Okay. So i want to about 70 of you. Okay. In the mid two, thousands, archeologists at the university of denver did a survey of colorado inns and they found that less than 70 of people had ever in colorado had ever heard of the ludlow massacre and of those that had thought of the love part of the massacre, they thought that it was a massacre by native americans killing white settlers. Okay. So just a little bit of background from my experience with the ludlow massacre. I grew up in southern colorado. My family has lived here for the past 150 years. Ludlow was actually my first field trip in the third grade. I went to college. I ended up studying with an individual who had done research on southern colorado hispanics, and i had the opportunity to do research at the cfa archives, which is our steel mill and our community in the past couple of years, i was also able to sit on the ludlow Centennial Commission. So it had been 100 years since the lobo massacre. It was a government governor appointed commission. I ended up being the cochair of the commission. Im going to have you guys scoot in just a little bit. I hope that doesnt mess up too much. And so when i think about ludlow, i think about both of my my personal connections, but i also think about the history of it. When i first heard of ludlow again, i was a little kid when i sat on the ludlow Centennial Commission. I had children by that time. And so after having children in ludlow meant something significantly different to me than it had before. So when im going to start off with, im going to tell the story of three different families. The first one is the patricia family. The second one is the costa family. And then the last one is the Rockefeller Family. When i start off playing a little bit of a song and this is about Mary Patricia and some of her experiences in the winter of 1913 and 1914, im only going to play about a minute of it. Mary and her husband took their children to town. Rodri to trinidad to soldier scholar. She didnt know their names, but shed seen them both before. At the old house up and raby, they used to knock on their door. They said, where do you think you go . Where you gone today . You best take children home, but your husband have to stay six, ten. You leave the small, but you care for this people. You you cant rob train and learn. So this is a song that was sung in 2014 at the 100th anniversary rate of what was known as the little massacre. These are memories for children. In the fall of 1913. She has bernard, mary lucy. Sorry, its lucy, frank. And i think its joe. This is the costa family. This is settlement of costa. And this is her husband, charlie costa. Theres a her children again, this is in the spring of im sorry, the fall of 1913. Mary is married to a coal miner. She is also the daughter of a coal miner. Her brothers are all coal miners. So shes someone who had grown up in the coal fields of southern colorado, said eleanor costa. Also a similar situation where shes married to a coal miner. And so one of the things that happens in southern colorado is that the winter, the winter of 1912 and 1913 is really, really dangerous in the setting of coal mines. And for a variety of reasons, because coal mining is a dangerous profession regardless of what people might argue, even today, is that you have people that are digging into the earth to be able to extract this coal. So the women of these families are used to hearing of accidents. They have family members who may have been involved in accidents. So the coal mining profession is not just about the men going out and laboring the next family that im going to go into more detail about mary and settling it later on the next family that i want to talk about is the Rockefeller Family. And this is john de Rockefeller Jr. And this is john de rockefeller senior. Okay. And so what i want you to do is i want you to put your cell phones and i want you to google wealthiest american that has ever lived. Or yahoo were being or safari or whatever your chosen Search Engine is. Im just a im a googler. Thats acceptable, actually. What . Google. Google. So who do we find . Do we find John Rockefeller . Whose wealth even today, if you compared it to 2 in the us dollar today, would still be considered one of the wealthiest americans that had ever lived. Does anyone know how he was able to amass his wealth . Okay, perfect. So theres this idea of a monopoly, right . So what is a monopoly look like . You own everything. Okay, so explain it. So you have these other companies that distribute oil however you own them, through corporate rights, through oil rights. So they might be able to sell it, but you still get all the profit for it. So you can set prices how you want because you have no competition and they have to buy it because they cant get it anywhere else. Okay. So you have whats called a horizontal monopoly, right . So if this is i owned all the gas stations, but one was named conoco, one was named shell, one was and job went a 7eleven. But i dont know. Thats one way of having a monopoly. The the way of having a monopoly is a vertical monopoly. Right. So then its i own the oil fields. I own the gas manufacturing, i own the gas stations. And then i own the power plants. So thats actually how rockefeller was able to hamas his wealth. And he does it predominantly through the Company Standard oil in the east coast. The Rockefeller Family at the turn of the 20th century will actually invest in southern colorado because southern colorado, through coal, is also a fuel company as well. And so theyll take their moneys that they had invested on the east coast and start investing them in southern colorado. The other thing, though, is how often do you think that John Rockefeller, senior or junior, actually going to show up in southern colorado, never. Right. Because why would i know that some of you think thats like why would you come into pueblo writes this middle, middle of nowhere . Theres really not a lot happening here. Right. Then its the west. And so if theyre going to come here, theyre gonna have to come out by train. Right . And then theyre going to maybe have access to the rickety old cars, rickety cars and all. At that point, theyre new. Right. So the next way to get from denver to trinidad is going to take a little bit of