have the mississippi river, the tennessee river. You have the natchez trace that goes north to south. You have the creek path that goes to charleston, east to west, all the way to the chickasaw villages. They are going to tap, like the dutch and the iroquois did, they are going to tap into this trade. They are going to use that to attack their neighbors. They are the only ones with access to guns. They attack on both sides of the mississippi river, but they especially target the choctaw. Circled in red along the pearl river in the mississippi region. And the choctaw are a pretty powerful people. They are about three times more populous, but they dont have guns and they are ethnically and politically divided. There is going to be this nasty war, a series of raids that will go back and forth between the heavily armed chickasaw and the choctaw. I will give you a couple statistics and these are not completely accurate. For example, we see in one decade, it is estimated that the chickasaw capture 500 choctaw and kill 1800. One, it lets you know how destructive the slave raids were. But also, the human toll that was taken. In addition, it tells you that the choctaw were not passive victims. They targeted the chickasaw as well. When they came down for their raids on the way back to their villages, their hunting grounds. In that same decade, in that same 10 years, it is estimated 800 chickasaw were killed through this warfare. The Playing Field is going to become a bit more level later on when the french will arrive in the Lower Mississippi. They are going to construct these native alliances, supply them with guns. The warfare between the chickasaw and the choctaw will continue, but much more level. All right, we could talk about different groups that become slave raiders all day. There are lots we could mention. Two more i want to introduce very quickly, because they are important to our story later are the yamasee and the creek. These are new peoples that are forming, these confederacies that are emerging. Both the yamasee and the creek. They are made up of remnant populations from chieftains that have collapsed, from villages that have been targeted by slave raiders, and those hit hard by disease. So the yamasee and the creek are important because along with the chickasaw, they are going to be the principal slavers, the principal allies of the english. From the mid1680s on to the yamasee war. And they are especially going to target people where . In florida. All right. Very good. I am going to have you guys do some work here in a second, so stay with me. They are going to especially target people in florida. We have already kind of introduced this. Florida is strategically important to the spanish. Very important. Because a lot of the new world wealth coming out of central and south america is being shipped around the coast of florida, back to spain, and as a military outpost, it is very significant to their empire. But florida is on the northern fringes of the spanish empire, and it is a weak outpost. They are more concerned with bringing this Mission System to native peoples of the region, trying to convert them, trying to assimilate them. And it has limited success. I am not going to get into all of the details because we have a short class, but they are particularly active among people like the apalachee, who we read about. Group of 10,000 or more heavily fortified towns around tallahassee. They will have a fairly close, but not a perfect relationship, but a fairly close relationship with the spanish. While they are formidable, the odds are against them, because these slavers, these slavers coming down are bent on getting slaves and their heavily armed. They are heavily armed. If you look on the map here on the right, if you look on the map, you can see as early as the late 1650s up to 1711, getting up toward the tuscarora and yamasee war, you can see how extensive these raids were. They even went to the tip of the florida keys looking for indian slaves. The slave raiding will intensify with queen annes war. That is an imperial conflict and it will unleash a slaving frenzy. One reason, it really interrupts transatlantic commerce. You have the flight of african price of african slaves that are tripled. People in South Carolina, carolinians, will see this as an opportunity to get slaves. One of the most destructive raids, i think, that you read about, the former governor of South Carolina, james moore, who leads 50 whites and 1000 indians, yamasee at others, down to florida, attacking the apalachee and others. He wrote about how destructive these raids were. His claims may be exaggerated in those letters, but thousands were sold into slavery. Some were incorporated into yamasee and creek communities. You had a number, like we said, that went to maybe 800 that went to french louisiana to establish that connection and alliance. You had maybe 1000 or so that relocated to the Savannah River area to be under the protection of the english. And they will participate in slave raiding after that. Ok, the last thing i want to mention about this before we o Something Else is the end result of the slave raids is devastating for the spanish and for florida. And florida is largely depopulated of indians not completely, but largely. The other thing is it pretty much ends the Mission System. This is a mid18thcentury map, maybe a little bit later. I highlighted in yellow some of the descriptions included in this map, and it pretty much is talking about commemorating english victories i do think i dont think you can read it. Maybe you can if you have better eyes than me. Commemorating english victories from 1702, 1703 at the top one. In the middle one, it talks about how the settlements were abandoned. A lot of the missions in this Mission System were located along this road here. This is where most of the missions were. They were destroyed. And these down here are being destroyed as well. It takes a pretty heavy toll on florida. All right. Now were going to stop for a second, check the clock. On my oldfashioned phone. Ok. Lets ask a question that snyder asks. Im going to answer the first one for you because weve already done that. But then i want you to look at the next document and tease out some information. Why did indians raid for slaves . Why did they participate in this toxic trade . One big reason, protection and alliance. If you do not have access to guns, it is a good chance you are a victim. Almost being forced to take part in the slave trade to ensure your own autonomy and survival. Also alliance. It is important to ally with powerful people. The english will bring these guns and bring this power. For many, they are good people to connect with. Other reasons the second reason i want to talk about is what richie started going down that road, and that is the economic motivations for slave raiding. I hope it is ok if i can cut down for just a second these lights. Just look at this document for a second. 