Hospitals. They developed what they needed for the civil war, that carried over to civilian life. Was it difficult for people to make the transition to get what they needed from home to be able to accept being in another place . A lot people thought hospitals were sick houses. They were starting to get the idea of infection, there was a lot of infection, people who lived in neighborhoods with hospitals were quite concerned about what that would bring to their neighborhood. Saint luke which opened in 1881 moved from the edge of town to the center of town in the 1890s. People had a petition to keep it out of the neighborhoods, they were terrified about a loss of a Property Value to them. Is that a typical reaction people would get . People did not understand what hospitals work. Was the Progressive Movement tied to this . Progressivism and social gospel laura ideas that we have to reach out and make lives better for everyone. Lets put our energy where our beliefs are. Womens groups reached out to support hospitals once they started. Then the Jewish Hospital started, they had the lady aid society. They did everything from getting and making bedsheets to getting cows donated so they could have milk. They would bringing in jars of jam. That was not the first test will in 1881 . What is the earliest hospital in denver . St. Joseph was probably the earliest catholic hospital. The county ran some quarantine hospitals as early as 1860. That was usually to catch people who has scarlet fever or smallpox. They would have just been set up for those there ie . Just for that. They wouldve hired whoever they could have as a matron. The first denver doctor was a hamilton. Was hired at zero salary. He left and then went to work for the army. Why would he have been hired at zero salary . It was a Public Service and denver did not have any money. As a good doctor you are treating people and you are working as a public position. At these hospitals was the experience much different than other cities across america . It was a will different because we are a community that is out on the edge of civilization. A lot of what we were doing is having to make it up as you go along. In new york or other places there was already medical establishments. There were people who were training doctors and nurses, they had a ready supply of capital, physicians, and a sense of hospitals mattering. We had to take up the edge. Was it difficult to get people to work at these frontier hospitals . There were a number of people who came out here, they were out here for the potential of wealth. They looked for gold. The first dr. Who was Anglo American was from georgia, he spent as much time searching for gold as he did in his little log cabin treating patients. At some point i would expect for hospitals to grow there needs to be an educational part to this. A medical school. In theen cu started 1870s they set up a school. There was also a private medical school. They had training programs, they had very early training programs. A lot of them came from back east. When a doctor trained at Northwestern University at the medical college. You are presenting on early medicine in denver. Also pioneering, what is that . You are the idea that you are building it from scratch. You are the first people to come do Anglo America and have other medicine. The American Indians have their own kind of medicine. In the hispanic culture they had midwives, this is the first time we get those establishments that became hospitals that have formal nurses and had training programs. Do you think there was pushed back from those of the communities in terms of accepting Anglo American sort of values . I dont think there was. Once they were accepted from the hospitals, they were there to help. So many of the early hospitals were catholic, people like the hispanic or irish that were coming in as emigrants. Why were so many early hospitals catholic . The bishops knew there were Certain Services you provided to your people in your parish. Churches, schools were all medical care. Were the nurses sisters . In the catholic hospitals they were. In the protestant hospitals or county hospitals they were trained nurses who are nondenominational. Lets take it to the late 1800s, where are these nondenominational nurses being trained . They were trained in the hospital. St. Anthony was the first to open a nurse training program. Denver opened theirs fairly quickly after that. These were young women who lived in dormitories at the hospital, they took classes and spent most of their time tending to patients. Was it seen as a career choice that would have been a longterm choice . Yes and no. If you got married you are expected to stop working and do what a matron did. If you are single, many nurses chose to stay single, it was a lifelong career. It was a threeyear program, it was not a degree program. You had lots of clinical training, that was better than what a lot of doctors had. This one would have had a High School Education . Many programs that you had to have high school, enough to know mathematics, reading, you are doing things that required you to measure and write reports. You had to be able to be a bit learned. We still have catholic and other religious hospitals, how have they changed over the years . The big change that i would think is that management of hospitals has been more corporate. That does not mean they dont care, they are running more like businesses. We still have catholic and other religious hospitals, how have anthony and saint joseph, they still have that church component. They still have the sisters, they have trained dedicated nurses and doctors. They also have ceos and bottom lines. You have care that happens within a profit motive but there is the income and expense and that is a bigger deal. Government programs that pay for health care and insurance have also changed that. You also have totally forprofit hospitals. Denver has an old whole series of forprofit hospitals that are part of the hca. You spent some time at a hospital, when was that . That is a position given the