effort. Okay. So thats really important about the rockefeller families. Theyre actually not physically present in southern colorado. So not observing whats happening. Okay. For life, for mining, what is that do you think that would look like without reading my slide . I know its ive already jumped to it for you, but what does life look like . Obviously dangerous. Im going to. Can i have you repeat it . Thats obviously dangerous. And then they probably arent making that much money. Okay. A hard labor, blue collar job. So theyre working really, really hard. So already some kind of poverty. Okay, so theyre in poverty, but theyre working, right . So their working long days, but they still dont have any money. Okay. So the best example of ways that i can explain this is i call it it is a cycle of debt peonage. And im going to kind of relate it to your Student Loans. Okay. So youre going to go to college, right . So who are some of you . In order to be here, you actually have to take out Student Loans to actually pay for everything, right . And so every year you end up having to take out more because thats what happens when youre in college. The costs increase and your life increases, right . So youre going to graduate from high school, from college, and what is probably the first thing youre going to need . Yeah. Okay. Youre going to get youre going to get a job. Lets say youre going to be awesome. Youre going to make 45,000 a year. Okay. Because that it is like, okay, i have a job, im in a were going to live over here. Youre going to have a apartment you buy a house, nothing. Youre going to stay with your parents. Youre going to stay with your parents and live off them until they kick you out. Okay. So lets imagine that youre going to buy a house at some point and youve been driving a crappy car around for a while. So youre going to buy a new car, which youre going to end up taking loans out for, and then your Student Loans come due. So all of a sudden you start looking at your debts and you realize that your debt to income ratio is out of balance, right . And so youre basically having to live in the cycle of debt. And this is this is expensive. Many americans today. Right. So thats what will happen to individuals living in southern colorado, because in order to live in southern colorado, you have to have a house to live in. And the Company Comes up with this great idea. Okay. And this is what the coal miners had been living in before the Company Comes in. Theyve been living in adobe structures and so on. The bottom it says the sort of houses the mexican employees built for them. So selves out segundo and this says the sort of houses that the Company Builds for them. So about 1903 1904 the company decided were going to build all these Wood Structures because we dont want our employees living in dirt. So they tear down these houses or they have them move out and then they put them in these wood houses. But you think the first thing the company does when they move them into the white house, charge them rent, charge them rent. Right. So before there was no rent. Now theres rent to. Okay, what do you think . What do you use to heat these homes . Call. And do you think theyre going to give them a discount now . Its going to be at cost. Okay. So you were living here. Is it easier to heat in adobe house or a wood house . Adobe house . Why . Its illegal. How is it insulated . Naturally. Naturally. So adobe is what. Got mud in mud and hay. So its dirt, right . And its about this thick. Right. So you have a wall about this thick replaced the wood wall about this thick. Right. And this is a natural installation that the goal of the dobie is supposed to cool in the summertime and it would help keep houses warm in the wintertime. So youre going to use less coal to heat this house. Then youre going to get this house right . So you get charge rent. You have to pay at costs for coal, right . In the coal camps, you have to shop at the Company Store and they get pay you in scrip, which is they dont pay you in u. S. Currency. They pay you and company money. Okay, so you might work. Lets say you make 100 in a month, but maybe your first cost is you have to pay for it 20. So this is just in general to average. And then that whole month, as youve been working, you had to borrow money or borrow product from the Company Store or put it on credit. So they need to pay off the Company Store. Right. And they buy your coal. So ends up happening is eventually at the end of the month the miners dont have a lot of money and the money that they do have as company scrip. So if they complain about their employer, whats going to happen. Their what theyre going to lose their job right and if the rockefellers own a monopoly in the east coast, you think theyre going to be a monopoly of coal in southern colorado . Right. So if you look at southern colorado, walsenburg was a mining community, trinidad and all around that were mining communities. Right . Ralph ralphs is a mining community. So all of these communities in southern colorado are owned by the carl sagan iron company, which is the Rockefeller Family at the time. Okay. And then your steel mill as well. So if you get blacklisted, you say, im not going to work at one location, youre not going to work at any of those locations. Okay. Questions about this. This is really, really key because were talking about populations, coal miners living in southern colorado who cannot leave the area. Okay. Theyre also the majority of coal miners are coming from other areas. Okay. You from about 1890 until 1910, youll have immigration coming from all areas. You have 19 to 21 different languages that are spoken in southern colorado at the time. Im sorry, i want to go back. So in these working conditions, you also have these dangerous conditions. And again, to 1912 and 1913 are considered to be some of the most dangerous years in colorado for mining accidents. So you have to think about your your coal miners. Youre digging into the side of the mountain. The further you go in, the better coal youre going to get. Okay. So as youre digging into the side of the mountain, what are you going to need to actually dig into the side of the mountain . You need explosives to dig in to the side of the mountain. Okay. Thats like the hugest thing. So youre going