Drug addiction was understood. Even though we are going to be looking at addiction in america, i mention that one of the things we are going to be focused on is not america, but england and a man named thomas quincey. You have read a little bit about it. Who can tell me who was thomas to quincy . [indiscernible] considered himself a classical philosopher and came use opium for the release to ease a toothache and developed into Recreational Use. He enjoyed the dreamlike state and trance and it eventually degenerated into chronic abuse at his height at about 12,000 drops a day, which is a Staggering Amount for me to think about. Elizabeth great. We have him beginning this for medical use and it continues from there. Them . Id you think of did you get any impression of what he was like . He seemed very arrogant, condescending. Ok, there is this snobbery and strong pride. He seemed pretty well educated. Elizabeth is knowledge of greek for example, yes. Any other comments . Go off that. G to he was well respected from people above him, like his educators. Right, yet these educators that were impressed by how fluent in greek he was. We have these aspects of his personality. And a couple of things with regard we discussed to you we discussed who he was. He was an englishman and well and ends up addicted to laudanum after first taking it to relieve himself of a toothache and pain. Can anyone tell us what he didnt understand about the addiction he was experiencing . What it was that he got wrong . Evan . Had,e article states he and this was common for people back in those days, there was no concept of addiction, period. A, whatd it a opiate or was the name . Elizabeth laudanum. A laudanum habit. Elizabeth we are getting at the idea of how this idea were getting at this idea of how a evolves, and how they understand it. What was that he didnt understand about what was going on with him with this usage . The difference between alcohol withdrawal and opium withdrawal. He was described, his withdrawal wasnt it didnt last as long about what the medical community would say. Prof. Gray can anyone tell us why its opiate withdrawal is a process of like having the flu for a week, why did he say that this was going on for four months . There is laudanum, made up of alcohol. He was also experiencing withdrawal from the alcohol. Prof. Gray exactly. So what we have is opium itself, and i have a picture of an opium poppy here. Is brown, gummy stuff that comes out of an opium poppy. It is the raw material. What he was using was laudanum. It would be opium with alcohol, sometimes with spices. It could be wine, it could be brandy. There were different things, but what he was doing was giving up laudanum. So, this is a different substance. Dependency, part of it could be that he was not recognizing that trying to give of both was going to have this was thatut part of it he could have been exaggerating it because he wanted his work to sell and wanted to be a better story. The reason he began taking it was as a medicine. He emphasizes that was his original reason. And then he ends up experiencing more than he anticipated. And he divides his work into two parts. The first is the pleasures of opium. Can anyone describe what he describes as a pleasure . Something that he got out of this . Alex . Alex he would say he would go to the opera house to watch a woman perform and he would take opium to get a better experience. He said something along the lines of you can buy happiness for a penny, and you can carry happiness in your coat pocket wherever you want it. Prof. Gray exactly. It was beyond anything he had anticipated. Robbie . [indiscernible] robbie it enhanced his mental, whatever prof. Gray that he has these amazing dreams. He was able to find things he forgotten. He compares it to a religious ecstasy and his classist roots come through when he cant opposes when he compares it to disorder versus order. Apollo versus dionysus. Very focusede is on creating more focus rather than less. We have the pleasures of opium and then the pains of opium. Who can tell us what the things he experience that were bad . When his jeans became really horrible. Physical for horror. And alligator was in his dreams. Even after he stopped taking the opium he still experienced these horrendous nightmares. Prof. Gray there is no way to get away from them entirely. Jeff . Jeff he also said it was impossible to write a response, it was hard to focus in thing. Prof. Gray right. He has letters that just said there. He doesnt reply. He has things he wants to say he just cant. Pat . Pat basically, it shot his memory. He couldnt remember anything past the next minute or something. He couldnt remember. I dont know. It shohis memory. Prof. Gray it does have this effect where he cannot be productive. Right. It also stated opium irritated his stomach and made him sweat. Prof. Gray yes. Definitely. In addition to the mental consequences you described, there were definitely negative physical consequences as well. People readot of about the pleasures of opium and stopped reading. They were curious about its potential and they were not focused on