Recall that moynihan was complaining primarily about black families and his these is was that because of weakness in black Family Structure, blacks would not be able to seize the opportunities that were coming available to them as a result of the Civil Rights Movement. And i can tell you that what i am going to say to you is moynihans concerns now apply to hispanics and to whites, to the whole country. And here are the numbers. I got these by i recently analyzed the censuses. This is representative of the whole country. Here is what happened with family composition. First, marriage rates declined for every age group and every ethnic group every education group, with one exception thats quite fascinating, declined in 1970 and 1980 for College Educated women, but have been stable and risen a little for College Educated women. I think theres a lesson in that. For every other Group Marriage rates have declined. Now im going to tell you a fact demonstrated by social science. This fact will make it worthwhile that you came here today. Sex did not go out of fashion even though marriage did. And when those two things happen, you have lots of nonmarital births. This was the problem that moynihan focused on the most. Now we have nonmarital birth rate among hispanic and whites higher than when moynihan wrote the report and their level among blacks in 1965. So today 72 black kids are born out of wedlock. 53 of hispanic, 36 of white kids. Overall nonmarital rate in the United States was over 40 . If we put the marriage rates and birth rates together, and lets describe the change in the family constitution of females at 35 nice was to summarize what happened. In the last 40 years, married with children, that category the one i am always most concerned about because we are worried about kids has fallen from 78 to 51 . 35 of decline of women who lived with children and are living with children since 1970. Single with children as you would expect has exploded, more than doubled from 9. 3 of all children to 20. 5 of all children. These figures at any given moment over a period of time figures are even higher. This constitutes a revolution, and the next question to ask that the rest of the panel will answer, so what. So what. The answer is that first of all kids who live in single parent families are five times as likely to be poor as kids in married couple families, and theyre very prone to ups and downs in the economy. Nobody thinks poverty is good for kids. Right there you get a hint of what about the next thing i am going to talk about kay mentioned it, research on single parent families married couple families. Bear in mind, when this research started, they were convinced it made no difference. May have is hetherington, one of the most famous psychologists came to the conclusion the kids will be all right, theyll go on and be fine. We know based on hundreds of studies accumulating all of the time, primarily professors doing this work including wilson sociologist, a famous one sarah mcclanahan. Good memory. Sarah mcclanahan who wrote the original book and has written several things since then including best studies of impacts being causal that kids have a lot of trouble when theyre reared by female headed families. The fact that moynihan was write when he wrote now three times more correct, his conclusions apply to hispanics and whites as well as blacks. We are in for serious trouble. Zblp glenn loury is going to speak next. Unfortunately the facts dont matter that much. That comment you quoted of james q. Wilson, even a so the obviously gist could believe it is indicative of something really important about the state of our political intellectual lives in this country. Facts dont govern, narratives govern. This is about the story we tell, the conflict over control of the narrative has taken precedence over an if you will evidence based, rational implementation of policy. When you throw race into the mix, it just gets tough. I can give many examples not only about family and Family Structure, of course moynihan was write. He was right in 1965 about the condition of the africanamerican family and how it was changing right about the implication that ron haskins mentioned to the effect that the consequence of this social transformation amongst africanamericans would make embrace of newly opened opportunities more difficult. He was right to the extent he insinuated that this was a matter not only of the africanamerican social landscape but a matter of importance to the nation as a whole. Of course he was right about that. Those who had the hunch moynihan was not really a social scientist, but he was very effective policy intellectual with things to say and he had a hunch. Those that had the hunch that the unraveling of the traditional family spelled real trouble for our society have been shown to be right. I just want to make a couple of points about this. So what, it has consequences, but what do we do . Cultural engineering is not an exact science, not something i would want to bet my life on. You can pull the string and unravel the fabric of social institution, but reweaving that another direction is a difficult thing to do. The tools that the state has available are welfare and assistance policies tax policies and so on are very crude. One is pushing against a guide that moved far from the 50s, restoring the traditional family. Saw the title with respect to organizers, i almost laughed because it is such a futile objective. Traditional family . I have a dear friend, david blank enhorn, runs an institution called institute for American Values hes a good man. He wrote a book i dont know 25 years ago or more, called fatherless america, in which he was lamenting denigration of the role of fatherhood within american culture, and david has embraced gay marriage and i dont criticize him for having done so not in the least, my son is a gay man for that matter, but he has done so in part out of the desperate need to find allies in defense of marriage per se. Part of his motivation is simply theyre for marriage, i am for them. Out looking for allies for marriage, i dont see that many of them around. It would be easy to get ideological, wag my finger at leftwing feminist that wanted to destroy the family and so forth. I dont want to do that i dont want to lose the weight of what i am trying to say about intellectual political difficulty we wandered into amidst partisanship. As soon as i say that, everyone runs to their respective corner and put up their defenses. Pat moynihan was a friend of mine. I knew Daniel Patrick moynihan. I was in the audience in 1985 30 years ago when he came to Kennedy School at harvard, and gave lectures, later published as his book family and nation in which he tried to defend his own intellectual contribution and at the same time defend the Political Program of a democratic party. He took a real shot at it. But it wasnt only family members, defining dfwian see down this was also pat moynihan. The character of our intellectual discourse, our ability to be honest with each other, to call a spade a spade, one might say with trepidation. Look at the discourse going on now in the aftermath of ferguson, baltimore, and so forth. People are writing on oped pages of serious newspapers if there hadnt been a riot there wouldnt have been justice, without any sense of self consciousness or irony. You me thats the way we get justice through riots . Is that justice . People are saying that as has been mentioned here i think jason mentioned it are saying that the very evocation is betrayal of equality in the country. We cant even talk about it. I dont want this to just be a la meant, i am going to conclude with a suggestion. We desperately need leadership here. Someone has got to push against the prevailing tide. Somebody has got to have the courage to Say Something, even though they know that 95 my friend says you try to tell black intellectuals opinion writers lets restore the black family, maybe you get two or three out of 10 to agree, if they write it in the oped theyre snowed under by avalanche of reaction. They have to write it anyway. The president of the United States has to say it anyway. When the president of the United States is the first africanamerican to hold the most powerful office in the land he has to say it anyway. I voted twice for barack obama. I mean him no disrespect, intend him no ill will but i am so deeply disappointed that the events that transpired in the last six months have not called forth from him the kind of counter cultural leadership. When i say counter cultural, against the prevailing that wants to account for these matters in terms of absent opportunity, tacit racism, psychological impairment of Police Officers. Theres absent opportunity, plenty of racism and some police need to be worked on but at the root is a failure now a half century ongoing of africanamerican society to be able to respond effectively to opportunities. Youre not supposed to say this. People get on leaky boats and risk their lives to get here from every continent on the planet and by and large once they get off those boats they do pretty well. I think the system with its flaws is working pretty well. I think it is unavoidable the question, you people whats up. And thats a question that we people should be asking first and foremost of ourselves. Thank you. Robert woodson. I would like to speak to this from the perspective of a social act vis that spends most of my time in low income neighborhoods. I would say 80 of my friends are ex something. But not exfriends. No. Theyre exdrug addicts, exprostitutes, exsomething. And i think that when i was active in the Civil Rights Movement probably one of the few people when dr. King died, i hit the streets with ten neighborhood leaders and interposed ourselves between the National Guard and the police and the rioters. The reason we could prevail is because the people i was with was respected and known by the people, not a single civil rights person not a single pastor was there but they were grass roots leaders and they represented what i Call Community antibodies. The sickest part of the body draws the healthiest antibodies. But we only call or come in in times of crisis. These are the legitimate leaders of low income people. It was after that that i realize that a lot of people who suffered and sacrificed most in the battle for civil rights didnt change. It was about well educated people. Thats why bill raspberry, when he was reporter for the post i think october 31st 1965 a banner headline poor negroes are not benefitting from gains of the Civil Rights Movement, and the same kind of anger that we heard in baltimore was echoed 50 years ago by low income blacks then because the interest and poor blacks according to abate and switch game they use the demographics of those at the bottom, and when the remedies and money arrived it didnt go to them, it went to those that provided services to the poor. So we are in serious need of some self examination inside the