Even though we are going to look at addiction and america, i have mentioned one of the things we will focus on is not america but on england and a man name tomas incy. Incy dequ who can tell us who was Thomas Dequincy . He was an upper class gentlemen, he came to use opium and laudanum for the relief of a and developed804 into a recreational enhancement use. He enjoyed the opera, the dream states it brought on. Abuseeloped into chronic at its height, 12,000 drops a day, which is a Staggering Amount to think about. Prof. Gray right. We have him beginning this for medical use and it continues from there. If you can tell me from the excerpt, what did you think of him . Did you get any impression of what he was like . He represented the the taurean ideal. Arrogant, condescending. There is this snobbery, this strong pride he had in his intellect. Pretty well educated. Prof. Gray his knowledge of greek, for example. Any other comments . I would go off that. He was well respected by his people above him, his educators. Prof. Gray right. Teachers were amazed at how fluent in greek he is. Hisave these aspects of personality. And a couple of things with regard we discussed to you was. He was an englishman and well sup addicted to laudanum after first taking it to relieve himself of a toothache and pain. Can anyone tell us what he didnt understand about the addiction he was experiencing . What it was that he got wrong . States he had not this was common there was no concert of addiction. An opiate laudanum habit. Prof. Gray part of what we are discussing is how this idea of a habit involves and how they understand it. What was that he didnt understand about what was going on with him with this usage . The difference between alcohol withdrawal and opium withdrawal. He was described, his withdrawal last as longdidnt about what the medical community would say. Prof. Gray can anyone tell us why its opiate withdrawal is a process of like having the flu for a week, why did he say that this was going on for four months . He there is laudanum, made up of alcohol. He was also experiencing withdrawal from the alcohol. Prof. Gray exactly. Opium itself, i have a picture of an opium poppy. Brown stuff that comes out of an opium poppy. It is the raw material. What he was using was laudanum. It would be opium with alcohol, sometimes with spices. It could be wine, it could be brandy. What he was doing was giving up laudanum. This is a different substance. With his dependency, part of it could be that he wasnt recognizing trying to give up both was going to have this impact. Part of it is that he could have been exaggerating because he wanted the work to sell. He wanted a better story. The reason he began taking it was as a medicine. He emphasizes that was his original reason. Then he ends up experiencing more than he anticipated. He divides his work into two parts. The first is the pleasures of opium. Cant anyone describe what he describes as a pleasure . Go towould say he would the opera house to watch a woman perform and he would take opium to get a better experience. He said something along the lines of you can buy happiness for a penny, and you can carry happiness in your coat pocket wherever you want it. Prof. Gray exactly. It was beyond anything he had anticipated. [inaudible] hiselt like it enhanced mental. His dreams. Prof. Gray he had these amazing dreams. He was able to find things he forgotten. He compares it to a religious ecstasy and his classist roots come through when he compares it to disorder versus order. Apollo versus dionysus. Prof. Gray creating more focus rather than less. We have the pleasures of opium and then the pains of opium. Who can tell us what the things he experienced that were bad. The dreams became horrible. Were, andsical or alligator was in his dreams. Even after he stopped taking the opium he still experienced these horrendous nightmares. Prof. Gray there is no way to get away from them entirely. He also said it was impossible to write a response, it was hard to focus in thing. Prof. Gray right. He has letters that just said there. He doesnt reply. He has things he wants to say he just cant. It shot his memory. He couldnt remember anything past the next minute or something. He couldnt remember. It shot his memory. Prof. Gray it does have this effect where he cannot be productive. Stated opium irritated his stomach and made him sweat. His physical prof. Gray definitely. In addition to the mental consequences, there are negative physical consequences as well. One thing that gay current gets criticized is a lot of and stoppedabout it reading. They were curious about its potential and they were not focused on the fact that it had negative consequences. We look at chocolate. And how a society begins to understand the substances. Have Something Like alcohol which had been a part of european culture for centuries. It might change when theyre using more distilled spirits. It is something they were familiar with. Opium is neither of those. Opium had been used as a medicine for centuries and centuries. T had been used as laudanum why would someone use opium . Soldiers, casualties, any kind of surgery. Prof. Gray it is a pain killer. It works as a sleeping pill. Because of those reasons it was prescribed a lot. It wasnt like there were one or two ailments. It was used because it is a pain killer and to help people sleep. Oh p. M. As a luxury was not something. We wouldterm call it Recreational Use. Transitions. Opium americans tolps see that as a part of what opiums potential is. So his role puts it in discussion. They were using the drug in this other manner for decades. You dont have that publicly discussed. It is one to quinceys work was published that Americans First really read about this. They were learning about these drugs being used in a recreational manner. It would be from the accounts of travelers who travel to asia, s of the middle east. The explanation was muslims are for been from drinking alcohol, therefore it is their alcohol. There was a frenchman who travel to persia, in the 17th century. Here is his description of what he saw. I want you to read this and then we will discuss it. Who can tell us what he was describing. He was saying opium made , crazy and so