to put dynamite into the mountain, youre going to light it off, right . And as explodes, can you control that explosion now . So you might have mining collapses, you might get killed in that instance, right . As you go in, youre actually putting up timbers or to kind of protect you as youre going in to the mountain. Okay. So as youre digging, when youre outside this place where theres coal, right. What do you use to light . Do you have electric lights at that point . You have handheld kerosene lanterns, right . So youre mining, youre digging into the ground. Into the ground, youre using pick axes. If a rock falls and breaks open, that kerosene lantern, what happens . It explodes because theres all the coal dust in the air. Okay, so there were Colorado Mine safety laws that existed that were supposed to protect workers in these conditions. The color of your on iron company did not abide by those laws. Okay, so when the fall of 1913, coal miners in southern colorado decide to go on strike and they go on strike aft one of the Union Organizers was actually shot on the streets of trinidad. And this upsets people in the coal mines. They decide to go on strike. The strike will start september of 1913. What happens, do you think, to the Company Owners . Where how does a Company Owners respond when their workers go on strike . So, you know, well see you later because youve just been living in this Awesome Company owned home that we tore down your other house for your living in this one. But its owned by the company. Am i going to let you continue to let you live in this house if youre to refuse to work for me now so they end up getting evicted and they move on to the plains of southern colorado. All right. Im a little bit ahead of myself because i need this i need this picture of the tent colony. So outside of one of the when the miners are evicted from their homes, a group of them will move onto the plains of southern colorado. And this will be known as the ludlow tent colony. The National Guard is called out by lake, right, a little bit when the miners go on strike, they put together a bunch of pamphlets. Its called the colorado strike song. This is an example of what the National Guard will use to protect the camp or to enforce colorado laws at the camp. And then this is just some more publications about what what the United Mine Workers is trying to encourage other miners and people outside of southern colorado to know about whats happening in the mines. And so over here, it says these are the seven demands. One of them is that they want recognition of a union. They want a 10 advance in their wages. They want a eight hour workday. They want to be paid for dead work. So if theyre actually going into the mine, they want to be paid for that at the time. Theyre only getting paid for whatever coal they bring out there. Also want their own check women. So when they bring out the coal, the people that are weighing it are saying, okay, a ton of coal is actually 20 £500 because theres a bunch of other rocks that are put in there. Okay. And so we are only paying you for the coal itself that youre burning. So they want it to be able to go beyond the Company Store. They want to be able to trade in their communities and to be able to go to trinidad and other areas to buy products. And then the last one is we asked for the enforcement of the coal mining loss. So just saying we want the laws to be obeyed. When the National Guard is called out and so on. To be very specific, the National Guard is the National Guard, as we would envision it today. So its people that are volunteer military forces and historically, the National Guards were used for strike breaking. The miners were also refer to them as the court of state militia. And the reason they call them the cadre state militia is kind of a coking at them, saying youre not really in the army, youre just a militia that youve raised of yourselves. Okay. So this the strike will happen. The governor of the state of colorado, governor ammons, he sides with the National Guard, with a company. Th company in denver. They will tell other denver businessmen, hey, you dont really want to support the strikers because if theyre strikes in the coalfields of southern colorado, this could extend throughout the rest of the nation. And this could affect you negatively. So the governor of the state of colorado, ammons, actually puts together what hell call insurrection bonds. And you have a group of denver businessmen that will pay to fund the National Guard. So it very clearly becomes a class war where you have the miners who are a lot of them immigrant populations and the National Guard, who identifies themselves as americans. And then youll have the Company Getting businessmen to support their cause, their money questions. All right. In january of 1914, you have a woman by the name of mother jones or mary harris, whos very well known as a union agitator. Here she will come in to the mining camps and people talk about the fact that she had a filthier mouth than men and that she would basically tell the men, are you cowards . Are you willing to actually fight for your rights . Im here willing to fight for your rights, but are you willing to do it or not . She gets imprisoned in january of 1914 and a group of a thousand women will march the streets of trinidad in protest of this as theyre marching through thstreets of trinidad, the color National Guard is present. The leader of the color National Guard, john chase, at one point falls off his horse and the women turn to him and they start laughing at him. He gets up on his horse. He turns his horse around as he turns his horse around his spur on his boot for his horse actually strikes a woman in the face when he orders to ride down the women. So at that point, the National Guard divides the women up, writing them down to try to stop this protest or the stripe. The people at ludlow hear of this. And so it becomes very clear to them that the National Guard is not there to defend their rights or defend whats happening to them. Okay. Mary petrucci, whos also living in the coal camps at this time, are living in the ludlow tent colony. Remember the song it talked about her desire to catch the train to go to trinidad. Okay, so she has a young boy, bernard, whos sick. He probably has