1716. What is going on here in the document . What is it . [indiscernible] who wants to elaborate . What is going on in this document . What is this about . If you are a historian and find this in the archives [indiscernible] not slaves, but it is a schedule of a schedule of prices. Prices. This is for the deerskin trade. All right . On the left here, you have goods. There are three columns. On the left, you have goods. On the right, what is the payment . For these goods . If you are in indian, how are you paying for these goods . Buckskin. Deerskin. Good. Again, this is remember, the 1716. Deerskin trade is very important to these relationships, especially with the english. I want to look at the economic motivations. I want to go back to a quote from thomas nairne. He said one slave could bring in an entire estate at once. He gave some detail. For one slave, you could get a gun, ammunition, a horse, a hatchet, and a suit of clothes. What i want to do really quick before we move on, make a few comparisons about how much one slave could bring in in terms of deerskins. Anybody here decent at math . You raised your hand, but you pulled it down. I wrote the number down from the readings. Oh, you cant do that. I know if we are history majors math is not our strong point. , is there anybody here who would be willing to write down a few numbers and tally them up . I am not going to volunteer. Calculator . Well, if you want to be modern. Can you do that for me . I will do that. Ok, a gun. How much is that . 30 skins. Very good. Ammunition. What do you see for ammunition . One skin. All right, lets do that. Lets do one skin. What is this . 18 flints. Lets do that. That will be enough for ammunition, although it might be more. Forget the horse, because there is a good chance this is an exaggeration. Horses were part of the trade, but i doubt every indian who brought in a slave received a horse. Maybe some of the most noted warriors and head men, but these were very valuable animals and commodities at this time. Later on they would be traded illegally as well, much more extensively. Lets skip that. Because that would be something that would not even be on this list because they are so valuable. How about a hatchet . Two. Very good. A suit of clothes. We will have to mix and match here to come up with a number. What are some items you think would be part of the suit of clothes . A shirt, good. How much . Four skins. What else in that first column do you think is not only valuable, but a typically traded item . A blanket. A blanket. 14. That was often worn as an overcoat. This was typical. Do not forget the ladies. Oftentimes men would get goods for daughters and wives and mothers. Lets throw in there what else can we throw in there . Help me here. Lets do that. What have we got, nicole . 12. 93. 93. Does not quite match up with what we said, but what was the number from the book . 160, if im not mistaken. 160 skins for one slave. Even if you get in the range of 80, which a good hunter might bring in 70 to 80 skins or more. You have the option of hunting deer the labor and the effort required in that to get 160 or 180 skins. Or you can get one slave, which is much more dangerous, but much more valuable. These are a couple of the main reasons on why indians are attacking each other. Lets flip the coin. We already talked about this. What happened to indian slaves . We have already kind of answered this. Lets just go over it real quick. They would be employed on Agricultural Farms or shipped to the west indies. Where . West indies . New england . New england. Hint, hint. Where else . Virginia. Nior some early on were traded to virginia to work on tobacco plantations. And the carolinas. Very good. We have a number that were traded to new england, as you see from this advertisement. A carolina indian boy, that is how they are often described. Carolina indians are spanish indians. They would be household labor. We have already read a lot about the west indies this semester and the voracious demand they had for labor and human bodies. Indentured servitude, indian slaves, and african labor they would use, especially in sugar plantations. And of course, at the end of there, many were put to work on South Carolina plantations. You can see the statistic. It is no small number. The estimates are from census records that a quarter or more of the slave population were native american. This was not this was in the reading, but not to any great detail. Does this date have any importance in terms of what we are going to turn to next to kind of finish up this presentation with a few more slides . Not the yamasee war. Remember that picture of lawson, the original drawing . [indiscernible] North Carolina is what i am thinking of. It very well could be this carolina indian boy was taken during this war in North Carolina. [indiscernible] yes, do you remember that war . And the other two were let go, and they actually killed him. Give me the name of the war. Oh you would know this if you were from North Carolina. The tuscarora war . Very good. The tuscarora war. Very nice. To 1713. I am not going to get into all of the details. The tuscarora, as you see on the far right there, North Carolina is expanding. The tuscarora respond. North carolina calls on their southern neighbor for help and of course South Carolina looks at that and says, looks like a great opportunity to get slaves. So they are joined by a number of allies including the yamasee, who are going to go into North Carolina, turn this into a slave raiding exercise and thousands of tuscarora will be sold into slavery. There is also going to be a travelof them that will north to be part of the iroquois confederacy. That is when you have the shift in language from the five nations to the six nations. Some will remain in North Carolina. That being said, i want to look at the causes of the yamasee war and then we will get to be legacy. The cause, one of the big ones is linked to their engagement with the tuscarora war, and that is the slave population is dwindling. Where are we going to get more slaves . We start to see, well, we will probably have to start attacking each other. The question is, are we next . That is factoring into their decisions on what to take away from the tuscarora war in this longstanding trade in indian slaves they have been participating in. The second thing you see is trader abuse. That