This 90 minute event. We have two speakers tonight. Work and speakers published as a team. Easton, thank you. Gps he coauthor of declassified, which is named as one of six books on the professional reading list. Richard has contributed a number of articles on the history of and a the space quest spaceflight the institute of navigation newsletter. He has also spoken widely on the aiic including to the guidance network. As well as the after longitude modern navigation in context seminar in england. As well as at the Explorers Club in new york. Fraiser is a independent other who specializes in science technology, business and help. Work published online by Government Technology and various North Carolina publications and worldwide magazines. Worldview magazines to be accurate. Maps, hee passion for theuthored with him comprehensive examination of the Global Positioning system of gps from its origin as a cold war military program to its inrgence as a vital utility the variety of positioning, navigation and timing applications for public use worldwide. Eric . In with, [applause] eric thank you, bob. Good evening, thank you for coming. Richard and i would like to thank everyone for inviting us here. , the historyt gps of gps and its extraordinary impact on military and civilian life across the globe. Limited time out we will be heading the high spots of gps history and during questions and answers if there are areas where we do not address them please raise them. Any personal experience with gps please ensure that even if you do not have a question. Presentation comes from the book, i will spend a few minutes talking about it. Said, gps declassified talks about the development of gps from its cold war roots to a worldwide consumer industry and a vital public utility. We do look back at the history theavigation and we look at future of Global Navigation satellite systems. We wrote the book for three primary reasons to fill a gap in literature, by assimilating elements that were scattered addressf skier sources, numerous misconceptions and myths that we found in the popular media and to raise awareness of the vast nonmilitary dependence on gps in hopes of promoting Public Policy. Neither of us are policy experts, we looked at this from a sociological and historical perspective. We vote one way to make better decisions today is to look at what has happened in the past. I willjor takeaway w back up. That space tracking leads to navigation with the gps, that mostly significant navigational advance since the marine chronometer was invented. Positioning, navigation and timing is now critical to commerce and civilian life. Making it a necessary utility. We would like to ask audiences when we talk about gps to consider what they know about it. Look at these five true and the dose questions and if you not know the answer to them with hope that you will know the answer to them by the end of our talk. This evening we are going to talk about how Gps Technology invented and that military laboratories revolutionized war fighting weapons and tactics and strategies. Compared to Common Misconceptions gps development envisioned civilian use from the very start. Gps has fun competing and complementary systems worldwide. Has become integral for commercial and scientific activities. Isnt that today is greater than most people realize. A criticalas component of infrastructure. How richard and i who did not know each other before working on this book became collaborators is worth noting. 2009 as a result of the irldwide financial crisis experienced a restructuring and i was unemployed. I started freelancing fulltime. I always wanted to write a book and now i did not have an excuse that i did not have time. I thought what would i write about . Scienceeen working in and covered business education, i thought i would find a topic that blended science and business. As i looked around something my daughter said to me came back. She was directionally challenged in high school, she would always ask us to pull out a map and guide her to where she needed to go. I said why dont you call us to as for directions . She said she bought a gps. Said whoever invented gps may be a genius and that is when i thought this was a elon musk or steve jobs story. What i found that this was a complex story involving decades. By february of 2010i knew that i eastonto interview roger who worked at the Naval Research laboratory. I did not know how to find him or if he was even still alive. I did come across some articles that his son had authored. Letntact richard and i will him take over the story from here. Richard good evening. Maggedon played a role in this book. There was two feet of snow in 2010,gton in february of then another foot of snow. Be inductedposed to into the hall of fame in the middle of february. They decided that having those adventures what there is still good idea. They delayed the ceremony and march until march. Exchanged emails after he contacted me on february 20. I also told him i was working on a book that had not got much action with publishers. Perhaps we should join forces. He went to the ceremony and met many of the people involved. We thought that joining forces would be a good. Good thing. Going back to the beginning of the space age. All the americans and soviets said they would launch a rocket. Of 1957 to december. Eisenhower set up a committee to decide who would watch the First American satellite. There were proposals from the air force, navy and army. The air force was focused on icbms. Was byy proposal von braun,. R in the 1950s my dad started in 1952. N this the navy one which surprised the navy. The technical had said they had a rocket and we dont. The navy had to work on the three stage rocket. The first stage which was a upgraded viking. Do not confuse liking with the nasa program from the 70s. This was at upper atmospheric research. They upgraded the viking at the first stage and new rockets for the second and third state. Tnik iniets launched spu 1957. It was the first satellite. The person who dubbed it project vanguard was in paris when the satellite lost. They wondered if the soviets atomic bomb on this icbm, then the soviets launched sputnik two. The first three stage test of vanguard called tv three. Eisenhowers administration would launch a satellite into orbit. Which horrified the people at project vanguard that there was a low probability of working. Launchpad it the lost three feet off of the path. It blew up on national tv. The satellite that my dad decided, there it is on the right. The satellite would survive that explosion. It was right on top. The peopleoled down my dad. With by dad he was asked what they should do with it . They got a wooden box. It weighed about three and a half pounds. It was really tiny. On aught a ticket for it commercial airline. I tell this story to some of to someone you may know. We wonder what the tsa would think about that today. It is now at the