black community. Thats why i am calling for a one year moratorium and whining about white folks. Im going to absorb you all for a year. The high council of gave me the authority to absolve all white people for a year. [ laughter ] this gives us an opportunity to add a dress the enemy within the enemy within means that we need to stop pimping poor people that means we have to apply our values, old values to a new vision. Yes, the families are but it wasnt happening if it wasnt racism or poverty. If thats true, during the ten years of depression, wouldnt a black family be disintegrated . It didnt. The marriage rights were higher than it was in the white community, even though the Unemployment Rate was 25 , was 40 for the black come canmunity, we didnt decision grate and i dont want to talk about how the time that happened with others who began to, they wanted to disconnect work from income, and welfare became a right. We become to moral deregulation occurred, and where under john lindsey, we just and the governments just opened up offices and recruited people on welfare so the biggest spike in welfare was at a time when the black Unemployment Rate for black men in new york was 4 . And so it just went out of control, and they said if we disconnect work from income, families will decisionsinigrate and america will engage in Income Redistribution and thats the answer to poverty. Thats how this family went off the cliff were on. Okay, what are remedies . The remedies are and my criticism of both scholars to the left and right, we talk about the 70 of the black families that are dysfunctioned. That means 30 are functioning. So why dont we do studies of capacities among the 30 to try to find out what is going on in those households that can perhaps give us some idea of what are the coping mechanisms. Thats what the center does. For ten years in Public Housing, right here in the 80s, women and mothers there said that our housing is horrible but we have to change it. So the residents, the mothers got together and began to organize a management of Public Housing. Kimmy gray, she was abandoned at age 21 with five children and divorced. Got off welfare and sent all kids to college and in ten years enable aed 400 other kids to go to college. Teen pregnancy rates were down, almost eliminated and it was on 60 minutes. Everyone came to examine this success except researchers. [ laughter ] except policy makers and there are other examples where there are people taking responsibility who operate mediating institutions. No, were not going to replace them, glenn, but there are alternatives that can help young people coaches are substitute fathers. We have a lot of ex offenders whose lives have been transformed and redeemed who are coaches and surrogate fathers for kids. My point is we need to stop studying failure. You learn nothing from studying failure except how to create failure failure. They read like autopsy reports. We really need to do capacity studies and thats what we do is you have to go into low income communities, find out who is working, how can we begin to take some money that are going into people who are in who are professional Service Providers the that parachute in remedies. Instead, we should take some of that money and give it to people indigenous and come up with innovative approaches. They are social entrepreneurs and in like any entrepreneur, 3 of commercial entrepreneur crowa pa entrepreneur create 70 of the jobs. We need to begin to study success. Thank you. [ applause ] so it strikes me that were having a discussion ive heard before. Although, very eloquently expressed and im wondering i have a feeling all of you feel that same sense of deja vu you referred to when were talking before, glenn, that weve been doing this a long time and hearing the same stuff. So lets push a little bit and think a little bit more about is there, are there any new ideas out there as ron and perhaps both, all three of you know, the Government Programs that started under the Bush Administration for promoting marriage were not successful or very disappointing and certainly when it comes to government initiated programs its not clear what we have, other than some maybe some tinkers with the tax code to reduce the tax disadvantage for married couples, but, you know, im for one very skeptical about that. I want to push more to see what is new out there . More can we think about . Im a little skeptical, too. I admit that. I completely disagree. Im on bobs board for maybe another 20 minutes. Social sciences about looking for successes. We have literally hundreds of important random assignment experiments to find out what works and we found out some things that do work. Now, if youre expecting that were going to launch a program and were going to increase the High School Graduation rate by 80 , thats not going to happen. That may happen over a period of years, but weve got programs like Small Schools of choice in new york city. A huge experiment. Random assignment. Well close to ramndom assignment and the most disadvantaged neighborhoods in new york and bob, thats positive. Thats a positive outcome. Let me interrupt. What about with the family . There are schools that work okay, you want to concentrate just on family. The only thing i think we can say with confidence that we know is we can reduce nonmarchital births. They are controversial. Republicans are likely to the oppose them. There is a huge battle in colorado right now. Explain what youre referring to. I think there is a lot of controversy here and i think its because many of the organizations are involved with Family Planning are involved with abortion and the that raises red flags with republicans but to be concrete about the situation in colorado, one of the people gave the state a lot of money to launch a larc, long acting reversible contraception. It was good social science, and they showed a big reduction, first of all, the mothers themselves, the women themselves, some of whom are mothers choose larc because it doesnt rely on memory. They get a larc, an iud is the most popular kind and it lasts for up to ten years. They dont have to worry about it. Second the thing of course, it also reduces the birthrate and then most interesting of all, it reduced the abortion rate. So you would think republicans would support this but no, the legislation is going to let the program die. They wont support the program. Lets get feedback. What really bothers me is that in a book, was it james c. Scott talks about thinking like a state. He talks the difference in Practical Knowledge and fit your model of understanding how to evaluate things and he describes it like a ship captain steering a ship across an ocean. When the ship captain gets to the port of baltimore, he or she turns that ship over to a harbor master because the harbor master has knowledge how to take the ship out and in of port. Its like what grass roots people do. They are expert because of Common Knowledge about how to steer that ship all these principles in that environment. You could not take that same harbor master to detroit or some other seacoast and port. So we need new ways of evaluating these kind of interventions, and in our market economy, it only takes in every other way, if a doctor finds that operating on a frog and put it back into the vet and they heal and the wound heals in the presence of bacteria, we say it counterproductive. Its on the front page of the newspaper. If people are able to bring about their restoration and recovery of families in a Given Community that has 100, they are restored, why dont we rush there to find what are the implications for taking it to scale . But you dismiss it. And thats the problem. The principles that operate in our market economy, we just ignore them when it comes to the social economy. Instead, we say well unless what youre doing fits our model of evaluation that we can have 20 of the people doing it here and 20 more, youre forcing invasion that is based upon common sense practice or people to fit your model of evaluation otherwise its not legitimate and doesnt get funded. Put aside your response to that for a second while we ask if glenn has anything to add. I think this is a very Interesting Exchange and as a social scientist, im a professor of economics, it interests me greatly because of course random assignment assessments of various policy initiatives has become the Gold Standard for figuring out quote what works closed quote and this is from philosophy 101 and this observation there the are other kinds of knowledge, okay, i find very interesting. I want to Say Something else. Another argument for the mediating structures idea that bob is trumpeting here is that it can rely on sources of authority that are not available to government. Thats right. Religious authority, for example. It can speak to people in terms of what are we called by our god, however we understand that to do. What does it mean to be a good person in a full throated way . Not in an abstract way. In a way that ties into narratives that are kid walks buy and doesnt steal the candy bar. He can give two different answers, one it has to do with what the state will do. I might get caught or punished. Another has to do with him not being a thief. Im not a thief. Our people dont steal. Now where would that idea come from . Who are our people . How do you instill that . Thats callingen a different authority. If its not there, its not there. Maybe that means the Movement Needs to be a movement of people who can get there to the place where they can authoritatively say thats not who you are, this is who you are. Uhhuh. Glenn i think eloquently describes that because i can take you to the an area 20 years ago because of these war infactions. The police couldnt stop it. We have five grass roots leaders that have the respect of those kids and brought the leaders to my office. We negotiated a truce and as a result, and they went back to rebuild that community paid by the Government Housing authority and so what we did was we didnt have a gangrelated murder for 12 years, and swoeo we took the principles we found and experted them to other places. What we learned from that, if you have a situation where there are 1,000 kids, controlled by 10 . If you come in and change the values and authority structures they then become a catalyst for changing the 90 and thats why. So what im saying to you is that there has to be a 60 of apples income comes from a product that didnt exist six years ago. Why cant we apply that imagination imagination. Have you seen interventions in the relation to the family you would want to tell us about . Absolutely. My dad died when i was seven leaving my mother who was a domestic with a fifth grade education to raise five kids in a very troubled neighborhood. What i had to rely upon then are my fellows a group of men that i went around with who were my, you may call it a gang. We werent predatory but they became a sure get of family there are other structures in these commune