Opportunities for the unemployed. The Kansas City Library hosted this hourlong event. Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. Im the director of the library. It is a pleasure to welcome you anniversary ofth the birth of eisenhower. Is part of an ongoing series about president eisenhower, and we look more forward to doing more. The director youll hear from in a moment. By theries is sponsored wt temper foundation at commerce bank. Cousin. The idea of my julie you can tell from her last name, married a frenchman. As a german family, this was difficult to take. But she is here tonight. We have welcomed her back into the family after that. Timght you will hear from reeves, the director of the Eisenhower Library about Dwight Eisenhower and the frontier. Will point out, Dwight Eisenhower was born in 1891. Frederick Jackson Turner said in his famous thesis, essay. He said the frontier closed. Therefore america changed because the frontier had made america. He talked about the west. The west of course is where the frontier was. I want to say tonight this is really about the midwest. Frederick jackson was from wisconsin in the midwest. Our first version of the frontier thesis was downgraded in kansas city by a man who worked with thomas hart benton, who himself invented the thesis of manifest destiny. He was when the leaders of kansas city, one of the people who helped create the move to put the bridge over the Missouri River which created kansas city. Oregon. Helped found he took the oregon trail and was the first governor appointed by lincoln of colorado. But he wrote books about this thesis. The path westward the path of empire. Is as thesis he said there temperate zone of the world and empire is moving constantly from the east to the west. To the European Countries to america, and eventually will stop. His thesis was that it will stop bliss. Ral his view was that it was actually right here in sugarcreek. That civilization would basically headquarter itself for all time. But he missed it by a few miles. It is right here in kansas city, but he was close. And we know this because if you think about the american century, which we hope will go on to the american millennium, there are certain president s of the United States responsible for that. Incourse harry truman, born independence. Dwight eisenhower. Kansas. Up in abilene illinois. Gan, dixon, the dark suburbs of the midwest in arkansas, bill clinton. Barack obama, we frequently talk about hawaii, we talk indonesia, a lot of kenya. A lot of places, but lets face it, he grew up in kansas. If you think about that and triangulate all of that, basically you triangulate all those president s who had been important to create in the american century, basically it is right here. Midwesternally a thesis. The frontier stopped right here. I was looking for evidence of this thesis in eisenhowers diaries and i could not find it. I did find this. Line in the frontier thesis is that the expansion of the frontier leads to the growth of independence in america. And independence of american character. I did find this in the eisenhower diaries. During world war ii, he is beginning to plan for the invasion for american troops going to the middle east and europe. His father dies. He was buried today, it says. He was a just man, well educated, a thinker. Monster to, quiet. He was uncomplaining in the face of adversity. Monument was his reputation. His sterling insistence on the immediate payment of all debt earned for him a reputation that profited all of us boys. Because all Central Kansas helped me secure an appointment to west point in 1911. I am proud that he was my father. That lesson of Dwight Eisenhower on the kansas frontier is about character. We have a man of sterling character at the Eisenhower Library. It is surprising that tim is here tonight because, beside his archival activities, his writing about activities and teaching historians,ons for he is also known and has received awards for his involvement in baseball history. He is received awards for his society of baseball research. Book on theen a kansas city monarchs. It is a little bit of a surprise that he is here tonight while the playoffs are going on. But anyway, tim reeves is a great historian and archivist. And a man of sterling character and it is an honor to have him here tonight. [applause] thank you, bradley. I want to thank the kemper foundation, the Eisenhower Foundation and the Kansas City Public Library for coming up with this idea to commemorate the anniversary of the birth of Dwight Eisenhower. Here we are at the end of that program trail. Fitting that it takes us to the american frontier where this year marks not only the 125th birthday of eisenhower, it is also the year that the u. S. Census bureau declared that the american frontier was close. Event was actually related. Eisenhowers understanding of the frontier demise shaped his ideas on the proper role of government as a result. Evidence for this claim is not found in the books that crosby mentioned a few years ago but rather at the library and easy him and letters between the former president of United States and fivestar general, and a military comrade. As the men were known, met in panama during one of the most formative periods of eisenhowers life. He