air and space museum. This is the more successful launch of vanguard 1. The second satellite to reach orbit and the oldest still up there. One of the advantages of having a three and a half on satellite is it is easy to get home. This is the oldest satellite in orbit on the right. Spaces me, the young historian with my brothers and sisters at our home. Say it looks like late winter in washington dc. This was one week before the launch. You can see the solar cells. The batterypowered transmitter would last weeks or months at beset. Had to transmitters. One was said to very slightly from the exterior temperature of the satellite. Despite it being a very small satellite it actually had pretty useful scientific instrumentation. I should add that the proposal for project vanguard which one use satellites for navigation. That idea was very early in there. This is the tv3 that was being disassembled. To the right there is my father and another man who worked on the satellite. Before satellite navigation, how do people navigate . I do not have time in detail. You can see the four major categories, visual aids, landmarks, celestial objects, then the compass. Invented by and then they got to 800 a. D. Around as navigation improves trade was improved. Globalization and this was important for trade. One, theee the third marine chronometer which happened in 1761. Navigating at sea require technological advances, Escalade Technology astrolabe technology. Studying spaces moons. D jupiters is if item with this is cloudy you cannot use it. Or if you better is on the wrong side you cannot use it. What is good on land is not necessarily as good at sea. We can see the same thing with gps, early on one of the first uses was by surveyors when you just had a view satellites in orbit and you just would put your equipment down and you wait for the satellite to go overhead. As you get more satellites you improve your position. Isally the fourth category the discovery of highfrequency electromagnetic waves. Gps uses radio waves. So one example of navigation before gps was the expedition to antarctica. That ship which looking at the from the took off south georgia in december of 1914. Then you can see in the green part of the map after their ship got crushed by ice they would drift in their three lifeboats and finally once they reached open sea they sailed to violence. They were on dry land. Helpey were going to get they had to go to a and habited lace. Inhabited place. The only real place they could land was south georgia. Navigator and he told him that they could not be sure of their position within 10 miles. And they found georgia they landed immediately. They had to climb over the uninhabited interior which alpine climbers 30 or 40 years later had difficulty doing. Is whoever will die and you can do unusual thanks. They were taking sites with their sextant. C. Uhur aarke best known for the 2001 space odyssey movie made a great production with gps. 1956, it is one year before sputnik, perhaps in 30 orbital replaces them could take over the entire that we have today. With the 24 hour orbit it could have censorship free tv service but that also make possible a position finding great where anyone under could locate themselves within a couple of dials on the instrument. This by 1986. Ng the satellite composition was done by 1993. Amazingly accurate by arthur clarke. Talked a little bit about that satellite they contracted. They proposed satellite navigation by inverting the track. They are saying we are using ground stations to track this. Why cant we use a satellite to give us positions of receivers in the air . My father in 1967 said that to using ranging, if you know what time a signal lead to satellite and receiving that you know you how far you are from the satellite. You are somewhere on the surface of a spirit that distance from a satellite. Light travels at 186,000 miles per second. If it is 1 10 of a second, you are solely miles from the satellite. There is so much of the ionosphere. That is what passive ranging and gps does. That i hadersation in Parent Organization lab, april of 1864. He was explaining how the mazer works. It obtained as fantastic timekeeping capability. This device appeared to make passive ranging feasible. He agreed and we spent a week working on the idea. , he of you may know his son has been involved in the search ,or extraterrestrial life said. Seti. For project vanguard my dad work on the mini track system that and maryland. There were a couple of other station. That reggie vanguard is going to lunch in the east. Earths rotation to get a satellite into orbit faster. At the equator the earth is rotating 24,000 miles in one day. You are getting about 1000 miles boost. Looking at kit canaveral the southernmost point of the United States. Launchhe europeans satellites from france to take advantage of the rotation. They figured a north and south configuration would be ideal for tracking analytes watched in the east. Point, the middle , there is mying dad taking data. When the soviets launched their satellite the geophysical year said you would want at a certain frequency. They lost to a different frequency, the man i talked memo sayingut a there would be no more paid overtime for project vanguard. Two days later the soviets lost the satellite and he said that memo would be ignored. They work for about three days adjust this ok could. Ick up the satellite what do you do with a Spy Satellite . They depended on detecting the signal from a transmitter of for the satellite. Many of them are quiet most of the time. In january of 1958 this is before the First American satellite was launched. Death conceived of a much more powerful system which was called mabel space surveillance. It had three transmitter stations. It was just receiving the signal from the satellite. They had three transmitters stationed with six receivers along the northern quadrant. From Southern California to georgia. He figured that a Spy Satellite could watch with a polar orbit. It could detect the entire earth , we will see the entire earth overtime. And westst configuration that was ideal for picking up a Spy Satellite. Did washey surveillance surveillance did was bounce this signal. A native of a lot more power for that. They were about 100 times as long as the configurations they had. One of the most secret a look at, they had what was along 33 degrees north. Space surveillance was on there. They are using the system which was for space warfare. Daily decommissioned the broadcast the program. Three of these proposals, the first space based navigation system. Is traffic using doppler. Is frequency changes as it moving away from you. That they get a system for nasa with a lunch some satellites but he got consumed by gps. Navigation his time system was able to track sputnik. A method synthesized to create gps. So in 1968 they specified the satellite system had to be threedimensional. It had to be able to be used