the flu. And she wants to take him on the train to go to turn that. And trinidad is probably only about ten miles away. And she goes to the train station. But the National Guard wont let her on the train. So she has a sick. So i want you to imagine having a sick kid, about four years old who cant breathe, whos super, super sick. And, you know, if you can get him to a doctor that theres a chance that hell live, but you are physically unable to take him. His National Guard wont let you. Bernard ends up dying in february of 1940. Okay. So for mary, patricia, this is very much about the lives of her children and the lives of her spouse. Okay. The national gua will also this is a death special. They had it was a mounted machine gun and they would ri it through the tent colony to terrorize the ople that are living a tent colony. And en they would shoot into the tentshroughout the winter of 1913 and 1914, the winter of 1913, 1914 is considered to be one of the coldest winters in colorado history. So youre living in a tent at that time, so youll have the National Guard take that as special and write it up and down to this. Okay. John rockefeller in the spring of 13 is sitting before a congressional hearing and theyre talking about the fact that you have all of these miners that are in strike in southern colorado. And hes talking about the idea that its okay, that theyre on strike because we need to start developing ideas about what labor looks like and what my Company Union might look like. And his argument is we dont need a union of the miners to coming together. We need a union thats run by the company. And so these are some of the questions that hes asked. So this is rocfeller talking here. And then right here isnef the congressional individual on om the congressional hearing saying, if you will, do so, we base think this is what i think is the iert we need to open camps. When do you expect that no matter what pps at any costs, we nt let them unionize as part of the United Mine Workers . And t question that is asketoim and you will do that iitosts all your property and kills all of your employees. And his respoess its a great principle. Okay. On april 19th of 1914, its greek easter. And so you have the greeks that are in the mining camp. They want to celebrate their easter. They have a baseball game in the middle of a baseball game. Three or four National Guardsmen come to the middle of the game. They try to stop the game and they tell them, youve had your fun today. Well have our fun tomorrow. Okay. On the morning of april 20th of 1914, an its questions of actually what happened. But there is an exchange of gunfire and both sides think the other side is the one who shot the National Guard will attack the camp. The people in the encampment try to get out. One of the individuals in the camp by the name of lewis tex tries to go to the National Guard and ask them to stop the fighting so that they can pull the women and children out of the tent colony. Hes hit in the back of the head with the of a rifle, and then he shot and killed. Hes left on the train tracks for three days. That he other individuals as well will try to get out. Charlie costa will try as well. Hell also get shot in the back as hes dying. The story is that he talked about his family and checking, wanting to make sure that his family was safe and still alive. By the end of the day. The National Guard, in order to stop the fighting, they decide to pour kerosene on the tent colony and light a fire by the fire to it. So it burns everything down. So im going to play a little clip called the lubbock massacre by Woody Guthrie. Thats a very wellknown song, very well known musician thats kind of talking about this and this. Woody guthrie isnt singing. Its a man by the name of john mccutcheon. So much of john mccutcheon, his singing at. The. Was earlier this spring and the strike was on the brothers mine all doors, all from the houses that the company owned. And we set up tents, no little ludlow. I was worried about my children, the soldiers guarding the railroad bridge every once in awhile bullets would fly, kick in the ground over me. Ill see. We were so afraid theyd kill our children. But we dug a cave. About seven foot deep. We carry the young ones and a friend. Down into that caves. We. So this is louis, texas, lying out by the railroad tracks. The story is that the train continued to pass by during the massacre. At one point, the train will actually stop so that the women and children and the miners who are running away from the gunfire with the National Guard will be able to actually get across to a more safe area after the massacre. They get in this. I said, louis, take his bodies left there. The trains will continue to go past. So every train that passes past ludlow sees louis as take his body there. And so people eventually go up into denver and say, hey, whats going on here . And theres people down in ludlow that have been killed. You need to do something about it. Eventually, the president of United States will actually call out the federal forces to come in. This is the hole or the cave that t song by Woody Guthrie is talking about, the coal miners. Theyiving again in a tent and when i say a tent, its really like a tent. Right . So you have one room that re living in. Its a stove usually toa bed if theyre lucky, maybe a mattress on the floor. Tents, they build and built an additional hall. And these could serve as root cellars. This one specifically was used as a maternity chamber. D so usually the best way to explain it to dents is if youre a coal miner, that means you can dig a hole in the ground and you caally make it look pt, right . So some of these were actually lined with fabric, so it literally looked like an additional room for them. When i say its a maternity chamber, you have to imagine from the fall of 1913 until the spring of 1914 that youre going to have a number of women in the tent colonies that are pregnant. And so theyre going to need a place to actually be able to give birth to their children. So this is what the hole is there that theyre talking about. Im going to skip. When i go back. To settle. Lena. Said. Alina costa is one of these women. The story is that shes had a full term pregnancy on the morning of the massacre. She goes in with her three children to the tent seller and then it kind of goes into debate. There are some people that say she gave birth in the tent cellar and that she gave birth to a child that didnt make it out of the tent cellar. You have 15 people going. The tent seller for four of them are women. 