forth. Afterwards they become zombies. They become dull. Prof. Gray what do they need to do to revise that . They need to take more opium. Prof. Gray what they are the pleasures of opium, the pain of opium. It has this effect that seems positive and enjoyable but someone needs more and more lc will be cold and heavy else he will be called and heavy. Travel westermann will to different parts of the world and describe what they see in terms of drug use. What they are describing in these accounts is again what we would call Recreational Use or nonmedical use and is often at the time described as a luxury. This is something they dont need. This is something that people just enjoy. The reason that these accounts are so important is they are the only information that the westerners have for a long time about what we would call recreational drug use. Source ofhe main information, even for doctors. When they describe what can be done with opium, part of what they are doing is they will look and becausengs these travelers are going in many different places, what ends up is this conclusion that every society uses something. Thecant go anywhere where people are using some sort of substance. Again, as a luxury. Man named David Cheever in the 1860s. He was a professor at harvard medical school. He was doing a survey of on our contexts all narcotics being used. Here is what he concluded. Prof. Gray you have these descriptions. Many accounts like this, where they are dividing the world in different ways. They are using have, not opium. The have these descriptions of what is being used. He also says in the pacific ut,ands they use beetle n and a fungus in siberia. What he ends up describing as this universal aspect, that there are three stages. Of this universal passion for sedatives or narcotics. That the three stages he describes, the first one is necessity. That would be food. That people need to eat. The second stage he sees would. E to address uneasiness an example is that americans use alcohol to assuage the carrot of his mind and banish uneasy reflections. The third stage getting rid of what is bad. The third stage, the pursuit of enjoyment. This is a key point. It is something we will see for the rest of the semester. Drug use gets accepted to an extent and the difference is toentially whether it is address uneasiness or the pursuit of enjoyment. If this is the level of someone feeling fine, if someone is feeling bad and they take a drug to feel normal that is seen as being acceptable. If they feel normal and taking the drug to feel better, that is where there can be criticism. There was a trend in mary want marijuana legislation. Mainstream ain the more acceptable sense that medical usage is permissible. Prof. Gray exactly. It is accepted in hospitals as a painkiller. It is sold on the street prof. Gray exactly. The context is everything. With these, what it links to the end of the days productivity. The idea is if someone is in pain that person may not get much done. If that person gets a drug and is feeling fine he can get stuff done and be productive. If a person is all really are ready feeling good and fine, and they may not be productive for the next few hours, we have the quote about the persians have this focus on the idea that this is making society less efficient because it is taking an productive person and making them unproductive. Productivity is at the core of this. We have the big picture. What about what was going on in america . Addiction in early america. Glimpses one has of drug use in america before de quincey and habitual use. There was a french immigrant named j hector who immigrated to the u. S. From france as a teenager and in 1782 he wrote letters for american farmer. On nantucket, many women take a dose of opium every morning and would be at a loss how to live without this indulgence. There are also things that are in private sources. For example, there was a father and son who wrote letters back and forth to each other in the 1770s. She was a habitual user. The father wrote to his son in 1779, tell her, i beg her never to touch laudanum. It is as bad as dram drinking. H ram would be a small serving of liquor. Would be a small serving of liquor. There were many reasons to believe there were other things not captured in writing. Often times this type of dependency was defended on one of three grounds. One we have already discussed. The fact this person was not taking it as a luxury. They were taking it to get rid of a stomachache. They want to feel better. Another, scientific experimentation. Some of the western travelers would try to drug themselves because that was the best way to report on what the effects actually were. And also some would say the drug was not dangerous. They would dismiss the notion this was a concern. They this is alternative to alcohol. They would play. Any concerns. So we have these glimpses. It wasnt publicly discussed until we get to de quincey, and the reaction to his work in america, many said it was interesting. There was one reviewer who said he was not worried. He said he believed that there were few persons of any in this country who abandoned themselves to the use of opium as a luxury. This was britain in 1824. He doesnt think this species of intemperance would take hold in the future. It is true that there were not that many opium users at the time. Opium was imported. We have figures about how much was brought into the country. We have a good estimate of how much was brought in. Idea was, they did this calculation of how much was brought in and how much an would need, and he calculated there were 11,000 at x at a time. Addicts at a time. At this point the population of the United States was 7. 