by airplanes. Carried first atomic clock and 74 they carried the first cesium atomic clock. It plus the first three gps satellites you see the illustration off to the right. With four satellites and site, approved in 1978, the gps would work. The marked one with a test satellite lunch between 7885. These were heavily used in the first gulf war. Here is an equation from 1971 four dimensional, how you solved for your 3d position plus time. Literature, in gps my dads system, time nation, was not threedimensional. While they solving for four dimensions . These are the operational satellites. As it can see, to are for replacement. The modernization followup. Satellites get improved design wise, civilian block, the most recent to ask, was launched in 2016. Satellites,he new the first one when we wrote the , they said the first one would be launched in 2014. Their challenges, the ground system has to be upgraded to control the gps three. They have been talking about ocx, the new ground system but its way behind schedule. Theres no sense sending up a gps three, until the ground schedules capable of controlling it. Plus they have found some problems, one part had not been tested the way it should have been. You want to have a failure, but you see, 15 year design wise, power. Gnals, more one of the things you care about gps, it could be attacked through jamming and spoofing, and a more powerful signal will help against that. So today, consolation has 31 operational satellites. He did some restrictions on some of the signals. You can only have 32. We are five residuals. If some of the operational ones were knocked out, they could put back in the constellation, the residual. To master control systems, timing accuracy, accuracy on the ground, this is not strictly from gps. Obviously, using ground stations, you can get improved accuracy. More than one billion civilian and commercial gps users worldwide. Gps is so successful, everybody wants one. The russians started their clonus system the first test satellite was in 1978 by gps. Launchedts back then their first satellite in 1982. With the breakup of the soviet union bonus fell on hard times. Its since been rebuilt. They now call in Global Navigation satellite systems. Gps is. The first and still the best. Europeans did not like selective availability, were we degraded signal for civilian applications. They started working on the galileo system. Originally at the chinese were cooperating with the europeans, then they decided to break off for gis systems with worldwide ambition they should reach those systems by japan and india city, you mayn a not be able to get all the gps signals you need for your threedimensional position plus time. Satellites that are geosynchronous or near geosynchronous orbit say improve as will navigation finding in japan and india. Im going to turn it back over to eric. So, the most current studies that we have of gps and gn assess systems worldwide come from the gsa the european global satellite navigation agency, thats the acronym they use. Their fourth Global Market survey in 2000 15. They do it every two years another one soon. Detailedthey produced user requirement analysis. They have analyzed almost 400 receiver chipsets they estimate estimated to the king that there were 5 billion gn ss receivers in the world. To increaseed that by 2019 to 7 billion. Thats an average of one for every person on the planet. Gps015, they estimated the Equipment Market at 250 billion euros worldwide. By 2023, that will rise to 300 billion euros. Look on the left where we see the gps is in all devices it is sometimes called the gold standard, its been around the longest, very reliable less than 20 5 of devices rely solely on gps. Large group here in green in the second bar, gps and clonus have been around for the longest. Thats a large group of receivers. The Fastest Growing group of receivers are here in the last are now 30 of receivers set up to receive signals from all four constellations, thats the Fastest Growing 30 from 25 a year before. Many people dont realize civilian use was envisioned from the very beginning. If we go back to july 19 comes subnet 1974, the global System Program management plan, the official operating book of this program, said that forced acquisition signal will serve as an aid to the acquisition of the precise signal, and will also provide an navigation signal in the clear to both military and civil users. So is richard mentioned earlier, actuallyby civilians proceeded military use. Surveyors were the first people to utilize gps. Because you could set up the equipment, wait for the satellites to come around. In 1982, there were only six satellites in orbit. You need for any one time in view to be able to navigate. With six or up, you are lucky to have one in view at any given time. So the yearly survey equipment, using gps i wish i had a picture i could show you. I have seen it, it entailed a giant metal box, 26 inches by 26 inches. They weighed 160 pounds. Was a very large tripod. On top of it, said a thing that looks like an alien spaceship out of the cartoon. It was a big wide dish with a clear glass dome on the top. They had to haul these things into remote areas tether two helicopters. Thehad to have two of them, used something called, very long baseline to barometer he cannot be a. The way that works is, with a radio signal coming in, you have two of them 250,000 a pop. They measured the angles but the singles come in, and through very fancy math like we should you before, they can calculate the distance between the two receivers by using the angles trigonometry. Most people, if you ask than when the public got gps, it will say, Ronald Reagan declassified gps, or i read this in a fairly mainstream publication within the last two months, that Ronald Reagan gave it to private industry, declassified it, signed an executive order. We have combed the materials online the regular reagan library, cant find any evidence. Theres no evidence of an executive order. Some people believe that an executive order would have been quite useful, because for the next number of years, each american president had to keep reassuring other countries that would not fiddle with it, take it away, whatever. Can findreference we in the reagan archive gps, as larry speaks came out on september 17 and said he he determined reagan would share gps in 1988, when it was completed, which was in complete them. Reagan declassified. For first satellites were broadcasting civilian signals, it was land from the start. As with seen, there were commercial receivers on the market several years or the area was help on getting gps that wider adoption. The navigation satellite executive steering to participate with airlines. We suspect that commercial airlines saw it as an unproven and very expensive proposition. Think there were happy enough to have the government to all the funding. Another notable historic event ties into gps, the