was assigned the infantry but grade brigade. Graduate school, as i described it in military affairs and the humanities. Ike had really slackened under the rote memorization of west point memorization. Points of the finer these works with the general around campfires at night, as well as with federal fellow officers like bradford china with. Chenowith. A seriesmarch through of brilliant assignments with the secretary of war and the army chief of staff climaxing as the supreme allied Commander AlliedExpeditionary Force in the second world war. In short this graduate school that ike went through in panama put him on his historic trajectory to the white house. A 1954 letter in his president ial term offered him a chance to relive the very fine and heated debates jihad shared some 30 years earlier. Bradford g china with was a very intelligent if somewhat mercury a man who had spent most of the world war and a japanese prisoner of war camp after his wasest to continue to fight denied. He left the army after the war where classroom encounters with liberal professors home to self prescribed radical believe switching out aimed at his old friend the president. He deviated from eisenhowers moderate policies. He still wanted to express his quote and admiration to stand up to pressures that would crush many men. Ike acknowledged his note with a short one of his own. But on Second Thought decided to conversation with a moderate rejoinder. Thenhower had promoted middle way as he characterized his ideas on government. Eisenhower, after leaving the white house would write an occasional article for Readers Digest magazine. In his last article was on the middle wave. His speeches and articles consistently promoted a bright line between concentrations of unbridled private power on one side of the road and unlimited state power on the other. In fact eisenhower viewed the American History as they struggle to stay that middle course. Abraham lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt were meant of the middle pointing to lincolns homestead act ntrs Corporate Trust busting. Explained how ike the constitution was nothing else so much as an effort to find a middle way between the political extremists of that time. On one side were the individualists and a degree of personal freedom at the other extreme or the great believers and centralized government. Those who mistrusted the decisions reached by popular majorities. In contemporary politics there were those who wanted the federal government to control every phase of our individual lives versus those who wanted to eliminate everything the federal government has ever done that qualifies as social advance. Eisenhowers plan to expand millionecurity to 10. 5 new workers was wending its way through congress. Theetus was probably latter of which was the impetus for the spiny letter to his friend. Ike moved to his defense. Noseems to me, he said, greater intelligence is required in order to discern the necessityas a key of establishing some kind of security in a specialized and highly industrialized age. At one time such security was provided by the existence of free land and a great mass of untouched and soluble Natural Resources. These are no longer to be had for the asking. Make letters to chenowith similar references he had made elsewhere but his defense of Natural Resources was something new. It revealed the middle way political debt to a string of political thought not constantly associated. The extinction of the frontier and the necessity for federal welfare programs. The census bureaus pronouncement of the frontier extension had gathered little notice outside specialist circles. Offering a range of talks from popular uprisings in the middle ages, to early lead mining. Eeded his own although conference observers noted or reported little of his talks in the reviews at the time, his frontier thesis would dominate the interpretation of American History for more than a generation and continues to be a matter of debate for this day. His frontier thesis concluded, the existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of american settlement westward, explain American Development. Accounted for a distinctive American Society and quality that was democratically egalitarian and ruggedly individualistic, according to attorneturner. The prevailing theory was the germ theory. That it had started in germany and migrated to north america. Turner would have none of that. He said it was a uniquely American Development and was part of this frontier experience. Free land was the most significant. It exists and economic power secures political power. In other words, the closing of the frontier meant much more than the end of a major chapter in u. S. History. Economic freedom, Economic Security and Political Freedoms must be built on a new foundation. It would be the state. That is the government. It really refers to the wideranging Reform Efforts at work in the late 19th and early 20th century. By industrialization, urbanization, and immigration through government action. That is a very simple fight version of progressivism. The closing simplified version of progressivism. The closing of the frontier signified the complexity of this new age. Turner reported how the president finds itself engaged in the task of readjusting the old ideals to new conditions and is turning increasingly to government to preserve traditional democracy. It is not surprising that socialism shows know where the cans as elections continue. The popular choice of senators, referendums and recall is spreading. It exhibits these tendencies in the most market degree. Their efforts to find substitutes for that former safeguard of democracy and disappearing free land. Aside, a substitute for the disappearing free land by eisenhowers aside. David eisenhower who ran for school board on the socialist , losingcket in 1903 badly. 