structure of hospitals is a position that exists . I am no longer doing that because as ashman changes, their as management changes, their interest in history changes. For instance, i was the archivist for st. Lukes for 15 years. Paid initially and then volunteer. New management said we are looking at the future, we do not care about the old stuff. Ironically the old new management wants to reclaim the old history. We donated many of our i archives. I know Regis College has a collection from other programs. Some of them are so keeping up. I know Denver Health which was denver general still has their archives somewhere in the building. It is very much dependent on the vision of management. When you get the job will was the most frequent thing you worked on . I was working on organizing the collection. I had a cadre of retired nurses and doctors who knew the history. They would show up once a month and i would feed them lunch and they would identify and help organize. They would get together and share stories. They were amazing. When we did the history of saint luke in 2006 we actually used the resources of those doctors and nurses to get oral history interviews to use in the book. They are lovely artifacts. We could identify pictures with them, these doctors and nurses had come in and given their time. They cared so much. A laymen would say that physical records are good shape, is that a case . In the time that i was on the program we moved our collections from the old hospital which is now an apartment complex to five other locations in 15 years. No, they were not always in good shape or it they were certainly interesting though. We have records going back from 1881. A lot of photographs, tons of artifacts, bedpans to discuss the scopes, and the first couple together machine to do openheart surgery. Going back to the involvement of health care from the home and to these early hospitals, now the advancement of hospitals in regional drop in centers. How do you see the change, how do you see people perceiving the role of a hospital and a 21st century . I think relevant being rather than being unusual, it is the default for major care. A lot of people see the Emergency Department as anything that goes wrong. Especially if you are someone who does not have insurance, you go to the Emergency Department people think as having a baby, people are going to be there when they have a heart attack. All of that is available. The biggest thing i think it health care is the technology is so advanced. St. Anthony just opened a hybrid o. R. Cath lab. They can do everything for cardiac surgery in one room. It is incredibly hightech. People assume it is going to be that way, they assume it is going to be specialized. They did not always feel that way. It was more casual than the old days. Now it is part of our love affair with science. More broadly, the think the history of hospitals in the United States has been written about very well . Well, it has been written about many ways. The books i have done have linked hospitals and community which i think is important. They do not exist by themselves. They exist as part of a larger community. I think, i think there is much more to be written. Certainly as we go into a new age of government or nongovernment health care. There is a lot to be written about. About access to hospitals. Rebecca hunt, thanks for being with us. Youre watching American History tv, 40 eight hours of programming on American History every weekend on cspan 3. Cspan us on twitter history for information on her scheduling to keep up with the latest history news. This weekend on american harde artifacts, we too are Carpenters Hall in philadelphia. Constructed by members of the oldest trade guild in america. Here is the preview. When the constitution was finally adopted, philadelphia decided to have a grand federal procession to celebrate. And they built a float in the domed building, designed by a member of the carpenters comedy, and co mpany. The dome was supported by 9 columns and three that werent quite holding up their end. And when the organizers of the grand federal procession decided who would lead the procession, it was float of the grand federal edifice, each of the columns named for the state, including the three that hadnt it. Had yet to ratify all the, carpenters, the Master Builders marched first in the parade, and that is the banner they carried here, under glass, in Carpenters Hall. Its another one of those things which the modern members of the company are so proud of, because they not only fought hard for the revolution but they became major supporters of the federal constitution. So, again, the company had a National Role that is littleknown until you come to Carpenters Hall and see it for yourself. Watch the entire tour of Carpenters Hall in philadelphia at 6 p. M. And 10 p. M. Eastern sunday on american artifacts. This is American History tv, only on cspan 3. Cspan, where history unfolds daily. Cspan was created as a Public Service by americas Cable Television companies and is brought to you today by your cable or satellite provider. War, a on the civil panel of historians talk about the Chattanooga Campaign which the ice in the fall of 1863. Which takes place in the fall of 1863. This resulted in the union forces under ulysses s. Grant raking through a confederate siege. We talk about how they outmaneuvered the confederate leadership to route the confederate troops and put them into georgia. The Union Victory opened the door for William Tecumseh sherman the following year. The New York Historical society hosted this hourlong discussion. Tonights discussion is part of our distinguished speakers to series. As always i would like to thank mr. Swartz for all of his support and being able to invite so many people. I would also like to thank our trustees. Who if they are not here that i do they plan on coming. All of the chairs and Council Members who have put forth great work. The program lasts one hour we will have a question and answer session, following that a book signing. We are thrilled to welcome the