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J. Pershing. E and at the centennial began with the 100th anniversary. Did not entertes the war until 1917, a. In 1917ennial kicks off of the there will be a variety of events before. Commemoration, world war i is my much forgotten in this country. The hollywoode news media, the pop rock presence that the news media had. It did not come in the living room the way the other wars did. We are two or three generations who served inle world war i and it was overcome by the Great Depression in world war ii. So although it was a great event in our history, it was superseded by others. Tothis is an opportunity educate people about world war i. It was a worldchanging and nationchanging event in a log of ways. It took our place on the world stage and assumed a world that leadership role. We organized the country industrial and socially in ways we continue to do today. World war i was a major event in the history of women and minority civil rights. It further the cause toward womens of votes and was a major stage in the struggle for civil rights for africans and other minorities. On the international stage, all of the conflicts we are engage with today in the ukraine, syria, elsewhere around the world, they are this a Straight Line back to world war i. Decisions that were made by a leaders and diplomats at bedtime. Impossible to understand our country today without understanding world war i. First mission. R were out to page students and deep relation atlarge over the next three or four years to teach them something about world war i. The second part of our mission is commemoration. Million the 5 servicemen and women who served in the first world war. And this country, we did not have what we thought of as a National War Memorial until they built the veterans for memorial in the 1980s. Before that, localities erected to civil memorials war, world war i, and world war ii veterans. We did not have a National War Memorial in the Nations Capital until we built the Vietnam Veterans memorial. Since then, we have been working backwards. Memorial, the world war ii memorial. Now were talking about a National World war i memorial. Were standing here today and ing park. Persh j. Marily a memorial to john pershing. Memorial toarily him. It is the centerpiece. It does not expect to the sacrifice of the common soldier in the way the other memorials we have on the model do. Were not on the mall. Park is on the western end of the great diagonal. The white house at the other end to the west. Anchors thek western terminus of that important avenue in our country. It was established in the 1980s. When theears ago conversation first began about a national memorial, there were puzzles to been on the mall as a standalone memorial or as a rededicated washington, d. C. , memorial. It sits right along the other three memorials. There was a proposal to expand that. Dedicate but, there is federal legislation that says there will be no new on the mall. When the Centennial Commission was formed, rather than trying to be on the mall, we chose to ask congressional authorization to redevelop the park as a memorial. Ld war i in its present condition, it is sufficient on several steps. In one corner of the park site and has little to do with the rest of the park. The centerpiece is a sunken area that was intended to serve as a ceremonial april in the summary into an ice skating rink in the winter. Aboutse was discontinued a decade ago. Now it sits unused, not terribly appealing. High wallsunded by berms four sides, the create an enclosure, i it makes it in to passersby. Objective is to expand the memorial elements in the site, design, andoverall incorporate the memorial elements into the park. It is a challenge because unlike allmemorials on the mall, they have to do is be a memorial. Other civic use around them, they just have to be a memorial. Here, we are in the middle of four very busy city streets. We have other sites around us. As both ao serve memorial and a wellfunctioning, living, breathing urban park. To take on the challenge of rethinking the site as a thefunctioning park, commission opened up an International Design competition similar to the one that produce the Vietnam Veterans war memorial. In europe today, there is still great gratitude among the french, belgians, british, for what the United States did. We wanted to give the designers participate. Y to we decided not to limit it to to professionals, we opened it to professionals and amateurs alike. We sponsored the international competition. We received about 350 submissions. They were submitted to independent jury. Conceptse five design to move forward. It happened that all five designs were from american designers. Twoof the team is led by americans who are originally came from spain. They are part of the immigrant experience which is important to the history of world war i. We selected the five finalists in july. Over the last several months they have continued to develop. Heir designs in consultation with representatives from the National Park service, fine arts commission, National Planning the preservation office. All stakeholders in the site who have review and design approval responsibility. The teame designs from of spanish origin designers is called an american portrait. It takes a