theityies to substitute. Sometimes coaches. I know my coach i dont know my english teacher. We got to come up and paul ryan is the same. His dad died when he was young. So we got to identify structures within those communities. If you were to ask me to select my blood family or my fellas, i tell you my fellas because my family couldnt get me to school safely. In other words, we got to appreciate other alternative structures can be as important to a youth as his blood family and we need to provide support for institutions that provide an alternative for families. Wait a minute. So im going to give some advice to glenn. Sir . Because im exactly where glenn is. You wouldnt know this with bob because bob is so hostile against social science. I completely agree with bob. There is a huge place for the community. I would always go with the community. The first thing is to get support from the community. I dont have any problem with that. Where i draw the line is i have heard, rarely heard anybody as effective as bob is but i hear claims from people all over the country, all the time, we got a letter to save their child and say spend another billion on this or that and when you do a good study it didnt make any difference on average. Averages are the key. We have, you going to move something, you have to move averages. Bob, you get better use of evaluation because the government is going to insist on accountability and the things that we under take and pay for that you can show they were not with annicdotes. They studied our violencefree system. They did the kind of study and its been accepted for academic review review. [ laughter ] anyway, its been acrecepted for academic review. Were not against it. Take the time to come and study the things that work and instead of the things offered by academics academics, thats all. Study the right thing. You have to figure a way to ingrate with accountability and good studies. I have endless examples that we have presented 60 minutes can find it cbs can find it the newspapers can find it but social scientists cannot. Come where the solutions are, use your skill to evaluate now you guys have to behave here. Whose the judge . Youve been perfectly fine. Strong memo. So im going to turn the questions to you now and hopefully, they wont be about social science. So lets see, what do we have over here . Professor lowry. Sir . Put the question extremely bluntly. You pointed out people come here from all over the world and seem to do pretty well and so whats up with you people . And i gather the question here, you people meant whats up with black people. Now there are some people who have looked into that question pretty seriously and concluded that whats up with black people is partially at least genetic traits. Is that something we should look into or was that unspeakible taboo . So my answer has two parts. One has to do with whether we should look and the other has to do with what we have found. We should look. Okay . The prohibition on inquiry in that area in my mind is a species of anti intel local. That is to say a bunch of people saying you cant ask that question. Thats such a bad question to ask, you cant ask it. Okay . So i really dont think i want to live in a society in which political mobilizations prevent inquiry into relevant substantive matters that are important. The second part of my answer has to do with what we found. I dont agree with the bell curve. Ive read it. I was on leave for a couple months in india when the bell curve came out and got a bad case of discemetery and didnt have much else to do. What i want you to know sir, is they cant snow me with regression analysis and statistical manipulation. Good for you. Im a fellow of the esociety. My conclusion upon reading the bell curve. The case wasnt established, the case being that inherited differences in intel twul capacity, social interventions aimed at promoting greater racial equality, you wouldnt be able to move the needle that way. I among the many critical reviews of the bell curve and many in the social psychology literature and economics and socialology and political science, i remember one very well. The, i think it was arthur goldberger. I could be wrong about this. At the university of wisconsin said, the issue here is not whether or not i can account for certain proportion of the very variance of income earnings or whatever by reference to variation in genetics. Among the things i can actually move, i can invest in education. I can perhaps change employment opportunities. I can do other things of that nature. The effect on the thing we care about will be significant or it will not be and we cant move. I mean, you know, it not a policy variable here. I guess im saying two different kinds of things. One is im not persuaded by the evidence as summarized in that literature that the claim about the importance of racial differences and ininability is true. Im saying we have many other instruments that we could employ to intervene in peoples lives that could befect effective so we dont need to get to that. John has a question. Bob, this is a question for you and i guess also for ron. I wrote a piece under the Manhattan Institute some years ago where i charged African American studies departments and by Association Professors of fields related to let go of the idea the proper thing to study was failure. I questioned why it seemed to be so unthinkable that you study success to identify what would help the black community as opposed to chronicling the failure and the response to this actually rather surprised me. That notion was like Science Fiction to my critics. The idea that an academic pursuit would be to study how people have triumphed over institutional racism and what a lot of criticism was, its interesting, you never know what people will come up with. It came off to black graduate students, for me to write the columns implied that im a snob. They thought that what i was saying was why cant people study how to become someone like me, and so they thought thats a bad idea because youre supposed to be studying ordinary black people, and i think thats an internalization of the low selfimage for predictable reasons. Thats what they thought. It would be snobbish to study success. Thats the response of many social scientists to the idea of studying how it triumphs over institutional racism. Let me tell you this. The people that you talk to presume to speak for black people. Okay . The moment you take it to black people like i did one night on black, it was broadcast went out to 12 states, all black news station then and the same, i had a moderator and guest attacking me for this and this. But when the phones opened up, the comments were 71 in support of what i was saying. So with what we got to do is allow the people in whose name they say they speak to speak for themselves and they will just undermine the authority of these people because ive had endless times. Of course, i dont get invited on anymore, but i can tell you, john, when you take, when you sit before an audience of ordinary black folks, and ive done all the time, they have a different perspective than the people at these black studies programs, so i would suggest just like i was on with five black mayors and they said bob, where do you get these ideas . I said from your constituents. [ laughter ] and so you know what i challenged them to do and maybe you should do this sometime i said i tell you what, mr. Mayors, why dont we debate these issues in any Public Housing project in your district, the two of us and lets see what the people in Public Housing have to say about your views versus mine. See, when you set up a situation where you change the venue where these ideas are being discussed outside the university and narrow minded students who are pampered but take them into the community. Lets just take this venue and shift it and discuss this in front of the people and see what they say. Thats what youve got to do. Ron did you want to say anything . Didnt you have a question for ron, as well . Does he have any sense of what i mean among social scientists . Because it seemed like you didnt know what string that bob was referring to, if you understand what i mean. I think i understood well what bob was saying. He made it clear. I dont detect anything like that in social scientists. Social sign tipscientists are willing to study anything and be controversial. Some are not cautious. They have the same flaws anybody else does. I think if they thought that something might be a solution to education, to family to whatever they would with be more than willing to study it. In fact, they tried to get a grant to do it and make their name on it. Dont you think thats right . I think thats basically right. I think however the universities as institutions are less open to free inquiry than they might be. I dont think thats statutory. There is not a rule against it. Its customary. Its a lot of social pressures but i dont think that extends to the community of social scientists taken as a whole. I did not say one sylabol to defend. Think tanks are another manner. Laugh[ laughter ] at least think tanks tell you where they are and willing to have arguments and universities appear not to be that way. Can i say one thing in response to the iq question . Sure. We know from a careful studies about schools, panels crime, education, we know that there are ways of improving the performance in schools of disadvantage kids through the Charter Movement and others. This fellow roland fryer who happens to have been a student of mine won a metal in economics, the most preknown economist and spent 15 years studying what makes the harlem childrens zone work. What makes the kip acadkadcademyies work. Can we go to houston and reorder the education in those schools and with random assign the ascertain whether things are getting better. There is a problem with cognitive ability. This is what i wanted to concede. There is a problem with the intellectual development and probably has other consequences but not in their genes, i believe its in the socialization and institutional processes of education and i think we can through social science learn more about how to make that function better. Lets see i want to make sure, 30 seconds but we do have more questions. Okay. So the typical black kid in the inner city has problems in the family, is in a dangerous neighborhood that seriously impairs his ability to go outside or learn and goes to the worst schools in the country and were going to tribute the lack of success to genetics . Its crazy. Its crazy. I think you should study it. They are also run by their own people. [ laughter ] what . I see a lot of these black kids are being destroyed in institutions run by their own people and we dont want to talk about that. Now we have a lot of hands up. [ laughter ] okay. Go ahead. Hi, harper graduated from Brown University. Can you hear me . Yes. The actor andwho graduated from Brown University wrote a book called the the conversation