11 of them are children. Only two women will actually emerge from a tent cellar. Settle in. Acosta is not one of them. The familys story is, is that when they found her body, there were bayonet wounds in her back. And when they turned her over, she was holding her and she was holding her newborn baby in her arms. Okay. Again, her husband, charlie, dies. So all of them will end up dying at the ludlow massacre when theyre in when they go into the tent cellar, when the National Guard sets fire to the tents, is that all the smoke of that will actually go into the tents to learn about suffocating . So this is a grave marker to all of the family thats down in trinidad. So you have charlie costa, whos age 31, settling across age 27. Lucy costa, age four, on off your costa 86, and then baby toni, who had died before the massacre. The beatrices again. Remember, we have ruben who will die. Sorry, bernard, who will die in february of 1914. Okay. So mary, patricia also goes to settle in a costa into t cellar because she believes this is the only way to protect her kids from the gunfire. Oh, okay. But shes the only one that comes out of the cellar. And the story is, is that when she comes out of the cellar the next day, on april 21st, she wanders to wherever people are and finds them and tells them, i dont know where my children are. I dont know what has happened to them. So everyone, girls, everyone that she talks to goes back to the set cellar. And this is where they find all of these women and children who have been killed. More. Mary patricia, the first picture i showed you is a picture of the monument. The story is, is that shes the one who the monument is actually modeled off of after the level massacre. She will travel all throughout the United States talking about what happened to her children. And so one thing she tells people throughout the United States is, i dont want what happened to my children to happen to other people. So its really important that we respect the rights of workers and in our communities. This are the names of the people who died in the cellar. You have patricia valdes, your lawyer, valdes, mary valdes, alvaro valdes, rodolfo valdes, the bertucci children. The is roberto, claudia settled in acosta and ofra costa and lucy costa. This is a picture of the patricia family, probably about 5 to 10 years apart of them. So ten years after the massacre. And so youll see theres these bunch of kids there right. If you go back to this slide, it says Thomas Holding baby mary and lucy, frank, joseph, marys in the back. Angie and rose were born later. Right. So you have lucy, frank and joseph in this picture over here. But lucy, frank and joe had died at ludlow. So marion, her husband, actually name a second set of children after the ones that die at the lobo massacre. So there is this guy named frank petrucci, who we lives, right . He actually died a couple of years ago, almost 100 years old. And his daughter, elaine. Patricia, used to speak at the lobo massacre memorials, and she said, i dont know if it wouldnt have been for ludlow. I dont know if my father would have ever been born, because i dont know if my parents would have continued to have or my grandparents would continue to have kids. But i know for sure that it wouldnt. His name wouldnt have not been frank. Okay. Any questions about that clarification on things i think i might have missed the eventually the court the us federal government will hear of whats happening in colorado. You will have that. I cannot remember his name. You will have Upton Sinclair, whos living in new york at the time. He will go to the rockefellers mansion. He will knock on their door when hes kicked out. He will stand at the gates of the mansion protesting and saying, you have killed women and children in southern colorado and you have to answer for this. So this is just a news report, newspaper president wilson considers taking over the coal mines. And then this is another newspaper article at the time, talking about a plead for truce in the szone. And then over here you have this uprising in mexico. So a lot of people were comparing what was happening in the mexican revolution at this moment to what was happening in southern colorado and wondering if it was similar agitations that were occurring. Wilson will call out National Guards troops. Theyll actually come to southern colorado, stop all the fighting. But the strike wont end. The ludlow tent colony gets rebuilt and the strike will end until december of 1914. So im going to talk a little bit about the memorial in modern day. Has anyone actually ever been there . Youve been there. So its right off of interstate 25. This is the sign for the month for the monument. Its about 75 miles away from where we are. Its nothing super exciting. I tell students. Its really a cemetery more so than anything else. The people that died there actually get buried. Most will get buried in trinidad. This is thhole, the chavez hole from the earliepicture and from the sg by Woody Guthrie, the National Guard started that for the United Mine Workers. Actually, do cement it up to preserve it. You can walk down into it. This is a metal door door. When you pick it up super heavy. And after you gone down i when youre walking back up and you slam it down and you c actually hear the slam, the slam will resonate. And then thats the monument today on the back of it are the names of the women and children, the people thawere killed in the tent cellar. I think me at this point, i want to talk a little bit more about reflections that ive had working on this experience. I usually talk about this, as i called the blood. The blood on the ground is that when people go to ludlow, some of them have experiences when theyre there where they say it definitely it was very touching to me or it made me think about it for me. It was something that after third grade i had been in my memory. But its really become something that has come kind of come to live on in my mind. And i think about it a lot and i think the pieces that i