different approach to memorials in that the central memorial elements are photographs. They contemplate largeformat photographs and the technology of that is fascinating to explore. They will be embedded in the ground to look down. The site would be open, you would wonder through the site in countering these images the ground before you reflecting a variety of themes. In the war. Homefront. National pride. Fraternity and gendered bite the war. That is a very different memorial approach than the typical statuary or architectural forms. It is technology that did not exist 100 years ago and so in that sense it is very modern and caught the jurys attention. An innovative design conscious of the park aspects. Designed around a series of land scape forms throughout the park. As it is now, but there are hillocks and paths wandering through them. You encounter elements represented by images. Largescale images cutting into the landscape. Corner of the park opens out into an open green space that would serve as a park function. There would be an amphitheater in the morning for gatherings on a paved or nonglossy surface. That was the one designed the jury selected that replicated the feel of trenches on the western front. These paths going through urban forms. There were a lot of design included trenches or craters. The feeling was, we think of trenches when we think of world war i but they were not that much part of the American Experience. Pershing wanted to get his troops out of the trenches. He thought it was better than hunkering down in trenches. A roar ofs moving to maneuvering in the open. Tanks were adding to that. We did not spend a lot of years hunkered down in trenches like the british. So we did not think that was an appropriate motif. French strain was craters, not the american terrain. But this terrain does incorporate the feel. They third approach focuses on the park aspects. It more subtly works in the elements. The chemo aspect of the design is the placement of a little more than 1100 lights within the rights it h of the representing 100 soldiers lost in the war. The total american casualty count was about 116,000, more vietnam and in korea combined. And a series of pylons made out of bonds and glass. Combination of text and images and other representations, it will did represent the memorial and educational components. Elementsof design up please. D but they only bloom for a short year. F the not all poppy varieties are native to this area. Had to be careful not to be seduced by these beautiful renderings of a large field of puppies because that would not be how the memorial would usually look. In 19 15, a captain wrote a poem after one of his Close Friends was killed. It begins with the famous line, in flanders failed the puppies grow row on row. Warshattered landscapes in northern france and belgium, firsts were one of the two bloom in these landscapes. It references the cemeterys. The American Legion adopted the poppy as a symbol in 1919. It has become the end during symbol of world war i. The way to sacrifice is a design combines both classical and modernist elements. People who follow the saga of the eisenhower memorial are familiar with the debate that was prominent there. A school of thought that all memorials on to be neoclassical. Sayser school of thought neoclassicism is done and it should be more modern. Sacrifice combines both. It is a fairly modernist design. It utilizes open plains. The memorial designs are very neoclassical. This is representative of the parks. L a statuary form at the center of a grassy green. Very representational, figurative. Not abstract. The design contemplates a large frieze depicting various scenes of the war. Modernist Landscape Design that incorporates those two design effectivelynd combines and integrates memorial elements into the park design. Is thetto of remembrance classical design and the jury decided to move forward. Certainly it is something veterans 100 years ago but have recognized. The centerpiece is an architectural form arcesentative of the dtriomphe or something of that nature. The part. Part is it is certainly, in an unscientific line of public and into our website, it has proven to be a popular design. People recognize the memorial themes that kind of design presents. I am the grandson of two world war i veterans. I cannot say i grew appearing stories of the war. My one grandfather who actually made it to europe was in the 81st division. He arose and and the artillery regiment because he grew up on a farm. He knew how to wrangle horses and mules and alice our artillery restaurant advent. He was scheduled to go into the front lines and the war ended on november 11, said he never saw any real action. My other grandfather never made out of the states. The war ended before he could be shipped overseas. In some bows, he ripped as an important and of the American Experience of world war i because he was an immigrant. He came here in 1906 from latvia. Speaking no english. Not a citizen. Came over from his family. Want to screw, went to the university of rochester and when school, went to the university of rochester and then joined the United States armed forces. As to serve his country in that way. He was representative of the experience very timely today. One challenge to establishing a World War Memorial is