about black relationships and the black Family Structure and the need for it to be a part of the overall growth and dynamics in the black america. Id like to know your thoughts about that because it was a best seller. It was very well researched. I read it twice. But i would love to know your thoughts about that. Anybody familiar with it . I dont know the book. Oh, no how could you not . I dont know this book. He studied economics there. Oh. Maybe it was before my time. I dont want to speak out of context. I dont know what i would be responding to. Okay, sorry, well remember the book. Okay over here. My name is ricardo bird with the National Association of neighborhoods. I would like to panel to address the fact that we can look at baltimore as a Success Story that on a night where the police with drew from policing there was no uprising. There was no uprising. Most black people stayed home. They did not go to the streets. A few hundred people unfortunately, did, but the murder rate did not go up that night. There was generally no racial violence on a wide scale that night. So it shows that the black family is not as weak as some would like to claim because on a night where all hell could have broken loose, it did not. So maybe were much better off than we think and others try to give us the impression that we are totally gone of moral character. That is not true. Any response . Nope. I agree with that 100 . I think the reporting about baltimore could be criticized from a number of different angles. I did see stories to the effect of the moralization at the grass roots level of people and of people spontaneously coming out to affirm the right, the right kind of stuff there. So to think that the community is gone of moral resources is a profound error. Bobs whole program doesnt have any traction if thats true, and its not true that the community is berefed of moral resources, so ill leave it at that. The real leaders come out before the rocks are thrown, not afterwards bowing down before the police, were safe. You have these brothers out there, 300 black men on the scene physically intervening. They went into a store and they had the moral authority to direct the young people to leave the store and not loot it. Those are the real leaders. We have time for one more question over here. This panel is discussing very personal issues. Youre discussing issues related to when you get married, if you should get married whether or not you should have a child out of wedlock or in wedlock and to a certain extent, i hear some frustration amongst the panels, the panelist in that a theme that comes out, not only in this panel but also in the previous two panels is but its just the right thing to do. But its just the right thing to do. And i resonate with professor lowrys example about the candy bar because you took us to the edge of an exempt and left it where you gave us the example of a child who refuses to steal a candy bar because of social psychological or social science reasons versus i am not a thief. Right. And that begins to introduce issues of right and wrong. And i know wherever we talk about issues of right and wrong we as academics have to defend our positions with data and i understand that, but youre coming very close to the edge, particularly with this panel of introducing issues of spirit and religion and i know a typical response of an Academic Panel is we need more churches to be involved in x, y and z but youre treating churches lick they serve social science and the reality is that churches particularly the Christian Church has its own agenda and thats belief in jesus christ and the second carissue is whether or not it manifests changes of behavior. How should we as academics and social science folks treat this issue . Is this a taboo issue, or is this an issue that deserves conversation among us as academics and policy makers about the role of the church and spirit spirit in terms of reversing trends . Is that off a limits or legitimate. Its a very dense question but if we can get a quick response. I think 80 of the effectiveness of the groups i support are face centered, not necessarily church centered. We must make a difference, and so what we do and what we say to people you dont have to accept the content of our faith but you should respond to the secular consequence of our faith. In my book the try true umpiumphs of joseph, the change that comes about is inspired by faith in groups that i serve but what were asking people to support is the secular consequences and you can evaluate that. Glenn, did you want to Say Something . I do want to Say Something. I do appreciate the question very much. Tiptoed up to it and in my mind i got closer because when i said that the enter mediating institutions can draw on sources of authority that are not available to the state since the state cant take a position on a question of faith. We have the First Amendment to the constitution and so forth. Thats when i had in mind. Okay . And the mechanism that would persuade this young kid that hes not a thief and thats not what we do in the African American cultural experience would not universally not only but would substantially be predominantly it would be a faithbased set of relationships. So the, after the rodney king riots in los angeles in 199 2 i published a piece in the wall street journal that caused me a lot of trouble. It was called the god in the ghetto. I was a better christian then and more coreurageous win because i dont think i would dare to publish a piece. Basically, what i said then and this is not about me but i want to put this on the table, we can have our programs and debates and we should study them and do it but at the end of the day, there is no substitute for reaching that place inside of a person the spiritual place inside of a person that empowers them in a way we might not be able to forecast or imagine as social scientists. I want to give ron one last chance to Say Something. I guess i agree with the other panelists that the church is a crucial part of this and id be perfectly happy if people were willing to join a church and follow it and incorporate it into life and i would be happy, bob, not to study it. [ laughter ] [ applause ] thank you very much. That is part of the problem. All right. I want to thank youall for being here, for a very lively panel. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. [ applause ] on the next washington journal fred patrick joins us to discuss sentenceing and Prison Reform efforts and Jake Horowitz will talk about efforts to reduce juvenile incar serration and a professor will look at racial factors creating divisions in americas inner cities. Those conversations plus your calls, tweets and emails. Our show is live at 7 00 eastern, 4 00 pacific on c span. After six weeks of campaigning, voters in the uk head to the polls on thursday for general elections. The race is currently too close to call its suggested. Well have reviews, analysis and the outcome of reach race. Our coverage starts at 4 55 p. M. Eastern on cspan. Sunday night on cspans q and a a and a the people who worked there from the kennedys to obamas. Who are the thicklands . Nine members of the family worked at the white house and i interviewed James Jeffreys who is the only current part time butler i got to interview. Hes still there. He might be there right now. He works every week at the white house and nine members of his family worked there. His uncles were the headbutt butler, he said my uncles ran the white house and they brought him in when he was 17 years old during 1959 and hes still working there and he decemberscribes how he worked in the kitchen and he was skinny and they kept giving him ice cream. Its incredible he remembers what the eisenhowers were like. People that is a dying breed of person who he remembers that and thats what i wanted to do was pay tribute to these people. Sunday night at 8 00 on cspna prksp cspans q and a. This mothers day cspn prkscspan remembers life in the white house. We hear from Margaret Hoover who reveals her grand grandmother lou hoover was the first first lady to invite an African American woman to tea at the white house. Here is a look. Unless you study Lou Henry Hoover you dont know she was the first first lady ever to invite an African American woman to tea and it caused a tremendous scandal. It was called the depriest incident. She was the wife of congressman depriest who was elected from chicago, an African American couple and its the tradition the first ladies invited the congressmans wives to tea and they were progressive on this issue they knew it would be a scandal or it could be a scandal so they tried to handle it in the right way but decided to go ahead with it because it would be a good move for the country and it created an outrage, my great grandfather invited her husband to the white house. The first time an African American was invited to the white house publicly. Join c span this mothers day for programs with the children and grandchildren with the first families paying tribute to the first ladies and life in the executive mansion sent at noon eastern on cspan. Next the future of americas black community. Speakers give us someries of problems and potential answers. This is 30 minutes. Good afternoon. Good afternoon, everyone. And thank you for staying with us for this final discussion. My name is robert and im the editor we give the best ideas from across the political spectrum and the issues raised in the report reinserted themselves this mornings panelist gave us plenty to think about on crime, on education on family. And in this last event, well take a broader perspective asking where the nation can go from here. Youall already know jason ray lee raleigh, author of police stop helping us. Joining him is the president and ceo of the thorough good Marshall College fund representing 300,000 students. Mr. Taylors accomplishments are many. In 2011 he was named to ebony magazine 100. Before becoming president of the their marshall fund, helped compass group, Paramount Pictures and a graduate of the university of miami and holds masters of honors and doctorate of jurisprudence. America is facing key decisions in a wide range of policy areas and right now two of the leading thinkers will discuss what path the nation should take. Join me in welcoming jason riley and johnny taylor. Welcome. Good to be here. Appreciate it. Glad to be here. Ill let you start off. Wow, puts me on the spot. Yeah, first of all, i want to thank youall for giving me the opportunity. I would have been here all day. I was invited at the last minute. Im a stand in for the real guy right . [ laughter ] so like saturday night im like can you come . I said well, who couldnt . Thats why im here. In any event one of the things that you couldnt have asked, talking about gratuity, you couldnt have thought for a better time as were dealing with the issues from ferguson and baltimore and chicago. You name it. One of the things i hoped jason i always