is an older notion. It is still relevant. In old days, this is how historians would explain the war. It was the traders. You cant trust them. Theyre out there, living in indian communities. They are cheating and harassing their native clients. They have horrible behavior toward native women. As a result, the yamasee cant take anymore, and they erupt into war and others will follow. And no surprise that the first act of the war is the killing of traders, about 100 or so scattered through lower communities in the lower south. More recent scholarship basically says while that is a relevant answer, it is much more complicated than that. We have to look at such things as settler encroachment that factors into this. The failures of South Carolina diplomacy, where any reform in the trade was not about justice to native clients, but more about getting control of the trade and exerting authority. And of course, the slave trade itself as a major reason for the yamasee war. There is the endless cycle of debt. Many native peoples find it hard to repay their creditors. For some when this war corrupts, erupts, they want to drive the english into the ocean and kill every one of them. For others, they want to reform the trade and bring it back to their terms. These are all reasons that factor into why the yamasee and others are going to corrupt in warfare. You can see on the map in the darker shade this is what one historian has called the core nations that participated in these attacks against North Carolina. These are the creek peoples here. These will be the lowerupper creek later. The other groups are auxiliary or confederate nations that participate in a limited way in the yamasee war. Ok, i am not going to get into the details of this conflict. Carolina, i think about 7 of the population is wiped out in this conflict. They are going to recruit african slaves, native allies such as the cherokee, and eventually they will drive the yamasee out. The war ends. What is most important are our last three slides, and suddenly the eyes are awake. What . That is the legacy of the war and the slave trade itself. The first thing, as we have talked about, is that it pretty much ends the slave trade. So, halters like this one we saw in that picture halters like this one will continue to be in use, but you will not see the scale, the scope, the range of the slave trade and the slave raiding expeditions. We see the end of the slade trade slave trade. This has an effect on the South Carolina indian population, indian slave population, excuse me. Within a generation, you see a drop from a quarter or more to a minimal 2 . The second legacy of this slave trade and all this war is this shatters own that is created. Shatter zone that is created. This is a term that has been popularized by an anthropologist, talking about the region in upheaval. The two major things that create disease,ter zone are which we have not talked about a lot. But these are recurring epidemics decimating populations. Disease and commerce. And by commerce, we mean the indian slave trade. And these are best estimates from scholars who are working in this area. And that is, it could be as many as 50,000 who were enslaved during this period. Again, that does not include those who died from disease, died from warfare, raiding, and so forth. Another thing we see, the consequence of the shatter zone, and we get a sense of this with this map the coalescence of powerful native communities. There is the site of native power shifts to the interior. And the diversity this is not a perfect map here but the diversity that we once see in the native south is now erased to a large extent as the powerful nations, powerful confederacies of peoples are going to emerge. Again, the deerskin trade is going to take over more so than the slave trade and that is going to dominate the relationship there. Last, but not least adam, i think you gave us this answer in discussion. What we see is the beginning of the old south. You cannot understand our next you black majority cannot understand this shift to african slavery and at this shift to Rice Production without appreciating what happened during this era of the indian slave trade. One of the things we have talked about throughout the semester in terms of virginia or new england or elsewhere is the importance of capital. We have talked a lot about that. Capital is needed to grow these plantations and economies and the slave trade allows for that, so that one is, indian slaves are producing commodities on these low country citations, and low country plantations, and the slaves themselves are commodities being sold and traded. They can reinvest their money. These planters can reinvest their money on african slaves. I am going to throw up one more graph to show you the tremendous and in a very quick time, the growth of this plantation economy. Look at the top. This is rice exports, 1698, a mere five tons. By 1730, 10,000 tons. You can see a major shift to the rice producing and exporting economy, which we will talk about next class and thereafter. You see the slave population of South Carolina. In 1708, african slaves make up about 30 of the population. 16 years later, a short window of time, more than 2 3 of the entire population is made up of african slaves. Many of them have come from the west indies. Others will later come directly from africa. That is the end of the of them have come from the west indies, and others later will come directly from africa. So that is the end of the powerpoint that i have to recap some of the things we talked about. Any questions before we leave for the day about these things we have been talking about . Yep. They intermingle with the african population . Yes. In fact, that its a very good question, and scholars have written about these connections because as one of you said, i think it was you, chase, many of these captives that are coming from native communities are women and children, and a large number of the slaves coming from the west indies and africa are soe in these early years, you have this intermixing, intermarriage, and scholars have talked about these unions, but also the cultural influences that both africans and native people have in shaping be culture, so that is a very good question. Anyone else . All right, very good. Once again, we have our reading for wednesday, and we will turn to the economy. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2014] [captioning performed by national captioning institute] youre watching American History tv all weekend every weekend on cspan3. To join the conversation, like us on facebook cspanhistory. 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