challenger when the in 1986, Space Shuttle program was approved in the 70s, they would all satellites to be launched on it. Most not necessary to have a man capable vehicle to launch a satellite. Its a good way to haul equipment to space for the space station come a good way to give astronauts more time and space. When the shuttle was grounded for two years, its grounded gps. During the mean time, the air force developed a delta two rocket which carried gps satellites into space for the next 20 years. August 2, 1990, Saddam Hussein invaded kuwait. This is a remarkable historical coincidence, that Saddam Hussein chose to go into kuwait on the same day the United States given that its such a powerful coincidence, given the fact that gps is arguably the thing spaceade the war command and the ground antrollers did improvise considerable amount during the war. They altered some of the satellites orbit to give later time, greater availability in the satellite so the Ground Forces could use gps almost 24 , during the war on number of the satellites experienced problems. Solar panels broke, mechanical arms the normally operate mechanically judge broke. These guys were in the control room in newly adjusting these things around the clock during the war, turning things off, the satellite women to the arts shadow. Came, the u. S. Had only two gps guided munitions. Both of them or modified versions of existing web. The one on the left here was a new era christmas. It took the nuclear bomb off, cut but a conventional bomb on. They replaced the internal Inertial Navigation System with gps. These were aboard a fleet of b52s that left Barksdale Air force base. Offender months of employing out there would have concluded nuclear war was imminent. It was secret and wasnt declassified until a year after the war. It was the longest b52 mission ordered to that day. Modified an antiship harpoon missile. Of 1, 7 of the other. Inre were only 42 gps guided the persian gulf war. That compares with 10,468 guided bombs of other types, lasers, many of them had programmed contour map systems. Vesselse types of werent that good at flying over deserts. They didnt have enough landmarks to use. Gps came along just in time. Then there were 210,000 on guided bombs used during the war. A real difference for gps came on the ground. Enabled the famous left hook hundreds of thousands of troops taken to the west, flanked Saddam Husseins entrenched troop. Hoped to avoid they were able to attack during sandstorms. The defending troops did know what hit them. There was a receiver shortage throughout the war. Because the system was still onlyplete from they have fielded 842 military receivers. The pentagon ordered up 10,000 that never arrived because the war was so short. Purchase, evens individuals shoulder returned of selective availability to make the civilians signal more accurate. The war was effectively fought with the civilian signal using 4990 commercial gps receivers. After the war, air force , dumbded that unguided bombs, launched from smart platforms using gps navigation, will it work to achieve your position good accuracy. The content of the persian gulf war, the final report to congress in 1992 said gps wrist used more extensively than planned. Their recommended gps be considered for incorporation into all Weapons Systems and platforms. So back in the late 70s, throughout the 80s, military convince othero folks, you need to get on board with the gps. Today the problem is not trying gps,nvince people to use its that we may be too dependent on them. Gps is filtered of all away raytheons hundred 50 millimeters caliber show. One millimeter mortar. Not only is the military heavily reliant on gps, republicans. Assist with the department of Homeland Security said in its National Risk assessment. Convergence of Critical Infrastructure and gps services with a likelihood the thread actors will exploit their awareness of the dependency for sense of growing risk to the United States, they went on to say, awareness that gps supported services and integrated into sector operations is somewhat limited, prompting the idea that gps is a largely invisible utility. So how did we get into this situation . Weve listed the main reasons here. This gps receivers have not shrunk to a convenient size, they wouldnt have been adopted by the general public. There was talk in the mid90s of forming a quasipublic body to run gps three separate studies recommended leaving in the hands of the military for security purposes. Theyre worried about a socalled poor mans cruise missile. Selective availability which distorted the civilian signal was means to stop that dish technology was racing ahead. When you have a fixed position where somebody has taken a precise point and surveyed at seven of the exact longitude and latitude, when the signal comes in, if its off because of fire spirit distortion various reasons, they compare what arrived at the receiver, to that known place the computer can instantly get the error in an algorithm correct for the error, return to the signal back. Its called differential augmentation. One of the most interesting wall of the department of defense was degrading the signal through the 90s with selective availability, the department of transportation and faa were spending millions of dollars to make the signal more accurate at ports and airports. Another example of the large government working it crossed a sure cross purposes. Of 2000, the selective availability was turned off. To our knowledge, 2000, the sele availability was turned they hat used it again, at least not on a mass scale as it was before. Sent from the satellite themselves are all affected. Gps to cell phone, so your pocket she just got there because in the early days, the 911 calls that people were making couldnt be tracked. In the early days of 911 centers the computer would flash up the landline address. Once people started caring mobile phones they started reporting accidents from the middle of the old nowhere. They would say whats your location . There are a country road with no landmarks. It was a big problem. There were not enough cell towers now theres one of most everywhere to try and delete the call. Thats a gps got in your phone. It has subsequently been kinds of placements and was there to benefit. Sometimes maybe to her detriment. As shrinkings are gps receiver. You can see from the first test model from collins on a pallet. They blow bringing onto a plane, two people said unto his obviously that would never have made it to the commercial market. By 1980 many were in backpack size. Size, by 1988 dashboard radio size. By 1990 one he talk he size. By the earlymid90s, chip scale. This is what made the difference. Devicese rise summer just the dish cup mounted dashboard gps. Companies like garman, tomtom, had a tremendous run of business in the first part of the 2000. Then gps ended up in cell phones. All of those companies took a dive. Today, the smallest gps receivers are about. 