when i see something on the news, i say i wonder what jason would think. I literally do because i respect his thinking and read his book and have a great appreciation for how thoughtful. Several years ago, i was just assuming this role and run an organization of historically black colleges and universities but didnt attend a historically black college or university. Its an interesting role. I wanted us to engage in crucial, critical conversations within our community. Too often the conversations that were hosting people get together and they affirm some of the same stuff that we are all, you know, were used to seeing. Whether or not they are true or not, we keep saying them as if that will make it true. I did one of the most daring talking about courage. I invited jason riley to speak to the countrys public historically black college and university of president s. Shortly after he had written an article in the wall street journal questioning, leave it to me to do it. I called him up cold. I didnt know jason from the man of the moon and said i would like you to come. He said no way will i do that. Do you remember that . I called him cold. Yes, yes, yes. I said ill provide security ill do whatever i can. Well pat them down at the door. It will be okay. Finally, i said ill protect you. Youll be fine. Youre my guest. The point is he joined us and we had a good conversation. You could have heard a pin drop in the room because he laid out facts. We took the emotions out of it. We took the rhetoric out of it and there were real conversations that wasnt pointing fingers but saying this is what it is. Lets now have a dialogue about what were going to do to fix what is. And it was just really a great conversation. Ive been trying to continue that dialogue in our community because while hbcus are a small subset of the institutions in Higher Education, 3 of all of americas Higher Education are hbcus we still out perform 20 of all African Americans that earn under graduate degrees receive. Its a conversation that needs to be had with a critically important community. With that, one of the things i was going to ask jason and open up the conversation is the baltimore conversation. We have three hbcus in the baltimore area. Morgan state university, Coppen State University and buoy state. Coppen state is literally in the sort of ground zero in the baltimore market and then within 45 minutes, you have howard university, the University District of colombia. There are five hbcus. One of the things we challenged ourselves is the president yesterday went on about my brothers keeper and the alie lens. Head count is down at hbcus. So there is no shortage of seats. There is no shortage of dorms. So im not so sure that i buy into this notion that this community doesnt have opportunities. The tuition is about 7,000 a year. Thats less than my daycare bill. So i mean, seriously. So i challenge this notion that education is not accessible or affordable. Ultimately, there is a question about ones interest and real commitment, the valuing of education. Jason . I would agree with that and thanks again for doing this. Yes, you were the second choice, not the third or the fourth choice, we got cancellations but i appreciate you stepping in. I think professor lowry said it best earlier where he said a lot of these issues, the facts dont matter. The only thing that matters is the narrative. That dominates the news cycle these days and when we see these events flair up, whether its baltimore or ferguson a narrative takes hold and the powers that be control it, particularly when it comes to race and if you dooefeviate from it you can get your head handed to you. One of the narratives has to do with access to education as a cause of the problems and some of these poor black communities or access to jobs is another narrative out there both of which i dont think hold water, dont hold up to scrutiny. With respect to jobs there was an article in the Washington Post last week i believe, about baltimore where the reporter went to the a construction site and there was an older gentleman there and he said you know, i see 30 or 40 young black men pass this site every day. Only one or two stops to ask if were hiring. So is job availability an issue . Certainly but there is also a question of a work ethic. Even if the jobs are available, are people interested in them . And it reminded me of something said a few months ago by the mayor of soma, alabama during an interview with mpr where the reporter asked him about i think, its about a 80 black now and the reporter asked about job availability. He says we have jobs here. We dont have people with the skills or interest in taking these jobs. But there are people here who want to hire. But, you know, again the facts dont matter. The narrative hatters. Its about jobs. And its really hard to talk about baltimore without talking about ferguson. Because certain narratives came out of ferguson. One of which was the racial makeup of the Police Department was supposed to be a huge deal. Tensions between Law Enforcement and the black community. We were told those tensions stem from the fact that a white minority, whether it was the Police Department or Political Leadership was oppressively running a majority blacktown and thats why you had these tensions and they ultimately exploded. Well, you go to baltimore. Youve got black police chief black mayor black city counsel. Yet, you have these tensions. All democrat. All a democrat and it, you know, it suggests to me that maybe the racial makeup of Law Enforcement, the racial makeup of the city leader ship is not the issue. Maybe this has to do with high black crime rates and Police Responding to where the 911 calls originate. Its funny. Clearly that makes sense and we kind of know it. There is a point at which you have to look at the man in the mirror or women in the mirror and might not be pleased but thats how you begin to make progress is an acknowledgement of what it is. To that point, i was asked to go on to one of the talk shows shortly after baltimore and i pointed out in my preinterview that, you know, baltimore is second or third, has the second or third highest spending in k through 12 space in this country and in 2013 it was only behind new york. I said so you cant explain this. I was uninvited again to another show, you know, my pr direct tomorrow here was like my god can you just get on tv please . But it was a fair conversation. It was like so i get it. What would you have these people do . I mean, im not sure. I dont know who these people are because your mayor is African American, the police chief is i dont know what else you want. So by the way if there is an answer, our community has to come up with that answer. Im convinced that the solution lies in the African American community only sort of not gra gramatically correct, only we can correct us. The problem is the inability to have an honest conversation what is wrong. There were a number of speakers on the panel today who talked about things youre not allowed to say. We titled one of the panels reducing black crime rates. That itself is provocative. We dont talk about crime rates in this country. Black crime rates in particular. We talk about incarceration rates, as if, incarceration rates have nothing to do with black crime or black behavior. That you dont talk about black crime rates. You dont talk about black culture. If youre the president of the United States who has gone to black colleges and spoken to black men, graduating and said to them, you know, i grew up without a father and its made me all the more interested in being there for michelle and my daughters. You know he said to those men at those schools, we have to be in the barbershop with the less fortunate and in the communities and in church pulling them up teaching them what its like to be a man. He gets his head handed to them when he talks like that. Im convinced why he doesnt do it more often. It was interesting. What you can say and what you cant. You know, we had others john was talking about just being a commentator on television and in newspapers and what youre allowed to say and what you cant and the backlash you will get. Part of this conference is just about trying to have an honest conversation about a the problem, and people want solutions, but we wont even have an honest conversation about the problem is where things need to start. And i caught the tail end of the conversation on family, and it really does resonate with me that its particularly in the academy, the conversations. I cant tell you the number of times ive sat down with universities trying to select their Commencement Speakers and its like no no no because this person is too controversial. Or it has said one thing in their entire life that a group of students go rally and raise hell and you lost a potentially really provocative and interesting commencement speaker. Again, youre right and were therefore creating a culture, a new generation of students who believe if i dont agree with you, then you cant talk to this group and thats problematic so we want ever, i had some hope frankly, when i joined this space out of industry that the real future were these ma millennialsma len millennials and they didnt see color the way those of us who came through the civil rights and my god, its absolutely the opposite. Youre right. They obsess over it. Right. And they have been taught to obsess over it. They have the micro aggressions now. I dont even know what [ laughter ] i wonder what Martin Luther king would make of micro aggression if he heard a term like that. Youre right what happens is ferguson goes down, baltimore goes down and we Start Talking about effects instead of causes. We talk talking about poverty or the racial makeup of Law Enforcement. And those are the wrong conversations. You cant talk about incarceration rates or these flairups without talking about black criminality and that is a huge problem in this country. Blacks are 13 of the population and responsible for half of all murders. In some years majority of blacks arrested in two to three times the number of population for violence crime and property crime and white collar crime. Until you address those high black crime rates, theres going to be tepgss between police and the black community. Young black men will be viewed suspiciously. If you want to change the perceptions of young black men if you want to ease those tensions, we need to be talking about the behavior thats driving those tensions. Not just viewed by white people that way, but all people. I was trained the other night, had my 4yearold with me, and the door open, and i see people talking about profiling. I decided these three kids could be students at georgetown, but they are long dreads, gold teeth, and pants were sagging. News alert we were not getting on the train. It is what it is. You have to have honest conversations with our young people. The Police Stopped you, your job is to arrive calm. If you were wrong, lets deal with