the fact that it had negative consequences. I want to look at opium in the context of what we have done this far. Earlier in the semester, we looked at chocolate and tobacco, which had been unknown in european culture before columbus, before the modern era. And how society begins to understand the substances that they have never heard of before. Then we have Something Like alcohol, which had been a part of european culture obviously for centuries and centuries, and it might change when they are using more distilled spirits, but it was something they were familiar with. Opium is neither of those. Opium had been used as a medicine for centuries and centuries. It had been used as laudanum. Can anyone tell us why someone would use opium . Evan . Evan warfare. Soldiers, casualties, any kind of surgery. Prof. Gray it is a pain killer. It works as a sleeping pill. And because of those reasons, it was prescribed a whole lot. It wasnt like there were one or two ailments. It was generally used because it is a painkiller, and also help people sleep. Opium as a luxury was not something. Luxury is a term we keep using and what we would refer to as Recreational Use. Not being used as a painkiller, but to fill better than normal. Feel better than normal. De quincey helps americans to see that as a part of what opiums potential is. Now. And so, let me see, ok. Puts this inly public discussion. I will describe, there were cases of americans using the drug in this other manner for decades, but you dont have it publicly discussed. It is one to quinceys work was published that Americans First really read about this. They were learning about these drugs being used in a recreational manner. The earliest ways in which westerners are learning about these drugs being used as a luxury, being used in a recreational manner was from the accounts of travelers who would travel to parts of the world, its of asia, parts of what is now the middle east. The explanation for opium use was that muslims were for bid in for dragging alcohol were for bid in from drinking alcohol, therefore it is their alcohol. There was a frenchman who travel to persia, in the 17th century. Here is his description of what he saw in persia. I want you to read this and then we will discuss it. Prof. Gray who can tell us what he was describing . Alex . Alex he was saying opium made people happy, crazy and so forth. Then, after the experience is over, they become zombies pretty much, they just become dull. And what do they need to do to revive that . They need to take more opium. Prof. Gray right. What they are describing, the pleasures of opium, the pain of opium. Being it has this effect that seems very positive and enjoyable, but then someone needs more and more, or they will be cold, pensive, and heavy. So we have a lot of these accounts. Where western men will travel to different parts of the world and they will describe what they see in terms of drug use. And, what they are describing in these accounts is what we would today called Recreational Use or nonmedical use, and is often at the time described as a luxury. This is something they dont need. This is something that people just enjoy. The reason that these accounts are so important is they are pretty much the only information that the westerners have for a long time about what we would call recreational drug use. And so, there is a main source of information, even for doctors, where doctors when they try to describe what can be done with opium, part of what they are doing is they will look at the writings and because these travelers are going in many different places, what ends up is this conclusion that every society uses something. You cant go anywhere where the people arent using some sort of substance. Again, as a luxury. And there was a man named David Cheever in the 1860s. He was a professor on the faculty of harvard law school. And he was doing this survey of all narcotics. Here is what he concluded about what was being used in the world. Prof. Gray ok. So you have these descriptions. There are many accounts like this where they are dividing up the world in many ways. They are saying that the persians are using hemp, not opium. But you have all of these descriptions of what is being used. I did not list absolutely everything. He says in the pacific islands, they use beetle nut, and a siberian fungus used in siberia. He goes on and on. But what he ends up describing as this universal aspect, he says there are three stages. Of this universal passion for sedatives or narcotics. And the three stages he describes the first one, necessity. That would be food. The idea that people need to eat. Sees wouldstage he be to address uneasiness. An example he gives is americans uses alcohol to assuage the cares of his mind and banish uneasy reflections. The third stage that is getting rid of what its bad is bad. The third stage is the pursuit of enjoyment. That pursuit of enjoyment. An absolutely key point. This is what we will see for the rest of the semester that drug gets accepted to an extent, and the difference is essentially whether the use is to address uneasiness, or the pursuit of