5 centimeter squared. This enables them to be placed in tanks that hang on a pet collar placed in shoe inserts to track alzheimers patients who might wonder way, slipped into bundles of money so you can. Rack a bank robber uses are endless. There only limited by the creativity of people, to think of what to do with them. A complete list, but its a long list of civilian scientific and commercial activities. It really crosses across a great many Different Industries and activities. 12 thing most people to realize his military equivalent 16 s represent only about of the gps market. Commercial uses account for about 25 . Consumers everyday people, represent about 59 . We talked about these precisely located around stations these things are located all over the land. They can also be located inside the bridge of the place which is becoming unsafe they can visit and check it out. Theres an ankle bracelet used when we when we did the research i was shocked at how many people in this country are wearing ankle part bracelets. Then of course we mentioned precise timing. Someone who is running a farm,ial network, server anything that depends on precise timing, by being able to put a gps timer into their equipment rack, for which the necessity and expense of buying an atomic clock there just using atomic time for free for the purposes of our gps system. Had people during talks say, why should we give them away for free . Well, u. S. Taxpayers spent roughly 40 billion for gps 2015 with annual appropriations running at about 1 billion. Handles the Ground Control stations, the military receivers, so forth. Young rotation systems are and airports, seaports, handled by the department of transportation there is this huge we talked about the commercial and civilians, this huge private sector of Economic Activity that is generated. The first real study of what disruption of gps would do if it happened came up a few years ago and Company Called light squared wanted to bring broadband to everyone, they wanted to build 40,000 towers across the country. Promotes the radiofrequency that they had a license for was right beside gps on the spectrum. The strong powerful of signals from these towers would have drowned out the weak signals industry manufactures formed the coalition to save her gps. That is, coalition to save her gps and hired an economist to do a report. He determined that district total disruption of gps would 96 billionwth per year. This created a political firestorm, dueling pr campaigns. It ultimately resulted in the fcc denying it and white square went bankrupt. A subsequent study study that was done its still underway that was reported in 2015, was much more conservative. , at least anclude dozen sectors where gps is used. Hard data was simply not available. Gathered,ata that he whether was hard data, he came spamth a 3770 5 billion with the midpoint being 55. 7 billion. A busy few examples. Persistent grain agriculture precision grain agriculture, 15 billion a year. Fleet vehicle connected telematics, 16 billion year. Surveying, such as 13 million. Earthmoving with machine guidance many of you may have noticed these little polls on caterpillar equipment. If someone the other day, they had taken the gps receiver off. It was sitting there parked. I assume they may have had a few missing available in there on a construction site. A billion. The report also these figures are starting to get age on the mound 2012, 900 million mobile phones that use gps were sold worldwide. 188 million smart phone subscribers, 263 million internet users, 20 of mobile phone users get up to the minute traffic information. Itself is a 73 billion industry. So our view is, the bottom line, with the very most conservative make, theyou can annual economic benefit in the United States alone are nearly equal to, or exceed what we have spent what we taxpayers have spent, on gps and the entire time we have had it. Of course the worldwide economic benefits when you add in the other systems are far greater. Its not all onesided though. There are advantages and challenges. Militarythink that the control the gps has enhanced the sustainability of funding over the years, it has also tended to reduce Public Awareness. Out of sight out of mind. I rented to be bold design who does dont know who runs gps, didnt know that the air force does. They may not even know theyre paying their taxes for it. If we had a separate civilian satellite navigation system, our military would still have to protect it. So maybe protecting one single touch dual use system, makes more sense. On the other hand, military and civilian needs can differ or conflict. Of course, security drives gps. Think about the internet. Theres practically not a week that goes by that you dont read about some kind of take pack on the internet. The delay is inground system havede for gps attracted a lot of headlines. Imagine if those headlines were the gps got hacked, and people were in the commercials were people running into the light. Securityod thing but is driving gps development. System,g but a dual use the military and their planning, the type of that conflict, they might sacrifice the system or that system, for certain military objectives. Use system like that, what has to be taken into account, your ability losing a vital public utility. We have lost our slides for a moment. But i can go on. So, what is the future outlook . Ss,ee a robust, multign multipnt environment. What that means is, by 2020, theyre likely to be 120 or more satellites in the four constellations beaming this array of signals that you saw earlier. Means, in a city like new york, youre more likely to your phone is likely to be able to pick up a satellite signal and give you accurate guidance. It will be blending it may see some phones, receivers now, maybe detect it or 12 signals. It doesnt matter which constellation its coming from. It enhances the accuracy. You should large capacity. Spacex has one contract to launch to the first three gps satellites. Obviously if you convince basis against United Launch Alliance should overtime hold down costs. Expect,thing we constrained federal budgets. Despite recent calls for big defense increases, you can bet that practically everything thats going to be in the federal budget for the for seeable future is going to be fought over. Will be continued calls to reduce costs. Theres been some talk of differentiating gps satellites instead of putting up one after the next dish that are alike, theres been talk about having some of them do basic functions and have fewer than that too often. Then the final aspect, for the future space, whether we like it or not, is a battlefield. Office of the director of National Intelligence and the National Security space strategy labeled space, congested, contested, and competitive. Antisatellite programs. 