it. Theres a classic example. The star if you dont know, this Television Fox series called empire, and so her son is arrested in los angeles, right, and usc or ucla i cant remember ucla. Police stop him hes not arrested, by the way, but the line is they stopped my son, this is an example, you know, im Hollywood Star with, you know, oscar nominee et cetera, and if my kid cant walk around in los angeles, thats an example of how horrible america is. Whoever made the comment, by the way, about the people who like, get in boats that have holes in them to get here, my god americas a good place. Its not perfect. I dont think of any other place id like to go by the way, and most of us here would say that. In any event she goes on a rant, goes on talking shows, shes the talking head talking about how horrible and racist america is in a great city like los angeles with all the diversity. Imagine the surprise when the videotape was released and man was stopped by a very very nice Caucasian Police officer who found marijuana and other items in the car, did not ticket the kid, did not arrest the kid or beat the hell out of him. Where did this come from . Meanwhile shes trashed the lapd. Its just no truth to it and so you have to ask yourself, you know, to hell with facts, i mean, thats the reality and so what happens is that narrative takes on its own life, and the that gets perpetuated in the barbershops and churches and young black boys walk in the world believing im just doomed so we do have to change that. The ultimate narrative, the one thats out there at 30,000 feet is that white racism is primarily responsible for all these blackouts. Thats the narrative pushed. If you is a political agenda, thats what you want out there. If youre Al Sharpton Jesse jackson, that narrative keeps you relevant. Thats what you push. Regardless of the facts on the ground. One of the problems, however, particularly with these antipolice narratives push, is that damage done in the communities as a result. If the police are viewed as some sort of occupying force, if they then result to less effective policing of the communities the black body count rises. This focus this myth that we face an epidemic of cops shooting young black men, it is unbelievable. I mean, Police Shootings of blacks are about 2 of shootings of blacks. If your goal is saving black lives, reducing the black body count, should your focus be on Police Shootings or non Police Shootings . To be fair about it we just saw yesterday a poor new york city Police Officer assassinated at the end of the day by an africanamerican. I mean, we got to have the dialogue. If youre going to start engaging in this race conversation, you got to be prepared to have it. Now, we dare not get into that because thats a longer conversation, but i want to tie the conversation about unemployment. Well, so the unemployment conversation, the root of it is in not being prepared to take many of the jobs, you made that point. Okay. So thats thinking about someone who spends their life now in higher ed and the hbcu world, we just received a very big grant from the apple corporation. Tim cook gave the historically black College University Community Well over 40 million. That amounts to a month and a half ago, but that they wanted really two major components. Part of it is to help solve the lack of sort of diversity challenge in the Silicon Valley everyone talks about. It was interesting beginning the conversation. The apple executive said were not racist. The fact that we dont have engineers here of color, particularly africanamerican engineers, is not some grand design to not hire black people. The reality is we have a really tough time finding them. To the extent you know where they are, heres money. Find them. Bring them to us. It was a real ahha moment because i went to the community and said, believe of believe it or not, people want us to be successful and willing to invest, not gift, but invest in solving what they understand as a problem. Heres the challenge. I ran Human Resources for fortune 500 company that included a big dotcom, group of companies, one which was s. Com, headquartered in oakland, california, not in the valley proper, but close to it. As the africanamerican head of Human Resources, i caught hell finding black engineers. Thats the reality. The head of apple globally the head of Human Resources for apple, is an africanamerican woman who graduated from an hbcu. This is not some plan. Shes been with them 21 years. This did not start yesterday, who is trying to find it, but she goes in, and they are just having great difficulty finding people and this is not just qualified to do the job, but people who are willing and able to at least enter into some of the roles. We, again, changing the narrative to say that White America does not want to hire you. But the narrative out there is that Silicon Valley is racist and sexist, by the way. And its so you have a Jesse Jackson going out, shaking down the valley pretending the low number of black hires has to do with bias and not the pool of people that apple or google or whoever is hiring from, and the fact that blacks are under remitted in that pool of people. We can do something about that problem. I mean, if Jesse Jackson really wanted to do something about the pool problem, which is what it is go back to shaigchicago, devote all his time to getting black kids to stop shooting each other. Pull up your pants, finish school, take care of your children. If he could if he could address that issue this pool problem over time takes care of itself. I mean the the one of the tremendous things you learn about looking at black history in this country from the period after slavery to the period before the Civil Rights Movement began in earnest, the modern day Civil Rights Movement up to the beginning of the 1960s, the amount of progress that was being made in black america is really under appreciated by a lot of laughblacks. You know, black poverty in the country fell by 40 percentage point between 1940 and 1960. Thats before Voting Rights act, when you could discriminate openly against black people. Blacks were entering the white collar professions at a faster rate prior to affirmative action than they were in the decades following affirmative action. Between 1940 and 1970, the percentage of blacks entering the white collar profession queue drupeled. No affirmative action ever matched that progress. No Great Society Poverty Program ever matched the reductions in black poverty that occurred prior to the existence of that Great Society program. Yet, these programs are given all the credit for any increase in blacks entering the profession, any increase in reductions in poverty. Its an undeserved credit they are given. That tells you that a lot of whats taken place in the name of helping blacks has stalled progress. You know, progress continued after the Great Society. Progress continued after affirmative action, but at a much much slower rate. Fair enough. I want to point out in the spirit of fairness, all is not well. The notion that there is not a pool of qualified people that somehow Jesse Jackson could solve this by going back in the communities and encourage them to educate, thats important, but one of the things that we learned, for example, at at ppple, when you tell me there exists no pool that tells me you are fishing in the wrong pond. If youre at harvard, no wonder youre not yielding what you want, because, you know only so many students attend highly selective institutions like brown, et cetera. There do exist highly competent students people of color. We cant walk away believe all is lost and theres no theres not a sufficient quality pool. We just also have to encourage people outside of our community to think about other places from which they need to source candidates. I want to say that. Thats not to suggest that overall relatively speaking there are far more students under utilized than should be but i do want to make the point its important that we all know, as you guys, to your organizations, that there really is not any kpoous the argument that, you know the myth that the talent pool does not exist is not true either, to be fair. Theres bias issues in there when and i true story, sent my colleagues a resume of a cap candidate, classic, on paper, 3. 9, blah, blah, the whole story. What happened is hes, oh, my gosh, get the kid the interview right away. They misred it. They thought it said harvard university, and it said howard university. The very student they were excited about when they first received that resume all the sudden, the disinterest, the level of dismissal of this kid so we have to deal with issues like that, and, by the way, it was not just the white partners who made that sort of assumption. Some of the brothers and sisters who received their ivy league education, and, therefore, they did not think he was deserving of interviewing in the space either. We have these issues as well that i think we all need to be more cognizant of when making these decisions. Fair . Sure. What else . [ laughter ] well, i think part of the problem with Higher Education and affirmative action in particular is this mismatch problem that has sort of compromised the value of a degree for a lot of black kids and talking about the value of a yale law degree when everywhere he went to apply for work they assumed he was let in with lower standards. Well, that does happen now in a lot of cases, and so i think employers are understandably suspect if there are not other ways to this person can handle the work they are being hired to handle, and i think with affirmative action, thats an example of a wellintentioned policy, in this case a policy intended to increase the ranks of the black professional class thats doing more harm than good. After the university of california system ended affirmative action Higher Education back in 1996 black Graduation Rate in the california system went up by more than 50 , including in the more difficult disciplines of math, science, and engineering again, by more than 50 , and you know, the reason is that black kids started doing what white and asian kids have always done, which is go to schools that meet their capabilities, and, therefore, many more of them were graduateing. You know, one example ive used before is a study done of black kids at mit years ago and they score in the top 10 of all kids in the country. On the math portion of the s. A. T. , but in the bottom 10 of the peers at mit. Kids hitting it out of the park were struggling, and, therefore, more of them were dropping out or switching to easier majors. Some muddled through. That means if you recruit at mit and come across a black applicant, you have to take these things into consideration. Even at the high ler selective schools. I think thats true, but all of us know the highly selective schools, in addition to the traditional affirmative action what we think of race base set asides, theres others theyve done, its for donors. If youre very, very wealthy, theres set aside spots for that too. But the gap between the legacy legacy is separate from donors. You get the point. Yes, yes, yes. Im hesitant about there are all forms of affirmative action, right . Its not always race based. There are others, but i take the point, and its absolutely something, the mismatch issue is one were trying to sort and frankly, in many instances thats why black colleges and universities, its one of the arguments for their relevancy. Take a kid i dont know if you read Washington Post, the kid was the valedictorian of a school here in washington, d. C. Dunbar high school, showed up at georgetown, and, i mean, fell apart. It was in his neighborhood. It was not an unknown environment, but he did not have a rigorous enough k12 experience to be successful, not withstanding his valueedictorian status. I think that is ultimately where it needs to be addressed, in k12. Exactly. Well cut it. Thank you. I want to thank you all for coming and participating and being here thank the Manhattan Institute for signing off on this, and hope to see you again. Take care. [ applause ] thank you. Thursday Senate Homeland security and Governmental Affairs Committee Examines terror groups using social media in recruiting efforts, live at 9 30 a. M. Europe here on cspan3. 