enjoyment. If this is the level of someone if someone is feeling bad, and he take a drug to feel normal, then that is seen as being acceptable. If they feel normal and taking the drug to feel better, that is where there can be criticism. There was a trend in marijuana legislation in various states. And the debate between medical usage and recreational usage and mainstream, i more acceptable sense that medical usage is permissible. Prof. Gray exactly, exactly. Sarah . Sarah it is accepted in hospitals as a painkiller. Obvious a, it is sold on the street. Prof. Gray exactly. It is a case that the context is everything. And what it links to at the end of the days productivity. The idea is if someone is in pain that person may not get much done. If that person takes a drug and is feeling fine, he can get stuff done and be productive. But if a person is already feeling good and fine, and they take the drug, and he might not be productive for the next two hours, yet the quote about the persians then you have this focus on the idea that that is making society less efficient because it is taking a productive person making them unproductive. Productivity is at the core of this. Yeah . We have the big picture. What about what was going on in america smart what was going to an america . Ok, so addiction in america. One has oflimpses drug use or potential drug use in america but or de quincey and habitual use. One example, there was a french immigrant named j hector who immigrated to the u. S. From france as a teenager and in 1782 , he wrote letters for american farmer. For an american farmer. On nantucket, many women take a dose of opium every morning and opium every dose of morning and would be at a loss how to live without this indulgence. There are also things that are in private sources. Meaning, letters that have been preserved and other sources not intended for a public audience. For example, there was a father and son who wrote a series of letters back and forth to each other in the 1770s. The son wife the sons wife was a habitual use of lawton. Gautam the father wrote to. His son in 1779, tell her, i beg her never to touch laudanum. It is as bad as dram drinking. H ram would be a small serving of liquor. Would be a small serving of liquor. There were many reasons to believe there were other things not captured in writing. Oftentimes, this type of dependency was defended on one of three grounds. 1 we have are discussed was medical need. It the fact this person was not taking it as a luxury. They were taken to get rid of a terrible stomach ache. They want to feel better. Another scientific experimentation. Some of the western travelers would go to other parts of the world would try the drugs themselves because they figured that was the best way to report on what the effects were. And also some would say the drug was not dangerous. They were dismissed the notion that this was a concern. And you do have some are saying this is the attentive to alcohol. They would play down any concerns. So, we have these glimpses, but again it wasnt publicly , discussed until we get to de quincey, and the reaction to his work in america, many said it was interesting. And there was one reviewer though, who said he was not worried. He said he believed that there were few persons of any in this country, the United States, who abandoned themselves to the use of opium as a luxury. This was written in he doesnt 1824. Think this species of intemperance would take hold in the future. So he was not worried. And it is true that there were not that many opium users at that time. Opium was imported. And so we have figures about how much was brought into the country. Some could be smuggled. But we have a pretty good estimate of, and was brought in. An historian did this calculation of how much was brought in and how much an addict would need, and he calculates there were fewer than 11,000 addicts at this time. Early 1840s he estimated it. In this point in time, the population in the United States was 7. 8 million. But it would be less than 1 10 , of a percent who would have been addicted. Is that it is after de quinceys work that it adopts a social meaning. And the question that people are trying to ask is opium versus alcohol, which was better . Can anyone tell us why with some say that if someone is going to be using opium or alcohol, it is better to be using opium . Robbie . Robbie it had a medical use back then. Prof. Gray ok, right. It has these medical uses. Medical uses. It was cheaper. And a higher class of a drug. Prof. Gray we will see that the use was among the upper class. I will explain why. Shelby . Shelby they would stop using opium and alcohol. Prof. Gray it is an important point. With opium, can anyone remember what de quincey said . Evan . Evan in the reading, opium is easier to quit and that alcohol can actually cause death. Prof. Gray ok. The classification and withdrawal is definitely more dangerous with regard to alcohol. Alex . Alex in the reading to my understanding of what he was saying, it seems as if he thought he had kicked his opium habit a couple of times, but because of his stricken, it