2007, china blew up a satellite with an antisatellite kinetic device, created a huge amount of debris. Criticism forwide that. Devices andtic mischievous microsatellites that could be developed, gps, while it has been very safe, is in a congested, contested, and competitive arena. Think weclusion, i have shown, gps is an indispensable military asset and the gps is a vital public utility, and the conclusion you draw from that, civilians cannot afford to take gps for granted. We need broader Public Policy engagement. Intold like to see gps, the public discussion at least as often as the way the tsa texas at the airport. About those other things, but they dont talk when one reason is, its being run by the military, like light squared for example, they tricked portray themselves as a disruptor, bringing broadband to people, in the gps community, as a special Interest Group of manufacturers. While the group that opposed them was a group of manufacturers. I would redefine the gps to minute he today to mean, all of us. If you think about it, we really are. I richard has a few concluding remarks. One thing we were asked about, future projects. Wordscan get a slide into lets see. Well, i hope to write a biography of captain pbh we and scum i big figure in airplane navigation. Lindbergh figured, paris was dish europe was a big target, he was also very fortunate. The development of airplane navigation in the 20s40s, would make an interesting second book. We are open to questions. Quick question. Ubiquitous production of the chip, the gps chip, the implication that seems to be that stolen cars will be a thing of the past. With the Insurance Companies have a negative view of that. I understand even now, as microchips and cars that are not really being used as far as collisions, and so forth. But with the gps chip being able being put into any vehicle being produced today, maybe even aftermarket, is there any work being done in that regard, to make stolen cars, easier for police to track coming to you read well, if our book, you will find that the this washe book, in the 80s. The very first scene in the motors, neral 2009, stopping a stolen vehicle, the owner was part of the onstar program. He called the police. The police gave instructions. They simply turned it off, it posted to a stop, they arrested in. Start axing this in with autonomous vehicles, i can see the day where if you try to steal a car, they will just give a command and the out taunus vehicle will drive the right to the police station. [laughter] the also ends high speeds. Yes. The process we are pointing that out that highspeed chases are very with the onstar you just have the police directed to the cars play gps. Position, they do the command to slow down the car. The Pulitzer Prize finalist in history from a couple years ago claimed that darpa invented gps. Darpa funded transit, the previous system very heavily, but all the 1973 document mentioned triservice tarp was never mentioned. Darpa came in the gps story 10 years later when they were funding miniaturizing gps receivers. The author, and eventually she agreed she would change it. She is going a nationwide book to her. There are a lot of people out there that think darpa invented gps, when they had nothing to do with it. No darpas predecessor marfa marpa, they started funding that in june of 1958. Trackedt satellite was by naval space surveillance in august. Gives you a idea postsputnik how fast things were working. There was a real urgency. Again, darpa had nothing to do with gps. Indoes anyone think we are in danger of overwhelming gps capacity by having a too many users . Does anybody know why . Microphones . Past the microphone. Because it is a one to many system. Correct. Passivementioned it was. Its like listening to the radio. We could have a radio in this room, and if we brought we could all listen to it without anyone taking away anybody elses ability to listen. Sir, you had a question. You mentioned in the timing the signals, relativistic solves which manifest because of gravity and the velocity of satellite until you very accurate time you were not able to correct for that. Ithout those yes. People ask, if relativity. Is accurate or has any special applications, as you tioned, we are using both furtherrelativity way from the earths mass. Those two adjustments, if we did not make them we would be many miles off in gps. We wouldof 1969 to Southern National belly. , the newost once triple canopy triple calvary mountain jungle terrain. The lieutenant didnt know where we were, the ncos to know where we were. Out,ay we had to figured we had to fire up and artillery round fired from over five paces overhead. They triangulated it figured out where we work three gps mate wouldve made it much more simpler. Thank you. Joke, if you the have 1 00, you know what time it is. If you have two or more, you dont. Thank you very much. An example of gps, which we benefit from agriculture. Think many more bigger equipment, completely under control because its not a line of sight, but its gps controlled. Its very impressive, very impressive. Theyre planting, plowing. Etc. Have, i remember correctly, the United States was originally opposed to the european effort to create galileo. Truth to that . What do you think it mightve ton . In 2014 i talked retired Major General chairman armor who was in charge of gps in the midlate 90s. Cooperating with europeans, bringing them in. President clinton wanted gps to remain a u. S. System only. Obviously, pluses and minuses you can understand the europeans not liking selective availability. Of course the chinese were originally cooperating with the they decided to pull out. They were talking with us for decades it goes back to the 1970s. Its always how much control you want to give up. Of course we see now in Space Missions most Space Missions are using contributions from many different countries. I think my question just whyd im curious as to there are large swaths of countries in the European Union that are not available on gps. Does that have anything to do just asked question mark their areas of ireland that tourists want to go to that they claim that they cant find on gps. Question, i think your goes to the fact that the signals in space are different from the maps in your gps navigation. In other words, if your gps itice receives a signal, but takes you its programmed to take you to some place. We go into quite a tale in one chapter of the book about this guidede people have been to things on the wrong side of a river. Many miles out of the way that is usually a programming problem in the navigation device. That thenot indicate signals from the satellite are inaccurate. Older habitants as where atomic clocks have gotten off, but these instances where there are significant deviations of the time, they are well documented. They lasted a length of time any real length of time to get rid about gps magazines. When people talk about the fiddling around that could be widescale basis with gps, some of the conspiracy