100 years ago in 1915, the rmslusitania sailing to new york was hit by a torpedo fired by a german uboat and the ship sank killing 1100 of the 2,000 people on board. Thursday the National Press club and world war i Centennial Commission host a discussion on the tragedy and impact on American Public opinion. Thats live, 6 30 p. M. Eastern here on cspan3. Heres some book festivals well be covering this spring. In the middle of may, maryland, for live coverage of the boork festival with tom davis and martin frost as well as David Axelrod and close out may at book expo america in new york city where the Publishing Industry showcases their upcoming books, and first week in june live for the Chicago Tribune lit fest including three hour live indepth program with Pulitzer Prize winning author, Lawrence Wright and your phone calls on cspan2s booktv. This mothers day, remembering life in the white house. We hear from steve ford rem necessarying about a mishap with the fireplace during his first family dinner at the white house. Heres a look. The first dinner we had as a family and theres in tension i dont know if you notice when you first go there, you dont know the staff, you know, theyve been there for years, and you rotate through, and so youre trying to get to know each other, and everybodys a little formal, and were sitting at the family dinner table, myself, dad, mom, my sister, susan, and everybodys a little trying to figure it out and my dad trying to take the edge off, he looks and sees theres a wonderful fireplace in the room and he says oh gosh, when we used to go to Vail Colorado for christmas, we always loved to have a fire and one of the people who worked there, must be the president telling us to light the fire so they went over and lit the fire. It had not been used in ten years. [ laughter ] now smoke is billowing out. [ laughter ] this is your first dipper with the staff and everything. The smoke is coming back into the dining roorme inging room, and susan and i are coughing trying to get up and my dad looked at me and said, sit back down. He goes, betty, dont we just love a fire . [ laughter ] he had sucad such a good heart to make them feel good. It was, yeah, it was just my memory of those first days, yeah. [ applause ] join cspan kr mothers day for programs with the children and grandchildren of the first familys paying tribute of the first ladies and life in the executive mansion sunday at noon eastern on cspan. A next a discussion on urban areas across the country. From washington journal, this is an hour. We are back, round table discussion here this morning about inner city poverty, joined by michael tapper, senior fellow of the Senior Institute and ross the Vice President of the Economic Policy institute to discuss the issue. Ross beginning with you. Lets look back a little before we talk about whats happening today. What happened to inner cities in the country . Well, there are two things that are very important. One is deindustrialization, and the other is racial segregation. Bes we really have two stories in cities what happened to africanamericans and the rest of the population. Let me start with housing and how that affected black people. The we have a long history of segregation in the United States, and the city like baltimore is a great example where they had in the 1920s, the mayor set up Segregation Committee on segregation, neighborhood associations were set up to keep black people out of white neighborhoods and to keep them in pockets of very dense, poor, black populations. They were segregated into essentially, a ghetto. And they were not because they were in that situation when the great wealth expansion in the United States occurred after world war ii, they were left out of it. They could not get mortgages because they were red lined, and there were exclusionary zone zoning practices in the suburbs that kept them out of the suburbs and they could not get federal insured mortgages because the federal government actually told Mortgage Companies and realtors they could not give them to black people. I mean, they were absolutely excluded. So their ability to buy a home and get the wealth, it goes with Home Ownership was blocked, and that continues today. The impact of that is that the children of those people and children of the 40s and 50s did not acquire wealth or inherit wealth, and they are still in segregated neighborhoods where nay are poor. Okay well, well dive into that more, but michael tanner, your perspective on the same question. What do you think . Sure. I agree with most of that, but i also think we have to include the fact there was an enormous plight of the middle class out of the cities that took place in the 60s and 70s in the wake of the rise that took place following Martin Luther kings assassination, white middle class fled and black middle class followed not too much longer ending up with evergrowing property tax rates higher taxes in the city that in many cases drove the middle classes to the suburbs with less crime, lower taxes, and better quality of life. You ended up and poverty that was walled off from the rest of the community. Ross what did it the government do . How has the government responded . Whites on their own got up and left the cities, partly because the cities were black and white people didnt want to be with black people and they left. I grew up in the detroit area louising almost all of the white population, lost it long before the riots in detroit. It was a human decline in the white population because they were able to move to the suburbs where jobs were being created, factories were being built not in the intercity, but out in the suburbs where land was cheap and the federal government was financing their mortgages. It was insuring their mortgages making it possible for them to buy out there, but not making it possible for black people. So the federal government encouraged segregation, and its never done anything to correct it. All the programs you can think of, if they do not address the core problem of poor people without wealth segregated into a tight area of a city if you dont deal with that problem, youll never solve the problem. The government true a lot of money at the problem. The fact it in 1965 with the war on poverty we poured money into the intercities and fighting poverty generally. We spent 22 trillion fighting poverty since 19 65. Last year alone, federal government spent 688 billion on antiPoverty Programs 120plus programs, and state and local governments spend 320 billion more and in 2003 to 2013 baltimore got 6 billion in funding and 1. 8 billion in stimulus money and individual welfare payments to People Living in the communities. Weve thrown money at the problem, and that makes poverty less uncomfortable. We gave people food. Done away with the malnutrition things like that that was going on, but we have not enabled people to get out of poverty, and we have not allowed people to rise up the economic ladder, and what we found is simply giving people money is not the answer to the type of the solutions. Why not . Why isnt there the Economic Opportunity that youre talking about . Well, we basically, number one, theres not jobs, unemployment in baltimore and areas particularly the low income area, the area in sand southern where freddie was arrested, the unemployment is 50 . Thats an area that does not have a grocery store. Theres not a restaurant in the entire area or a fast food joint. Theres no jobs available. Yet, we know jobs are the number one way to get out of poverty 3 of people who work full time live below poverty. Whats to blame for no jobs in the area . Maryland has the worst Business Climate in the nation, one the highest marginal tax rates of Small Business one of the high business tax rates, huge heavily Regulatory Burden and property taxes are high in maryland, and what you got is a government climate which is hypothetical to the creation of business. Do you agree . I couldnt disagree more. Maryland is the wealthiest state in the nation. Marylands per capita income is number one in the United States, so people there are doing well, but baltimore are not doing well, and poor people of baltimore are not doing well. The war on poverty reduced poverty, and it was successful until and poverty rates declined drastically. They fell to 11 at one point, the National Poverty rate, back up to 15 now and many things changed in the late 70s. Most important things are we stopped rewarding work the way we used to. Minimum wage since 1968 lost 30 of the value, so its muchearteder for someone to make a living on minimum wage. Senator warren tells the story of her father losing his job and her mother being able to support the family and keep their house because she took a minimum wage job. That is not possible where the minimum wages are. They are well below poverty wage. If we rewarded work and raise the minimum wage 12 an hour minimum wage that lifts millions and millions of people out of poverty. They would be working. They would be paid for their work in a way that allows them to care for their families. Minimum wage increase helps relatively few people in poverty. Only 13 of the people helped by an increase in the minimum wage live below poverty and we have people trying to support their families on minimum wage is a myth, and 5 on minimum wage are single mothers support king children, for example. What you would do is wipe out entry level jobs, the first rung on the ladder to get out of poverty. The fact the suggestions are that youd actually help a number of people in the middle class with the increase in the minimum wage, but hurt people who are poor. Get the viewers involved. Well get back to that. Good because i disagree with that. Randy, good morning. Caller good morning. Yeah, im calling about this disaster for decades between u. S. Citizens taxpayers money between 17 and 22 trillion for the war on poverty, and they upped the people they get housing, they get help with electric bills, lifeline on their phone bills, this is all racist, and, you know, cant get money for, you know, single mothers so, randy, you disagree with the policies . Caller well, after, you know, after all these decades, yes, and you know, i, you know i there is a safety net but, you know like me family, we took, like, on the job training apprenticelike, to help install carpeting or painting. So having some sort of training to go along with the safety net programs while people are trying to get their feet underneath them. Ross, respond to him. Well, i agree with the problem that there are not jobs in baltimore for these people. The up employment rate at 8. 