think about are the fact that you had people who were considered american citizens, who were working in the cause of building the nation through mining the corps, who were not represented by their company at the time who didnt have voice to be able to fight against the system that was so unfair to them. I think a lot about the women because if the working conditions are so dangerous, the men, you have to think about what it been like for the women. Well, the conditions may not matter, but it does dangerous. But they have to live within these mining camps and they have the reality of not just that their husbands are coal miners and that their grandfathers or fathers are coal miners and that their brothers are coal miners. But its also the fear that this going to be their sons and most boys are going to start coal mining around the age of 14 years old. Okay. So for mary, thats something that shes mary settling that theyre both going to be living with. So the idea to strike is not just about, hey, we want better work better wages. We want to be able to shop at our Company Store. Its really about whether or not they want their husbands to continue to live and whether or not they want their children to be able to live. One of the pieces that i think is always key is that they were fighting for what was the law of the time and what they were doing was about their Constitutional Rights and it became very clear that day on a National Level and on a color level, were not seen as citizens and were not seen as being represent it within this context. For me, its also about being a parent i used to never want to identify as a mom because its just not something that i had ever really seen as. But when you look at the names and the ages of the people that had died and the children that had died and i sat on the ludlow Centennial Commission. From 2013 to 2015. And in that time frame, i had a four year old and i had a newborn child. And so i would go to ludlow with my kids. And i thought a lot about that. Its my kids are basically playing on the ground that other kids had played on that had died, and it became very, very present to me that these are things that can still happen in our nation and these are things that are in the news on a regular basis and happen the basis of what happens when people are trying to fight for what they perceive as their rights, but that those are denied out by other people who have more power questions or comments. Nothing at all. Yeah. How did they get their tents if they didnt . The United Mine Workers came out and actually set up all the tents for them. It was a union. And then the union also collected money for them for Food Resource centers and everything else. The university of denver archeology, Archeology Team went out in the mid to 2000 and did a excavation and what they found in the tent cellars was they found. Cans that had been shipped in from other locations. So it was people not just sending money to support the union effort, but people sending in Food Products as well. So it became very obvious that it was this was something that as a nation people were aware of and were sending money. And youll see that even today, its a little bit harder because we dont have unions in the same ways that as historically as we did. But you still see that people supporting and youll have and its not just United Mine Workers but will be like the International Brotherhood of electrical workers, or itll be the united steelworkers who also support these sorts of efforts. Anything else . Yes, jeff. So that was had all those demands on it . Yes, sir. 10 wages increase and all that did that without ever recognize or is that just like a put it to the side . So i would say yes, eventually. So one of the questions that i was asked, so when i sat on the ludlow commission had to we had the opportunity to give up. We had a Panel Discussion at the court, a historical study or a history colorado. And it was myself, the regional director of the United Mine Workers, this guy, tom andrews, who wrote the book killing for coal, which is considered the book on the ludlow massacre and the National Guard historian. And so one of things that we were asked is like, so why does it matter, right . Or do they win or not . And by all purposes, you were saying no, they you know, you have this whole group of people that die and they their demands are met and it was interesting because the United Mine Workers regional director says, well, how many hours a day do you work right, and do you get paid in cash so that you if you look at it from a long perspective, yeah, they win, right . And they win because its the idea. Right, is that people should be paid for their labor. Right. People should be able to have say of what is a safer and unsafe working condition in that moment. Now, what they did was its can they do this terribly . I mean, like i said, women and children are slaughter massacred. But its also this idea of what is the role of people, a idea of the right to be able to collectively bargain. And youll see that put into National Laws at different points. But these are also questions that can come up even historically or even today is as we talk about are we a industry thats going to look at Renewable Energy . Are we going to continue to use coal . And what is the actual cost of coal . And so one of the things that as a commission, a lot of the discussion that we had is that the buffalo mascots an american story, right . Its a american story of people coming to this nation immigrant, going to the nation, trying to live out the American Dream and failing in some ways others succeeding. If you look at southern colorado, you look at pueblo, most of you in the room, if youre a family, have been here for the past 50 years. Someone in your family worked for chlorophyl, an iron company, someone in here worked for the steel mill. Theres tons of people in pueblo whose family members worked this, you know, who arent similar workers, who arent coal miners. Okay. So my grandfather was a coal miner, then he became a steel mill worker. My great great grandfather was a coal miner. I am not a coal miner. Right. And so so thats the other piece. This is that do people end up getting out of the coal mines . Yeah, it may not be in one generation or two generations, but thats