27 votesmething like that year. It tickles me when they refer to his conventional midwestern upbringing. His father was a socialist Party Candidate for local office and his mother was a very vocal pacifist. I dont think that is traditional republican by most definitions. An important calorie was the belief that this free land of the frontier have provided a safety valve of economic release, eastern factory workers and thrown from their jobs by recession or depression. It was recredited created by thestate, unemployed by industrial economy. Throughout the academic start in chicago, the frontier thesis had advanced through the early 20th century. The thesis won wide circulation by a combination of academic and popular hesitations by graduate students. He wrote encyclopedia entries, essays in popular magazines. Turner was a very gifted speaker and went on an ambitious speaking tour. And the university of kansas. Wilsonpresident woodrow who had been turners fellow graduate student and also eagerly helped spread the idea. So frontier thesis was widely known by the 1930s. That it was a key time and eisenhowers life that the first public bibliography, published since early 1930s, turner gave his famous talk in paper almost 100 books or articles had been written about that thesis. By 1985, the bibliography had grown to 250 pages. Grew so great that his thesis became so prevalent that like the words of Sigmund Freud the significance of the frontier wasnt read some much as it was hailed at cocktail parties. Nowhere was the air thicker than among the early new deal. Most importantly with professor Turner Harvard student. At september 23 address on popular or progressive government to the Commonwealth Club in san francisco. With the country deep in the great depression, roosevelt laid out his understanding of the nations predicament, and its solution. A glance at the situation today, inequality as we knew it no longer exists. The industrial plant is built. The last frontier has been reached and there is practically no more free land. Valve in theafety form of a western prairie. Or task now is not discovery explication of Natural Resources. Leicestersoberer, medic business of administering resources already at hand. The day of and lightened administration has come. The enlightened administration according to fdr would be the new deal. Government reforms and programs that would transform the relationship between the citizen state and the state and the economy. The new deal is still with us. Social security. Tennessee valley authority. Among many of the new deals living legacies. The National Recovery the mostation was ambitious attempt at post frontier enlightenment. Established to revitalize trade and improve Labor Conditions with fair competition to govern industries and trades. Or, the nra director, the nra was a safety valve. This deserves a little more explanation. The new deal explains that the nra functioned and introduces an important second part. They will absorb redundant labor and new immigrants. Theouldnt provide what former historian described as a natural adjustment to the competitive excesses and the masters of finance who roamed and exploited the west at will. The west is big enough to absorb it all. Now that it is gone, a politically controlled adjustment must take place. The politically controlled adjustment was the nra. In other words the frontier had been a natural regulator of employment. Now we need a manmade political regulator, hence the nra. Predominantly the republicans, rejected the nra, along with almost every new deal program. President hoover rejected the commonwealth speech as a philosophy of stagnation and despair. Out of office, he continued his criticism. , hoover and his fellow conservatives, believed the new deal concept of the frontier was too small. There was a whole new world waiting to be conquered. Thought,idence of research, industry, human relations. More full of comfort than the boundless west, hoover wrote in 1934, that they can be conquered serviceied to human with free enterprise. Freemen pioneer and achieve in these regions. Regimented men march restlessly without confidence and hope. That is where the argument act of 20 years later by bradford chenoweth. President so the equivalent of free land with , ike, thetrue frontier closed the very year you and i were born. But free land it was never. The pioneer had to secure their land. The frontiers of life are infinite. We will never reach and its what the new frontiers if we throttle industry and put a straitjacket on pioneer types. Ike admitted he might have misused the word security. That land did not necessarily mean security of body, but it did