led him back to opium. Prof. Gray right. He makes four attempt to quit and he is never entirely successful. What he says makes it better is that opium allows a person to touch the defined whereas alcohol brings out more human and brutish qualities in a person. Prof. Gray you have a couple of things going on here. With regards to opium, the suggestion is that opium has a positive impact on behavior. If someone is strong, the person could be combative, the person could be loud. In 1830 inne guy kentucky who wrote that the results of laudanum or part of is that idea. De quincey says it provides this focus where alcohol makes someone less focused. You have others who were saying alcohol was better and there are a couple of reasons for this. One is the relationship of someone who drinks to society. This is something we have looked at. People who with regard to drinking tend to drink with their friends. They buy a round of drinks. They toast each other. You have this idea that alcohol is something people enjoy communally. Is opium something people enjoy communally . Being in a crowd is oppressive and you seek out quiet and solitude and calmed dark places. Prof. Gray and the most interesting thing is not other people, it is what is going on in his own mind. It was seen as a substance that someone who is not a good citizen would prefer because they are more interested in themselves that anyone else. Shelby and evan are right when they note the withdrawal from alcohol is worse than the withdrawal from opium, but what happens is this conclusion among many that many come to believe that if one is trying to give it up, not just in the detoxification process but many come to believe that alcohol is the easier one to give up altogether. What we have again is the beginning of the drug developing a social meaning where people have this opinion of it rather than it being this brandnew thing. Ok. Now, who were the early american addicts . The demographic most likely to be addicted would be welltodo women. There were a couple of reasons as to why this was the case. Can anyone recall why someone would begin what way they would begin using a drug . Things like toothaches and headaches, medical needs. Prof. Gray and the idea was that from a financial stand point, not everybody could afford to go to a doctor. The most common way to become a addicted was someone is in pain, they see got a doctor and they recommend they take it and three years later they are still using it. There were also a couple of reasons connected to gender. One of these reasons was the idea that there was this believe in early america, that a man should not seek medical help. If a man is ill, he should deal with it. He should be stoic and interest. He should not seek out a doctor. With women that was not in place at all. The idea was that women were less able to withstand pain than men and therefore the people who would have been most likely to go to doctors would have been welltodo women. There is another reason. The attitude toward women drinking at the time was this was very inappropriate. That a woman should not drink. We have some people who are walking upright and they look fine. Then we have these people sort of stumbling out of the place for they had been drinking. Can anyone tell us why a woman who lives in a society where it is considered inappropriate to drink alcohol, why would laudanum be something that she could look to as an alternative . Can anyone tell us . She will stay in the house anyway. Like you said earlier, with opium they wanted to be more selfcontained and away from everyone. Prof. Gray you have folks being selfcontained and also the fact that if someone is using laudanum and they are asked why are you using it, what could they say . It would be a completely plausible explanation as to why they are using it. It is for medical use. It is something they are using for medical needs. So you have women being disproportionately inclined to be using it. You begin to see with societys values, social construction, this focus on who was using it. Part of what de quinceys work does, is to shock people with the fact that he became dependent. This is something we have already discussed in this class. The idea that the elite know how to drink for example. They know how to drink in a manner that is responsible, that other people dont, they can stay in a tavern longer because they just know how to do this the right way or the responsible way and other people dont. You have this notion persisting, this popular idea but then you have people being quite surprised with regard to de quincey. The idea was that he is educated. He is western, obviously very intelligent. Many assume that someone like de quincey would be able to have the will power or strength to avoid becoming addicted. So there is a degree of a wakeup call that the fact that he was not able to prevent this. Wrotewas one person who about confessions and said it showed that de quincey intellect was scarcely proof against its tenacious clutch. The fact that he cant do it shows that anyone could be susceptible. This doesnt mean that the idea emerges that everybody is