4 means one out of 12 people is looking for work and can want find it, okay . There are not enough jobs for people in baltimore, and its just not true that people are, you know, all these poor people there, the Unemployed People are living on welfare, that the fact of the matter is that only 5 get cash welfare benefit, and 25 of the baltimore cities residents live below poverty and only 5 get cash welfare benefits. The fundamental problem is there are not enough jobs, and you asked what are policies that work and dont work . Well, the clearest policy, the biggest policy failure in the United States over the last 30 years is cutting taxes as a way to solve these problems. We cut the top marginal rate from 90 to 70 , and them Reagan Administration from 50 to 28 . We had 30 years for that to magically create jobs. Its been a complete failure. I mean, the results are there for everybody to see. Okay, we divided lines regional, Eastern Central dial in at 2027488000. Mountain pacific, 2027482000. Inner city is 2027480020. Caller i think it is all about segregation. And if we could addmit and believe at one point in america there was forced geographical segregation, then to when did it end . If this did end, why are people still primarily segregated . Second point talking about jobs, job trains get the structure. Theres infrastructure jobs that need to be done everywhere in the United States, and in the Job Training Program would be to train the people, anybodied too the jobs, to do the jobs, and i think there is just disingenuous, oh man just like sometimes, you got people to say these guys are so lazy, nobodiments to work, but look at the fact its hard to get aon as a black man with a College Degree than to be a white man with a felony. What is it . Are we lazy or you dont want affirmative action . Okay. Okay. All right. Michael, jump in. Sure. I think thats a good point there. It is largely a problem of jobs, and i dont think the government does a good job of creating jobs. Baltimore, they got 1. 8 billion for stimulus funds spend 1. 5 billion on that and governments website they created 67 permanent jobs. Thats not a good bang for the buck for government spending. There are things to do to make it easier for young black men to get jobs. For example, we should not require businesses should not be asking whether or not people have a conviction or felony on their record, for example. The fact we over criminalize, we arrest young black men for all absurd crimes thereby giving them a record making it impossible to get a job in the future or to get education or become marriageable, a problem for out of wedlock work, and those are problems to deal with right away. Long term jobs you cant expect businesses to operate at a loss, and if youre going to tax them and regulate them and require that they pay benefits and so on, they are not going to hire. Well get more automation and jobs overseas and so on. New york times 1. 5 million black men missing. This is touching on what you said, for every 100 black women not in jail, theres only 83 black men, and maining men, 1. 5 million are missing among cities with black populations and largest single gap is in missouri, north charleston, south carolina, with a gap of 70 . And the gap driven mostly by incarceration and early death barely exists among whites. Well, that is a huge problem. We have a national policy, you know implemented at the state level, but it is a policy of houpding young black men into jail. Criminalizing things that should not be criminal, harassing them. In the gray case he look at a cop and ran. You know, thats not a crime and yet it led to his death. Theres a study, really interesting study in baltimore following for 25 years, 800 Public School students starting when they were in elementary school, and heres just one of the many conclusions. Having an arrest record or failing to complete high school were less consequential for white men than for africanamerican men. 84 of whites without a High School Degree were employed at age 22 among africanamericans just 40 . So that consequence of having an arrest record are much more serious for africanamericans. This is one of the things that has kept them out. Asking you this, then, what leads to having an arrest record, and that being predominantly among africanamericans, what role does government play in helping or hurting that drstatistic youre telling us about. Go ahead. Yes, police black children and do not police white chirp in the same way. Kids openly drank alcohol used marijuana, drove fast, you know did all the things kids do. Those things are criminalized for black teenagers. They are not for white teenagers, and then the results of that is for the rest of their lives, these blacks, especially men, are discriminated against. Michael and its the war on drugs as well. Okay. The fact is we arrest young black men for possession of small amounts of marijuana and things of that nature, and them the fact they create profits driven in the illegal drug trade, creates high crime areas police on guard, looking for problems and for trouble, and they do just hang on the corner, and they come up and assume youre dealing drugs may or may not be correct in this case, but that leads to problems down the road, and its what leads to the sort of abuses were seeing going on. Baltimores paid out some 6 million in Police Brutality claims over the last decade. I mean this sort of harassment policing leeds to the trouble were seeing. Okay. What about the Public Institutions that these kids are supposed to be in a part of growing, education . Well, the wall street journal is not a place i turn for inspiration but theres in yesterdays there was a story well i dont see it in the papers, but it was a businessman, jay, saying that he had his kids in a baltimore Public School where there were not toilet seats on the toilets, heat off in the winter lighting was poor, and the schools are crumbling, and he said, how can you expect kids to value their education, Pay Attention and learn in that kind of an environment, so, you know, the federal government among others could do something about that. Thats an infrastructure problem. There was legislation that was kick out of the stimulus program, and a 30 billion program to fix the schools around the country. It would have made a huge difference in baltimore. Baltimore spends the top u. S. Cities, fourth or fifth in per capita spending. The money is not necessarily generating better results. Some of it is wasted. Fact they pay back a state grant right now because they end up using money for dinner cruises rrp fixing the schools, but a lot is not effectively used and part of the reason is because the Teachers Union in maryland is very strong. Theres one of the weakest Charter School laws in the nation, and far more Charter School in washington, d. C. Than the entire state of maryland that you have even Parental Choice in Public Schools that is very limited. Assigned a School District lousy school, you cant move your children to another district in different school. What you have is really very little parental control, very little monitoring and requirements for the teachers and a lot of waste in terms of money spent now. Okay. Lets get back to calls. Depp nis dennis is waiting in florida, dennis, thank you very much for hanging on the line, go ahead. Caller my pleasure. Good morning, they touched on education, which is what i wanted to discuss. To me, if youre going to talk about poverty in the inner cities, it seems like theres two systemic problems. Number one every knows the families all broken up and the other is the education issue. As one of the guests just said, baltimore does spend a third highest amount in the nation per capita on spending per child, and as i was listening to the comments regarding the baltimore riots, a lot of the people who were on the air said we need more money for spending on education in baltimore which is absurd. Then i, you know heard other people say, well, the quality of education in baltimores bad, forget the money. Well, thats wonderful but the people that are saying this dont want the kids to have an option to get out of the Public School system and go to private or religiously affiliated, which the Supreme Court said were totally constitutional. I saw a graphic on cspan this past week that had four statistics on the screen, one of which was that was in baltimore theres a daily 46 rate, but theres 50 unemployment among blacks. Isnt it interesting that 50 of black people cant get a job and 46 dont go to school . Wonder if theres a coincidence there or what. Okay, ross you can jump in. Im going to say i hear something that sounds racist here going on but the fact of the matter is that the schools in baltimore are just overwhelmingly high poverty schools. The white people left the baltimore School System 30 years ago or more. The private schools, you know white kids are in private schools paying 25,000 a year for those schools, and so they took their resources out of the Public Schools. Talking about property taxes . You know property taxes, the personal resources that families take you know successful better off family has time to spend in the schools, bringing their expertise, they participate in the classroom and they do extracurricular activities. The Public School my children went to had a parentteacher budget of 150,000 a year. The parents put that in apart from the taxes paid. That kind of resource is not available. That highlights the unfairness in the School System. Thats right. White children went to the suburbs or private schools so we pay the black children, stuck in the schoolsing and were not going to let you out. Why not give them options in order to take their money that let the money follow the child rather than follow the school and take the money, go to the suburbs or go to a better School District within baltimore. Why do we lock them in to allow the schools because they are poor or black . Okay. Daniels next. Go ahead daniel. Daniel, good morning to you, youre on the air. One last call here for daniel. All right