what makes up the american story, right, is that people come this nation and people end up building the nation. Other questions . Yeah. I wonder, does benjamin have about if they want. And at the beginning you talked about how few coloradans or americans at large know of the history and yet everyone knows rockefeller. And so our National Consciousness has chosen to remember this in a way that i least think theres some serious loss there for us in the present day. And i would wonder if you speak to the cost of history in america, remembering rockefeller and forgetting ludlow what that does to the body politic and the workforce, etc. So at the beginning of this semester i think it was this class, i asked them to write down the names of their grandparents and then their great grandparents and their great great grandparents and most of them couldnt do their great grandparents. Some of them could do their grandparents and said, but you remember george washington, you remember thomas jefferson. So explain to me why youve forgotten your own personal history, but you remember the National Narrative as we talked about that a lot throughout the semester. I think if you look at southern colorado and this is one of the things that i think has made the made the ludlow commission successful. What have the United Mine Workers continue . Every single year . There is a memorial and there has been a memorial for over 100 years where we will come in the spring and we will go and we will remember. And theres always at least 100 people there for the 100th anniversary. There was probably 3 to 5000 people that came out. So a lot of these stories are in our families histories, but theyre not necessarily at the National Level. So for me, its the issue of im a big fan of privileging the local over the national because i think in the long run that has more impact. I think the other thing is, is that when for most of you, you know, the rockefellers are rich, but you dont know exactly how far that wealth extended and i was i had the opportunity to be in new york city in 2007, in the fall of 2007. And i was doing research at the rockefeller archive center, and it is one of the most beautiful archives ive ever been to, as beautiful estate. And i would id stay in the city and id take the train out to the rockefeller archive during the day. And then i come back and id go down downtown into manhattan at night. And you always kind of get drawn to times square area and you go to rockefeller center. And i and i had these moments as im going through the documents and being in these spaces, and im realizing how much money the rockefellers actually had and how much influence they actually had. And at one point during world war one, there was i found a telegram from Woodrow Wilson to rockefeller senior asking him what he thought about what was happening in europe at the time and so for me, its also that issue of we live in a nation that privileges wealth. We live in a nation that doesnt always acknowledge the work of the miner, the farm worker, as being a contribution. So i think that becomes a question. I dont know what the answer is to that, is that this idea of we as a nation continue to privilege that company over the worker. But i think that the majority of us, the workers and were to the descendants of the workers and as we remember our history and we think about our place in the nation, thats the piece that is powerful. I dont know if right now were winning that we mean, im like the commoner, right . The lower classes, if were winning that struggle. Yeah, i kind of feel like if we remembered ludlow all, our unions wouldnt be broken and our jobs wouldnt be in other parts of the world. I think the biggest piece about ludlow as well is that when theyre in the tent colony, theyre cut across racial and ethnic lines. Is that you have people that are greek that are italian, that are mexican. When you look at the names of the people that are killed, the massacre, your talking about all types of everybody and they play music together. Right. And thats one of the pieces that we were able to do for the love of Centennial Commission is we actually had a concert and we brought musicians out from all over and they came and shared coalmining songs and one of my colleagues have been very influential in putting this together. But you saw people regardless of their class, with their ethnicity, being able to say what were facing is wrong, but were going to be unified as a people. And i think thats one of the other strong pieces that you see with ludlow is this ability for americans of different backgrounds to be able to unify and. Fight for a common cause. Other questions questions . Yeah, yeah. So what was the what was the importance of women in this . So my argument is that if the women and children wouldnt have died. No one would even know about it today. Its the fact that women and children died that made it a massacre, that made it national attention. Thats what Upton Sinclair was able to fight for in dc. It was the death of women and children. So theyre the storytellers or are they the martyrs . What do you think . I think theyre because they werent, you know, women in this time period werent, you know, seen as important or as, you know, like theyre just child bears. Its all they are. And so as time progressed they became more important as the womens rights and womens suffrage, so they became i think they evolved from martyrs to storytellers, and they became more important. So i would say that they were always important at the National Level. It may not have been perceived as that. And their stories may have not been recorded. But i think about this idea of who. So i usually care. I talk about at the grandmothers Kitchen Table, right . Is that think about where you where did you learn the stories of your family, right. Is that most of you learned the stories of your family sitting around the kitchen when youre making some form of food. Right. Those are the stories that get passed on. The stories end within the household. But then so thats one version of the history and then theres another version of the history thats in the textbooks and everywhere else. Its important to come back to that Kitchen Table and say, where are those stories valuable to the nation. And theyre valuable to