theories, youve got to remember, for some of these things to happen, it would be like giving a radio broadcast that everyone can hear, ranting and raving for four or five hours, having known report on it. Its detectable. Thats probably in the device. I dont understand about enough about how it works to know even exactly what i was just asking. I was just curious the gps signals are received in ireland like anywhere else. Gps signalsusing with a local mapping package. In the first gulf war, they found that some of the shells were landing wrong. They found that some of the positions they were firing at during the first gulf war they were supposed to be using positions from the 1984 grid, but they were actually using positions from an older grade, i think 1972. So if you were firing at the wrong target, gps is not going to help you there. To give you one other example, apollo eight was the First Manned Mission to leave theorists go thousands of miles, 230,000 miles to the moon. Nasa found, some of the ground stations were giving a different position for apollo eights. They found the ground stations, they were about 300 feet off in the position of the ground station. That,hey corrected for they had the proper trip pop proper triangulation, everyone agreed where apollo it was. Again, if you were mapping software, its out of date or doesnt have the current roads, new roadsdont rebuilt all the time jeff gps wont help there. Just one ask quickly this was mentioned at the beginning that there has been a competition for doing the army and navy for the contract for this. What is the navy without but subject to much controversy. Some people thought was antigerman of bias. Did not appear that that was the case. The navy people voted for the navy, big surprise. The army people voted for the army for the stewart committee, big surprise. I believe the air force photo for the navy. [laughter] they felt the navy had a better scientific package of the Naval Research lab very good with miniaturizing electronic equipment. Original satellite proposed by fund run to not have radio waves on it, did not have a transmitter. So it would have been optical viewing only most people who thought they saw sputnik did not see sputnik. Relatively small satellite but they did see was the third there was a it proposal to put a Navy Satellite on a rocket. I believe they decided her Service Rivalries were too difficult. If the Eisenhower Administration had known what would happen after sputnik was launched in both the grease they would have done, its pretty clear that fun broad tempora 56 if he had been allowed heavily connective force staged that she could have reached orbit. Im sure there were a lot of people in the eisenhower who wereation regretting the stewart committee, particularly after sputnik. It appears the ig why was assigned the civic programs the original navy proposal had better scientific use them from bronze proposal. Quick cs. It was an excellent talk, you can still a lot of research. Incident, ifamous would like to know if he did research as was also in the hurt locker. Still going on. War, andthe first gulf marine corps aircraft went down. They gave it gps position to a Helicopter Rescue unit who also had gps. Both units were operating about 300 yards, so the convict them up three was night. Twice or three times they finally, both units petty cars, which was are now gps hybrid they using a course could control or response situation, they were able to pick up this exactly. Now in the hurt locker, in the movie come in the same thing scene was, we are at this coordinate, your guys arent there. The call back and said, or guys are at the coordinates, and they were essentially three blocks is beingn grs used. Gps high threat used. By the way, they looked at these units and the mathematics and every thing, everything is working per spec. As with the satellite configurations. You have a 300 yard difference. The other things on availability as i understand it dithering is randomization saltworks on differential tape yes. It just gets the accuracy to one two 150 yards. As i understand, it is on all of the units. Military units on the ground stations satellites have to be turned off. It was illiterate but whats as i understand it in 2003. No one knew it was turned on. Its up for some people in lebanon. Thats news to me. The gps. Gov officials connected with the program they claim to that selective availability has not been reinstituted since it was turned off. Other information on that. We were speaking before the oural remarks began understanding about selective wereability, at the strategy has shifted to what is termed now, selective deniability. Ping is sending a false signal making someone think there somewhere and they are not. Should the military has Interesting Research on that as well. One thing and wanted to mention going back to relativity, this has buy i should have said it. I think it really highlights something that most people who arent mathematicians do not recognize. People have asked me before, you put these equations of their and a cd accuracy as a decimal, but it goes host strings out or to 13, 15, 17. Why does it have to be so precise . The simple reason, the satellites are 12,500 miles away. Think of it this way. A nanosecond, the billionth of a , aond, a nanosecond there nanosecond or were broadcast in some 12,500 miles, equates to one foot on the ground. That thisthe reason equipment has to be so precise. Its the main reason that during the early 70s they were , clocks toeart and send them to space, white was so difficult, why there was so much talk of war over putting clocks in the satellites versus having atomic clocks on the ground, having the time related two repeaters satellites. That wouldve of course to strip them twice the hemisphere. A common today deluxe percentage of receivers that receive signals from all four worldwide systems if the u. S. Did anything in terms of selective availability it would have had very little effect, because they pick up the other satellites. One thing we the tipsalked about, to gps going forward. Proved inertial navigation theems and of course, ground stations, to tell you when something is off with your gps. Theres a lot of the exactround capabilities of the chinese and russians the great gps or us to them. So did you guys get any hard idea of what gpsd the chinese shutdown in a war between us and them, or what could we do to them or is it all classified . Visited thed and i air force base at an unclassified briefing around the conference table with the people who run these things, but nobodys lips where loose were loose, nobody slipped anything. We produced with our questioning a lot of eye rolling. The most interesting thing i learned in that meeting was a fellow who said, you know these satellites have personalities, they are all a little funky, one needs this and one needs that. That was something that never occurred to me. The precision