constitute a reserve of hope. Eisenhower said no political system without political of their own, can suddenly find himself in a poverty system. It has crated social problems that cannot possibly be met it has created social problems that cannot possibly be met. As circumstances change, so must any government if it is to prove durable. Chenoweth agree that it is crated social problems that need a new approach, but why jump to the extreme new deal of view that the only way to find new approach is from the government . The elephant in the room, or perhaps the donkey, that is his predilection to new deal social problems programs was finally being maimed. Eisenhowertgainst was representative of the split that has divided the gop up until today. Eisenhower would most likely be considered a rino by most conservatives today. They realize the first republican president elected in 20 years would not roll back the new deal. Eisenhowerto which accepted the programs, and his reason for doing so, have occupied historians and biographers since the late 1840s. 1940s. Eisenhowerus is that embraced the reforms as a political necessity. The new deal had one broad acceptance of the american public. In a wellknown letter to his conservative brother edgar, who had also accused him of selling out to the new deal, should any Political Party attempt to abolish social security, unemployment security, and eliminate labor laws, you would not hear of that party again in our political history. There is a tiny Splinter Group that believes you can do these things, but their number is negligible, and they are stupid. [laughter] others say he maintained the new deal program as a way to reflect more expensive legislation by liberal democrats. Ikes middleweight philosophy rejected the paternalism and inherent spending of the welfare state. What both the realist and the expedient arguments lack is the frontier factor. President eisenhower leaved and a floor over the pit of personal disaster as he described federal welfare programs for the same reason that president Franklin Roosevelt and other progressives did, the free land was gone. Eisenhower probably first encountered this idea of the consequences for government in that sick think air of early new deal washington. There the officer served under general Douglas Macarthur during the eventful first 100 days of the Roosevelt Administration when so much of this legislation was passed. Ike was a close observer of the washington scene. And recorded his impression of the day, his diary, as well as the personalities that he cap encountered up close. Wallace. Secretary all books touting the new deal as the solution to the frontier. You can see title pages on the screen. These men frequently invoked the frontiers closure in articles and speeches. They really would have had difficulty avoiding this idea and that atmosphere. Although ike does not directly invoke the frontier rationale in his diary, he is most admiring in his praise of the grandest post frontier scheme and its director general hugh s johnson. He seems to be a diamond in the rough he confided. Johnson is indomitable in will ruthless in action and possessed of remarkable insight. Isnt all other ideas of the president s which have been translated into actual efforts. The announced objective is a most desirable one. Ikes respect for johnson grew even greater over the next six months. He wrote that the nra has apparently been making progress more in line with what was expected than any other new deal program. It has occasioned lots of argument, but a lot can be treated to his proclivity for talking. The basic soundness of his methods that i assume are the principles of the nra are demonstrated by the fact that in spite of this ridicule, the newspapers agree that the nra is making headway. Up occasionally in his public pronouncements during white house years. His days inme that the new deal washington were just as formative to his intellectual development as his time in general connors graduates to graduate school in panama. Even as the parallels with new deal stand in bold relief, his safety seventh birthday, you can see ikes reading copy on the stage, these remarks were celebrated and delivered in the very city where fdr made his Signature Campaign speech 25 years earlier. And could have been clipped from roosevelts own script. Bull was killed that year and a vast tract of his land was thrown to american settlers. Today, there is no more free land like this to be had. We are trying to learn to adapt ourselves to the requirements of the competitive society. No longer did we live as adventuresome settlers but as responsible citizens of a maturing nation. Our test included conserving of resources planning for the fullest use of our great strength, chatting for the pioneer spirit into the endless task of making this nation a better place. Expansion of a modest new deal was about more than accepting political reality or exercising political expedience. Other prominent officials that welfareto conclude programs as part of his middle way. That was the significance of the frontier in eisenhower history. This is where i was really going to leave my remarks tonight, but after he left the white house, eisenhower became a big supporter of planned parenthood. I dont say