individuals. And we preserve those stories. They become important. So then id also question like, what does it mean if i tell the story . Right, right. And so i think for me, that becomes really important, is that is it women telling the story today . Is it men telling the story today . If it was a man giving the presentation, would even talk about the women. Ive given this presentation probably 15, 20 times and when i come back to it, i always come back to you have to start off with the women, because for me its the women that were key because it wouldnt have been a massacre if it wouldnt have been women killed. And it was the devastation of these were the innocents, right. Any other questions . Yeah. During your research did you find a, uh, a wife who lost her husband in a mine incident, or did she gain any rights to her his wages . Or was any compensation so it would usually be depend on the incident, the practice is at c. F. And i at the time was if it was, if they could prove it was the fault the worker, then they wouldnt get wages. It was the fault of the company then they would. And so there would usually be some form of mine investigation into it to be able to say who was at fault. And thats usually what happening and what the investigators and board investigators are employed by rockefeller in most instances its going to be its the fault of the miner. And then its also going to be your coal camp superintendent, whoever is in charge of that mine, whether or not theyre going to contribute monies. So if if its usually someone whos just come into the mine, theyre probably not going to get any sort of wages or someone whos influential. If its someone whos influential core to it, they might get something. And then there was also practices in different camps where it was a a Mutual Understanding that everybody paid into a pot. If someone died. So then it was kind of passing around the have collecting, saying, what can we get this individual . But the company isnt necessary. Theyre going to take responsibility for anything that happens, which ends up being the reason or the need for the mine having a union exist after the massacre. John de rockefeller. He and his father get put before congressional hearings. He will actually come out in 1915. He puts together a whole company plan called the representation plan. He will tour throughout southern colorado, pushing this idea of there should be a company, we should have representatives. We need to listen to whats happening in these areas. Hell come up with a social betterment plan. As a piece of this, he will partner with the ymca and they will build ymca throughout southern colorado. At one point hell actually come into the area of trinidad and hell ask them, what do you what do you need . Whatever you need, tell me and ill get it for you. So at the rockefeller archives, theres actually letters from people in southern colorado to Rockefeller Jr asking him for money for a bandstand. And so youll have the emergence of the camps, the that include some form of social component as this theyll the company will expand and have field days so theyll have summer activities for families so theres an attempt to try to do this ultimately its not successful either because its the differences are of management versus the your workers are just different what you do end up seeing though is rockefeller in 1918 who will actually come to southern colorado when the monument is unveiled and he will get out of his car to try to speak at the unveiling. The person who pulls the because is covered with a big cloth. The person who pulls the cloth off of the monument is actually Mary Patricia. Shes only pulled off. So rockefeller comes, he parks with some friends. He starts walking up the United Mine Workers president at the time, frank comes to him and says, should not be here. And if you stay, i cannot guarantee your safety i think its this moment for me when i realized that rockefeller didnt really get it, even though hed come out and tried to fix it, he didnt get that he was the one that people had blamed for what had happened, he leaves. He doesnt feel like he needs to stay there. This last february, his grandson, david rockefeller, actually came out and spoke at the still work center of the west for their annual fundraiser, and he gave a presentation about Lessons Learned from ludlow. And he said, i think that my grandfather that stuck with him for the rest of his life and that he really had thought about his Business Practices after that. And they had reinvest in moneys into companies and then also to the ideas of corporate welfare. I think for me its complicated because i have these moments when i think rockefeller is both rockefellers, rockefeller, senior, junior, a terrible man that do terrible things to people by wanting to control these companies and be able to amass as well. I also have when i think that theyre human beings and they realize that they had made mistakes and they tried to fix those, but it was such a huge problem that they couldnt fix them. The miners, i think for them, theyre stuck in a terrible situation that there wasnt really nothing that they could do. So but i think its questions that continue to be raised in our society today. This is still ideas of the still hit the front page of the headlines. Right. Like what do you do in north dakota when youre having the discussion when people in the communities are saying you should not have Oil Pipelines going through here, but you have corporations that are saying, yes, we need to have Oil Pipelines that are going through here. That question of fuel that question of power, it still hasnt been solved even till today. Okay. All right. For my students, i will see you on monday. Im going to conference on mondays and wednesdays are conferences. So i will see you sometime next week. That will all be on blackboard. Dont forget to check blackboard to see what your assignment is for friday and what time youre gonna be with me next week. Thank you. Thank you. When we speak of life beyond the earth, what we generally mean is, of course, intelligent life, something resembling our noble self. It is highly probable that there are such intelligent forms of life in other galaxies in the universe, and it even more probable that many of these forms are vastly more