the fact there are no longer any more living veterans of world war i. World war i veteran, frank buckles, professor at the age of 110. With him, that generation possessed. A lot of the first generation descendents of the world war i veterans are also gone. Where building this memorial for a generation no longer with us and that has interesting implications for questions of the design theme, do you adopt a design style that would recognizable to that generation even though they are no longer with us originally and updated design theme that speaks to contemporary taste can foresee in the future . The upnse questions for pit memorial name. The Vietnam Memorial is very much a dose of breathing. Of the 15,000es soldiers who died in the war. Is it his brother comrades can their loss. Ove for it is pleasant, because those men and women would benefit us today if it were not for the war. World war ii memorial has a different theme. It was politically a very different with vietnam. Ofis much more a place celebration of triumphant return. Celebrity rate return for those lebratory return. They are welcomed and celebrated for but there generation of compost. Those themes are not up through it for a world war i memorial because we do not have the. Eople were past the time of mourning for those veterans although their sacrifice needs to be honored and commemorated. Were not welcoming them back is returning heroes, so what is the theme of the memorial . Should it be educational . But you do not want it to be too didactic. To my mind, and up good world war i memorial road invoke and convey to things. Of scale and the sacrifice americans. We lost more american soldiers and not more than we lost in vietnam and korea combined. We suffered around 40,000 combat fatalities in vietnam over eight years. Fatalities in world war i and six months. Just as the honor and respect the heroism, courage, sacrifice of our business veterans, we need knowledge that here. It was a founder of war. Measured in terms of todays preparation, we wouldve sent 13 million off to war. That is how significant world war i is that time and we need to convey that. To convey the courage, sacrifice, bravery, heroism shown by that soldiers and is as complying as those and other wars that more familiar with. Conveyorial needs to those themes. One of the image three. A needs to be a place of certain solemn reflection and contemplation and at the same time remain a lovely park in our Nations Capital. At you were watching American History tv, a weekend every weekend on cspan3. Conversation, like us on facebook at cspan history. You dont understand that, you dont understand her. You got it. The reagan at library one day, he said, what is your book about . I said, it is looking at nancys auroral and all of that. It was a pyramid. Revolving around it at the top of the pyramid was the social friends. You can never quite figure out what they did, but their influence was, if he change his opinion because he spent a weekend at the annenbergs. Reagan did not like politics. Anyway, you can talk politics with reagan like baseball. He knew everything. I remember in westchester. He cared about his performance. I think he cares about ideology. Of [indiscernible] i dont think he really cared. [indiscernible] abouty of those you wrote , never could have done. Clearly [indiscernible] for ronald reagans. , how does the bookselling . There is 70,000 books up there. Almost no returns. It looks i caps on, or they are keeping them anyway. They like the manuscript by november but it is not going to happen. It will be later than that. Support yourself on the advances unless you get millions. Biographies, you have got to travel. I think theres so much you have to pay for. It is very much like the story i did in vanity fair. Of our first lunch as well as for vanity fair in 19 97. We talked about a lot of stuff. I said, nancy, would you say you have any impact on any area of policy . She said, policy . Oh, no. I have nothing to do with policy. Then she said very thoughtfully, well, maybe the whole russian bank. The russian thing. Ltzs memoirs pick up on that mention that, but no one picks up on that. That is the kind of stuff i am looking for. Tell then, nancy would president to pick up the other line and listen. And do you know this firsthand . I never heard that anywhere . It is from him. We have got to talk. She was not a memo writer. You would see on the back of one something would be scribbled. [indiscernible] what were they calling her for . She sat next to the guys in dinner. I think she had enormous influence in the cabinet selection. There were a lot of misgivings. [indiscernible] the owner a lot of misgivings, you are right. Anyway, where on cspan. More giving away our secrets. Great to see you. It was so nice. I truly appreciate it. Look me up in new york. Ok. Walter houston was a liberal democrat who loved f. D. R. Came directly to chicago and davises. Th the takes you on the road to the white house and into the classroom. This year, our studentcam documentary contest asks students to tell us what issues they want to hear from the president ial candidates. Road to thens white house coverage and get all the details about our studentcam contest at www. Cspan. Org. Each week american hist

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