this to throw fuel on the fire, but to illustrate how thoroughly his progressive interpretation of the frontiers extinction colored his view on other important questions. Eisenhower rejected a roll to the state and providing Birth Control or information on Birth Control in a press conference when he was asked if the United States should provide family training information. Any thing moree emphatically this government has not and will not have a positive political doctrine that has to do with this problem of Birth Control. That is not our business. By 1964, he and former president Harry S Truman were honorary cochairman of planned parenthood world population. The population, ike was informed, was a threat greater than any posed by hitler. The claim which much must have captured his attention. The change in his view was so strong that by the summer of 1955, eisenhower wrote a letter in support of the bill in the senate that wouldve provided Birth Control information with foreign economic packages to be published in the washington post. His rhetoric in that letter harkens far back the war against hitler. While it is true, there remains great areas of the world in which there are still unexploited resources for Food Production and or irreplaceable minerals, it is still quite clear. Progressechnical keeping up with overall distribution. It is finite in area and physical resources, it is clear that unless something is done to bring essential equilibrium there is going to be in some regions that only an explosion but a lowering of all people including our own. Especially it would seem, those unwed mothers on public assistance. T will require careful study like the National Recovery , eisenhower is seeking a politically controlled adjustment with a natural adjustment of the population, looking for a safety valve like the vanished frontier of a new age. Thank you. [applause] if you have a question, would you come up to one of the microphones so that they can hear you . Tim, since he was a man of abilene, born when the frontier was closed, what was ikes interest in the American West . In terms of western art, or the genre of western fiction . Even movies or television . Was there any evidence he carried on this interest in the frontier . He did. Andoved living in abilene, his across the street neighbor had been a Deputy Marshal to wild bill hickok. Men. Hower knew al lot of own fromwas a cow tw 72. To 18 eisenhower enjoy the popular culture. He was well known for reading western novels. When he made the decision to launch the dday invasion, he went back to his trailer to read a western novel. Would also occasionally talk about the abilene code. It was that man had to meet his enemies on main street and look them in the eye. And not back down. Even referred with correspondence and his fostering the war, even at an antidefamation league, he talks about the code. His house, located on our campus, the main northsouth street is the trail. Ike really did grow up. It is kind of a shadow of the old west. Near 1890 with the year of the frontier declared closed. It really is this great turning point in history. The last president born in the 19th century, born the year the frontier closes. He dies the year that americans land on the moon. He was a bridge figure between those two ages. Whether these guys, roosevelt or Frederick Jackson those, they all witnessed late changes of people moving from the farms to the cities of the free land disappearing. That safety valve, which most historians agree was a myth. There was not a safety valve which relayed economic relief, or relief to population pressures back east. They believe it did. Theret disappeared, wasnt panic. If there is a longer this free lent out west, we have to west, we need other measures for that opportunity. I was rather taken back when you said he was a member of planned parenthood. I do want to point out that they were only doing Birth Control at that point, they were not doing abortions. Im sure, as someone who fought hitler, he probably would not have been in favor of abortion. There is nothing in his papers about abortion. You said something about sterilization. I didnt grasp what you said. I wonder if you would expand on that. He said in that same letter that he allowed to be published about this population bomb, that we will take a hard look at things, particularly people on public assistance who continue having children, that after two children born out of wedlock on public assistance, that those women would be forcibly sterilized by the state if they wanted to receive benefits, which was a common attitude at the time. Do his views about the closing of the frontier affect his Farewell Speech when he talked about the military Industrial Complex . There is a consistent thread. When he would talk about the middle way, what he did fear were great concentrations of private power, and great concentrations of state power. To him, that militaryIndustrial Complex was like an unholy u nion. You can trace that line of 1909, heback, even to gave his perch first speech on politics to the Democrat Club in abilene, talking about all the reform features in the air, there was no reason to vote republican. You can see his concerns were the same from 1909 until the last article. He was concerned