equally at risk, or the impact is going to be the same on all. There was a quote one of you mentioned when we were discussing him at the beginning, im going to show you this on a screen and then we will discuss what he means. Who can summarize what he is saying in this . Who can tell us what he is suggesting about what makes a difference in terms of impact . He is following talking about going to the opera and enjoying that. He talks the how opium enhances his ability to enjoy refined pleasures and refined pursuits. He selfidentifies as an intellectual. So the turk barbarians, the persian empire in his classical greek worldview are incapable of achieving the enlightened values of the west. Prof. Gray he is suggesting there is a difference, and what he is saying, enjoy music is an intellectual thing, and therefore he is going to enjoy it in a way that others would not. He is not the only one who suggests that different populations will experience the same substance in different ways because they are members of different races or different ethnic groups. I would like for you to take a look at a quote from nathan allen. He wrote a work called opium trade. He was widely quoted. I would like you to read this and then we will discuss. Prof. Gray he uses some terms that might not be familiar. Can anyone summarize what he is suggesting . What is he suggesting . First he is comparing indians and blacks to more of an animal nature. He is saying basically when they take opium and has a different effect on them, more of a physical effect. But instead with whites, they have a more developed mental structure. When they take opium and it operates with the brain. They have effects with the brain. From what i can say, it is more effective. And beneficial rather than prof. Gray right. He is suggesting there is this benefits that results. And, might i add, what you are seeing is what there is. He doesnt give examples. Sort ofldve throws this in there and it gets reprinted and reprinted in many different sources. The suggestion there were these the suggestion that different races would experience different drugs in different ways. There are a few reasons as to why this was the believe. Believe. One is he was writing this in 1853. The 1850s were a high point. It is in the 18th century and 19th century. It is a high point for what is referred to as race science. This is a time that is referred as scientific racism, scientist trying to prove that racists races should be divided by looking at genetics and biology. Part of the they do is look at skulls to differentiate. Part of what they are trying to use science to prove that there was a racial hierarchy. These significant distinctions with whites at the top. Nathan allen that is writing when this is really at its peak. Everyone writes as part of the society in which they are writing. One of the things that is key, which they were not taking into account is that these drugs were consumed in different ways. For example, in china, opium was smoked. And this was being used as a recreational thing. The form of opium that is smoked is different from the form used as a medicine. The form that is smoked has no medical uses. The suggestion, it could seem clear that someone who is smoking opium is going to have a different experience from someone using a different warm form of opium that is mixed with alcohol they are taking with a stomachache. They dont see it as the substance as the issue, they see it as the user. What to find any Scientific Research on which was worse, which was better, smoking it or taking it with some other thing . Prof. Gray it remains contested. One of the things believed, some people would travel to parts of the world and insisted that every opium addict is dead by 30. It has this debilitating impact. They are in a seated, they cant get anything done, and theyre going to die by 30. There is a case in 1831, a scottish nobleman died. He had been an opium addict. He did not tell his insurance policy. It remains contested. Doctors come in and setting of the people whove been addicted for decades. It goes to the courts. It is an excellent question. It does remain contestant. Itsan overdose easier to overdose if youre taking it as opposed to smoking it. Prof. Gray in terms of habitual use it remains contested. , definitely its use can be fatal. You have these discussions. Again, the drug is consumed in these vastly different ways which is not always taken into account. You have the prejudice. What is key is what emerges is many people come away with the belief that a drug will affect members of different groups differently, even if it is the same thing. This is what many people tend to conclude. And that this is used to have this different attitude, that one person is using it so it might be fine. If someone else is using it, it might not be. Yes . Was there a notion of women and men can handle it differently . Prof. Gray a good question. With women and men the , perception would be different as well with regard to what obligations they are not meeting. It also changes over time. Because as he mentions, people dont understand why he cant just