instrument, they put these entities clean rooms and they test them and his description sounded a lot more like a garage mechanic who could tell the difference, could be blindfolded and tell the difference between two models of cars he worked on by just listening to them. Thank you. With regards to the different signals, the military signal versus a civilian signal, with regards to open source what can you tell us about the difference as far as the signals . Are they using frequency hopping with the military . Anything open source you can tell us about that. Gps. Gov website they say in space, i think they say the military and civilian signals today are identical. But the military uses to signals, where as two singles, where as the civilian signal cannot correct for distortions in the atmosphere. And there are other military things, the military signal should be stronger. We are not technicians, so i have learned enough to think i am understanding what i am reading. But the technical aspects of this quickly exceed the average persons grasp when it gets into some of the signal structures and so forth. So i cannot answer that question. Um, you said that you would like to see more Public Awareness and concern. What would you recommend to the average member of the public in terms of getting them up to speed not only with the issues, but with technology itself . Eric we would encourage everybody to read our book, to start with. [laughter] i mean, the average person taking into account the discrepancy in ages and at the older people that are not necessarily Technology Specific aided, where would a person start . Gps. Gov is a wealth of information. Eric the job they have done there is impressive. Magazinesare trade that are kind of offputting in the same way i am sure my wife would never read a magazine like i used to subscribe to years ago called stereo review. [laughter] eric because, you know, if it sounds good that is great, but i do not know how the equipment works. And this is one of the issues. People say, if my gps works i do not know how to i do not need to know how it works. I am speaking beyond the issues of being able to technically describe how it works. Would bee examples for as gps progresses, example now the military is looking at alternatives to gps. Nothing lasts forever. What is it becomes more important to the military they say we will keep this running, but what if the leadership, the military leadership sunday someday moves off to the next shiny object and it is not dual use, so what will happen . Im sure at that point people will jump in. It is just helpful for people to be more aware of the technology that they are dependent on, rather than saying if it works i do not need to know. [indiscernible] you touched on something i think, it gets into the issue of what is happening between and among generations who have grown up, with older people growing up at a time where there was emphasis on reading and writing. You know, hardcopy print material. And just those that are part of the next generation his brains appear to be, according to research, developing differently. And it would seem to me part of any Advocacy Program would involve some degree of concern for whether or not people will be able to read a map. You know, 10 years from now or 20 is from now. Eric you are right. That is a paperbased object, in case there is a massive failure or whatever to the technological system. Is that a reasonable thing to ask . Richard very good point. One suggestion people have made is when going to a new location use gps to get there, then turn it off and see if you can find your way back. Livinge thing, i was north of chicago and i had a consulting project near madison, wisconsin. And with gps i could take a lot of different routes. I would have it off and end up somewhere in southcentral medicine, southcentral wisconsin. When i got tired of being lost i could turn it back on and it would tell me how to get there. I heard one story in new york twentysomethings, they were on 30th street and their maps on their smartphones were not working. The restaurant they wanted to go to was on 10th street. Four out of the five people were befuddled, and the fifth one ,aid, we are on 30th street and ok, that is 29th street. Maybe we should go that way. [laughter] richard certainly there is, i mean, id use i use a couple of gps systems, but i know at times where they are asked to meet across the street at this time, and it is a pain. I am going to turn right and allow the system to recalculate. Does not give the irritating one that my 2007 handheld gave when it said, turnaround if possible. Gpsobviously anything like you need to use your brain and you need to try to avoid turning everything off for it. Do you want to wrap up . Richard i think so. We would be happy to talk further. Ok. Thank you so much. [applause] ok. This week in American History tv on cspan3, tonight at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on lectures in history, the university of kansas professor adrian lewis on omaha beach in the dday landings in normandy france. The normandy invasion, normandy was selected because it was poorly extended defended. So at most, at omaha beach they had a couple of battalions. That is when it is selected. A year later, all of those forces, a lot of the forces have been moved forward. Series0 00, a 1967 film on the activities of president lyndon johnson. He had often remarked that one of the chief executives most important jobs was attracting Public Service to washington. The month of june with the two major appointment, alexander as secretary of commerce and Thurgood Marshall as Supreme Court justice. Discussesg brezinski the cold war competition between influencend china, to newly independent countries. Theuring the 1960s, rivalry intensified and this is an important point where i think so Many American policymakers, chinese activities in Southeast Asia and africa start to become more worrisome than soviet activities. Jeremy at 9 00 p. M. P. M. , talkingt about general mosby. A couple of times generally complained to stuart that general we complained that stewart was fighting into many small groups. The way he operated did not make sense. He needed to mask his forces and pick a big target. That went against everything that mosby was doing. His effectiveness was the fact that he could have 3, 4, 5, 6 different combat patrols on any given night. For our complete schedule, go to cspan. Org. All weekend, American History tv is featuring eugene, oregon, home to the university of oregon, founded in 1876. The city tour staff visited many sites showcasing its history. Learn more about eugene all we can on American History tv. Home, homeing friends and associates in old as well, we are this evening quartered in the open prairie, 15 miles from peoria. We have had but little difficulty in our journey so far. Across the illinois river, or perhaps the last time, with but little do with with