with the extremes of power. Speaker in this series a few weeks ago noted in the famous farewell address he only talked about the militaryIndustrial Complex once, but talked about balance nine types. He is all about balance and finding that middle. That area of constructive progress, as he called it. This probably calls for some conjecture on your part, but, since the turn of the current sentry, we have seen this massive increase in digital conductivity. There are those who believe that the internet, and all of this connectivity, represents a new frontier, but i cannot help but was at since eisenhower the sharp end of a stick for the most massive increase in technology during the war, and the decade of the 50s, do you suspect, or is there scholarship viewmight suggest that his of the digital emerging. Uriod would leave his views nchanged, or would he be inclined to see a new frontier . That is a good question. He. Was not afraid of change. His first description of his political philosophy, he called conservative dynamism. A cost of cautious aggressive is him. Temperamentally he was conservative, but he did believe that as he changed society and government had to change with him. Eisenhower is giving credit to darpa, the Defense Research office, for helping the early beginnings of the internet. Eisenhower, what is interesting also about the farewell address, in retirement, he said he feared the militaryIndustrial Complex because he saw it in the 1920s when he worked in washington, he was at part of the creation. Even though he is moving forward on the one hand, he is always doing it cautiously whether it is politically, in terms of technology, or even foreign policy. The sense of limits, the sense of caution, which always cut her desk colored what eisenhower did. T which always colored wha eisenhower did. I think his father struggled financially in texas, and always in fear of debt. Did that color his thinking about the new deal and the need for a support system . I would guess that it did. He had been a business failure in hope, kansas, near abilene. Went to texas for a few years, where ike was born. Ike was the only one of the seven boys not born in kansas, even though he is the one most identified with the state of kansas. But maybe aot poor, notch above poor. Wanted to touch on this statement you made that the frontier theory is kind of a myth. On the one hand, a myth is a falsehood, but it also becomes the story that defines what takes place afterward. Thread even runs through contemporary american politics. Maybe you can touch on that . A lot of historians have written about that, the myth of the frontier, the myth that there was an american eden that we had lost. They will argue both ways on how much an effect continually moving west had on institutions. The part they really see as mythic is the safety valve. Reserve oflways the land out west and when times got tough you could go west and strikeout anew. Most historians say people believe that but it really did not infect exist. Wrong tomaybe i was say that free land provided physical security, but it provided a reserve of hope. It is a most like eisenhower knew that this safety valve, and the American West, was almost an article of faith for many americans. How hisentioned earlier mom was a pacifist. I was wondering how that impacted his beginning of his military career, and throughout. If that helped shape his military views . Milton eisenhower, ikes you ngest brother, who later in life became the closest of the bunch, said the only time he saw his mother cry was when ike went to west point. She was against a military career. Direct evidence of how her pacifism affected his decisions, but maybe again that same sort of caution that eisenhower showed in so many things where he would stop before he acted. Favorite expressions expressions as lets not make mistakes in a hurry. Gave himt pacifism some pause. He did try to avoid war as president. He was proud of the fact that he ended the conflict in korea, or at least got an armistice. Largescaleo conflicts during his presidency and no men killed in battle. She had become a jehovahs witness in the early part of the 20th century. The eisenhower family was a member of historically. It is a bit ironic. I am going to make a bit of a similar quote, part of his farewell address that comes after the Industrial Complex, i will comment and you can respond. I also have another question about the civil war and ike after that. Right after his statement about the military Industrial Complex, he says, in this revolution, the akinological revolution, researchis revolution, has become essential, formalized and costly. Inventore solitary tinkering in his shop has been overshadowed i task forces assigned to laboratories and testing fields. In the same fashion, the free university, the fountainhead of free ideas, has experienced a really did revolution. Government contract becomes virtually a substitute for intellectual curiosity will stop for every old lack board, there are hundreds of new computers. The prospect of domination of the nations scholars and federal employment allocations asmoneys, it is regarded holding Scientific Research and discovery as respect as we should, we must also be alert to the equal and opposite danger that Public