quit. People dont think of it as a problem so it is along the lines of gender and race and class. We have these varying perceptions. The concern with addiction increases. The concern with addiction increases and partly this is because there is a huge increase in usage between 1840 and 1870. We know this because it was being imported. They have the importation figures. What they showed was the drug was being imported at an increasing rate that was much more than the population was. This wasnt just the case that there were more americans and therefore there was a larger body of users. The article talked about how it was 1850 when he hypodermic needle is developed. Morphine starts coming into use. Is that part of this . Prof. Gray morphine, you have the beginnings of that. It is really actually right after the civil war that it becomes highly used. One of the things when morphine the active property, it is the alkaloid and it it in adoctors to give much more specific doses. Doctors love giving morphine injections to patients who were in pain because it was very quick. It made the patients painfree. The problem is it is later discovered that is the form of administering the drug that is most likely to result in addiction. You have a huge number of morphine addicts in the late 19th century. It really hits a few years later. You have this increase in usage. This recognition that a lot of people must be using this in what we would call a recreational manner or a luxury. It is not something being used just for medical purposes. Ist they are concerned with nothing less than the fate of the nation. There is a reason for this which can ask to chinese opium smoking. Great britain in the early 19th century was importing a lot of opium into china. It was used as opium smoking, they would have called a luxury. When you have this extensive usage, the westerners, americans would have observed what was happening in china. In 1839 they tried to stop the importation and you have the first of the series of opium wars between Great Britain and china. The perspective that Many Americans had was the idea that china was this ancient culture that had so many accomplishments, and what they perceive is that opium has singlehandedly stop the progress of china. The concern becomes what is going to happen if that happens here . What if this use becomes more widespread, and if it does, is that going what damage will that do to the United States . Part of the concern was what were called modern times. Modern times is what they tended to think of as the second half of the 19th century. You have industrialization. You have the notion there is increased competition. You have the notion of things moving at a faster pace. Transportation literally moving at a faster pace. The idea that society was speeding up. As a consequence, going back to dr. David on the staff of harvard medical school, he was one describing what drugs are used in different parts of the world. What he said was some people might think it was bizarre that he is talking about such drugs as opium and hemp. The idea was they were not being used here so why bother . He said, the caucasian races are no longer content with tobacco, coffee and tea and what they would be seeking would be stronger narcotics. That this was directly connected to the fact that society was moving so quickly. People would need something to address their cares, their uneasiness, the exhaustion they were feeling and there is this racial aspect because the focus was on professionals. As they described at the time, use the phrase brainwork. People who were brainwork verse were the ones who really needed this kind of assistance. They were the ones who needed to relax. A lot of this comes to a head when domestic drug use becomes a major topic. In conclusion, we have is that confessions ofy an english opium eater played a role in shaping american opium views. It demonstrates westerners were susceptible to eventual use. It also was one where he is saying suggesting some groups can enjoy the drug and better ways than others can. As we will see this tendency to see everyone as susceptible to use, but not to see the use of the drug in the same way is something that is going to be persisting, shaping views and shaping policy. Are there any questions . Is there evidence of slaves being prescribed opium . Prof. Gray there are a couple of cases where a doctor would prescribe it, yes. There are a few cases. The miller article talks about his impact on Popular Culture in popular perceptions. I was wondering if there is any knowledge that he impacted h. P. Lovecraft. Some of the gothic horror sounds very lovecraftian. Prof. Gray it is definitely likely. The writing was incredibly influential. Any other questions . Thank you all. Have a good weekend. I will see you monday. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2016] on American History tv on cspan3, tonight at 8 00 eastern on lectures in history by the end of the 1880s you ave a traumatic upsurge, tremendous surge in veterans organizations, and the membership in these organizations and in the statues that they create. University of georgia professor Scott Nesbitt discusses the ongoing debate over confederate war monuments and memorials and how many were the result of campaigns by southern women during the reconstruction era and into the late 19th century. Sunday morning at 10 00 back in 1976, mr. Carter said trust me. A lot of people dead. Now many of those people are out of work. Alternative isan the biggest tax giveaway in history. I call it a free lunch that america cannot afford. The 1980 republican and Democratic Convention with former california governor Ronald Reagan becoming the gop nominee, and president jimmy carter accepting the democratic nomination. On july 1, the Smithsonians National air and space example commemorate its 40th anniversary. Sunday at 6 00 p. M. Eastern on american artifacts in 1976, we were wrapping up a golden age of human exploration with the Apollo Missions to the moon. We were launching into the first golden age of planetary exploration with the missions of the 1970s to mars and the outer planets. We are now in another golden age of planetary exploration, particularly on mars. We tour the museum with valerie neal, head of the Space History Department and learn about the story of human Space Exploration from the moon to mars. At 8 00 on the presidency, james rosebush, former Deputy Assistant to president reagan and author of the book true reagan what made Ronald Reagan great in light matters. Why it matters. This relates again the president nexen. A great leader of character is a person who has the ability to discern the future and meet of people to it and threw it. Through it. For complete schedule, go to cspan. Org. You realize this is something i would not only love to do, is something that could be really different from the kinds of books that it written about macarthur in the past and the way to which rethink and reevaluate who this person was and what his real significance was. What is virtues really where one ofhim the most the most adored and activated figures in American History, but his flaws and the things that made him in many ways unpleasant and even hated by millions of people. Hermanay night, arthur takes a look at the life and career of u. S. Army general Douglas Macarthur in his book Douglas Macarthur, american warrior. Thats one of the things you have to say. He saw the future more clearly often they saw the present. Whether was americas role in the, the rise of china, split between china and the soviet union which he foresaw, but also perhaps the fate of american domestic politics. Sunday night at 8 00 eastern on cspans q a. Nationalithsonians air and space using open 40 years ago on july 1, 1976. Leading up to the anniversary American History tvs real america issuing a series of nasa films. Up next from 1979, planet mars. It includes an overview of Nasas Mariner flybys of the red and 19 71ween 1964 and the viking mission that landed to craft of the surface in 1976. Fantastic. 16 kilobits confirmed. [applause] yes, we have a touchdown time 07. 1 hours, 12 minutes, second. Very well done. Navigation perfect. Im assuming we must sit right on the axis. Everybody just a fabulous. Could not be more pleased. Thank you. [applause] 25 seconds after landing one of the two cameras was initiated and scanned the first picture of the martian surface. About half in our later, when it started to come back from the orbiter and we got the first seven lines on the tv monitors you can see gray and white light levels. We knew there was something there. That is a beautiful rock. Fantastic rock. All of a sudden we were looking at the surface of mars and it was clear, it was not dusty. It was sharp. Will be got to the end of that first picture with the dust and small pebbles in the sand, it was just it was really a miracle. In an instant, the picture was wiped off the tv monitor and behind it can be filling in of the second picture. A long panoramic view that covers 300 degrees and extends in the lander to the horizon. It disclosed a sector of the basin covered with sand and dust and littered with rocks. Sent blowing day viking ack the first color picture. This guy is a light tent of the same color due to the particles of dust suspended in the air. Marse question of life on is only one of the inexhaustible number of russians for would questions for which we continue to seek answers in space. Questions about the origin and evolution of the solar system. And our own planet. And our own species. The search for answers is a goal of planetary exploration, and the journeys of our spacecraft to the near and far reaches of the solar system are beginning to provide some of the answers. Each week until the 2016 election road to the white house rewind brings you archival coverage of president ial races. Next, george w. Bush accepts his partys president ial nomination at the 2000 Republican National convention in philadelphia. In his speech, the Texas Governor vows if elected president to renew americas purpose. George w. Bush went on to win the general election over democrat and Vice President al gore in one of the most highly contested in u. S. History. This is just under an hour. [applause]