Policy could become captive of the scientific, technological elite. Your point about balance seems right. The other word that comes over and over, freedom and liberty. There is agest, balanced view of the world in this farewell address, but it is different than the new deal. The idea of an Administrative State was something he knew was going on, but he felt was a difficult direction for the country and needed to be moderated and control. Absolutely, and that is why he ran as a republican. He thought the new deal centralized too much power in washington and dislikes deficit spending. As much of theat new deal as he did adopt, for some of the reasons as Franklin Roosevelt, he was extreme the critical of the new deal and new dealer types. In one Cabinet Meeting he did sh, bute is new deali he did have a troubled relationship. My question, completely separate from that, is about the civil war. The loved novels and grew up in a place dominated by the history of the conquest of the west. His favorite history reading was the civil war. He did love it. He read a lot about that. Stephen ambroses famously told a call from him, he comes he had written the biography of the chief of staff of the general at the beginning of the civil war. And,iked his biography ambroise famously thought it was a joke, that he got a call from the retired president of the United States asking to write his biography. I wonder if his view of the civil war had an influence on a led toe of reading, that a view of the west, a conquest of the west. And his general view of American History. Certainly to his general view of American History. A lot of these references to the frontier and free land are few and far between. Its just enough to connect to the idea that the interpretation of history that he accepted did link him more closely to progressive democrats and progressive republicans. Most of his heroes. Abraham lincoln was his political hero, but robert e. Lee was one of his great military heroes. Ikes mother was born in virginia during the civil war. It impacted the family personally. In terms of the west, i cannot make that connection. But eisenhower left all of history from a boy until the end of his life. Any other questions . One question. Did eisenhowers museum come to abilene . Now eisenhower is almost forgotten in kansas, it looks like. That is a problem for us. I will give you the brief history, because it is a little complicated. 1944, someember, local men decided it should be some kind of memorial to their favored son. So the Eisenhower Foundation was born. They thought they could build some kind of monument and abilene and perhaps a small museum that could hold eisenhowers awards and decorations, and of those of local men and women who served in the war. Around the same time that was happening, the eisenhower home became available in the eisenhower boys donated the boyhood home to the foundation. They then raised the money for the museum. Eisenhower came out and laid a cornerstone when he went to abilene to announce his candidacy for the white house. He came back and 54 for the grand opening. Whatext question became will he do with his papers. He told them they could raise money for a Library Building and he would donate his papers. The next question became, where will he be buried . It evolved over a 30 year period, to where we now have five buildings on 22 acres. For those of you who have been , most of justries one building with the archive and the museum all stop our history museum. Our history is a little different. My remarks are contained in this article which is on life, online, if anyone is interested. Thank you. [applause] remember, the Eisenhower Museum is only a few miles down i 70 into kansas. 4. The cubs won 6 [laughter] to all of you, thank you for your support, and to the kids for just saying no. [cheers] my hope is, the women of the future will feel truly free to follow whatever paths their talents and natures take them to. I think they thought that the white house was so glamorous, and what you did was so glamorous, your life is so and all they saw were the parties, meeting people. I nevero tell you, worked harder in my life. Served as agan longtime political partner, ferocious protector, and caretaker for president ronald reagan. She was active with key staff decisions, policymaking, and campaigning. She made drug use her Signature Initiative with her just say no campaign. Cspans original series, first ladies influence and image. Examining the public and private lives of the women who filled the position of first lady from Martha Washington to michelle obama. Sunday on American History tv on cspan3. Monday night on the communicators, creating payment for musicians who works on music streaming services. Discussrman joins us to licensing and royalty payment challenges for media that stream music such as bona fide, pandora such as spotify, pandora, and youtube. Most artists dont realize they are paid this much from youtube and this much from spotify. People dont understand where their money is coming from. Uneducated artists, more uneducated managers understanding how these licenses work is important for everybody. Artists deserve to know how they are being paid, and how their work is being used and complicated compensated. Watch