8 million. It would be less than 1 10 of a percent who would have been addicted. The key is that it is after de it adopts ark that social meaning. The question that people try to ask is opium versus alcohol, which was better. Can anyone tell us why with some going toif someone is use opium or alcohol it is better if they are using opium. Can someone tell us . It had a medical use mac then. Back then. Prof. Gray it has these medical uses. It was cheaper. And a higher class of a drug. Prof. Gray we will see that the use was among the upper class. I will explain why. They would stop using over your opium and alcohol. Prof. Gray it is an important point. With opium can anyone remember what de quincey said . In the reading, opium is easier to quit and that alcohol can actually cause death. Prof. Gray detoxification and withdrawal is definitely more dangerous with regard to alcohol. In the reading to my understanding of what he was saying, it seems as if he thought he had kicked his opium habit a couple of times but it led him back to opium. Prof. Gray he makes four attempt to quit and he is never entirely successful. What he says makes it better is that opium allows a person to touch the divine where alcohol brings out more human and brutish qualities in a person. Prof. Gray a couple things going on here. With regard to opium, the suggestion is that opium has a positive impact on behavior. If someone is drunk the person could be combative. The person could be loud. There was one guy and 1830 in kentucky who wrote the results of laudanum were not so immediately disgusting as that of alcohol use. Part of is that idea. De quincey says it provides this focus where alcohol makes someone less focused. You have others who were saying alcohol was better and there are a couple of reasons for this. One is the relationship of someone who drinks to society. This is something we have looked at. People who with regard to drinking 10 to drink with their friends. They buy a round of drinks. They toast each other. You have this idea that alcohol is something people enjoy communally. Is opm something people enjoy communally . Being in a crowd is oppressive and you seek out quiet and solitude and calmed dark places. Prof. Gray and the most interesting thing is not other people, it is what is going on in his own mind. Substance thata someone who is not a good citizen would prefer because they are more interested in themselves that anyone else. Shelby and evan are right when they note the withdrawal from alcohol is worse than the withdrawal from opium but what happens is this conclusion among many that many come to believe that if one is trying to give it up not just in the detoxification process but many come to believe that alcohol is the easier one to give up altogether. What we have again is the beginning of the drug developing a social meaning where people have this opinion of it rather than it being this brandnew thing. Ok. Now. Who were the early american addicts . The demographic most likely to be addicted would be welltodo women. There were a couple of reasons as to why this was the case. Can anyone recall why someone way theyin what would begin using a drug . Things like toothaches and headaches, medical needs. Prof. Gray and the idea was that from a financial stand , not everybody could afford to go to a doctor. The most common way to become a pain,ed was someone is in they see got a doctor and they recommend they take it and three years later they are still using it. There were also a couple of reasons connected to gender. One of these reasons was the idea that there was this believe that a manerica, should not seek medical help. If a man is ill he should deal with it. He should be stoic and interest. You seek out a doctor. With women that was not in place at all. The idea was that women were thanable to withstand pain men and therefore the people who would have been most likely to go to doctors would have been welltodo women. There is another reason. The attitude toward women drinking at the time was this was very inappropriate. A woman should not drink. We have some people who are walking upright and they look fine. Then we have these people stumbling out of the place for they had been drinking. Womanyone tell us why a who lives in a society where it is considered inappropriate to drink alcohol, why would laudanum be something that she could look to as an alternative . Can anyone tell us . She will stay in the house anyway. Beh opium they wanted to more selfcontained and away from everyone. Prof. Gray you have folks being selfcontained and also the fact is usingomeone laudanum and they are asked why are you using it, what could they say . It could be a plausible explanation as to why they are using it. It is for medical use. So you have women being disproportionately inclined to be using it. You begin to see with societys values, social construction, this focus on who was using it. Partwhat prof. Gray of what de quinceys work does, is to shock people with the way he became dependent. This is something we have discussed. The idea that the elite know how to drink for example. They know how to drink in a manner that is responsible, that other people dont, they can stay in a tavern longer because they just know how to do this the right way and other people dont. Persisting,s notion then yoular idea but have people being quite surprised with regard to de quincey. The idea was that he is educated. He is western, obviously intelligent. Many assume that someone like de quincey would be able, to have the will power or strength to avoid becoming addicted. It is a wakeup call that the fact that he was not able to prevent this. One person wrote about confessions and said it showed that de quincey intellect was scarcely proof against its tenacious clutch. The fact that he cant do it shows that anyone could be susceptible. This doesnt mean that the idea emerges that everybody is equally at risk, or the impact is going to be the same on all. There was a quote mentioned when we were discussing him at the beginning, im going to show you this on a screen and then we will discuss what he means. Who can summarize what he is saying in this . Who can tell us what he is suggesting about what makes a difference in terms of impact . Following, talking about going to the opera and enjoying that. He talks the how opium enhances his ability to enjoy refined pleasures and pursuits. He identifies added intellectual. Barbarians, the persian empire in his classical greek worldview are incapable of achieving the enlightened values of the west. Prof. Gray he is suggesting there is a difference, and what he is saying, enjoy music is an intellectual thing, and therefore he is going to enjoy it in a way that others would not. He is not the only one who suggest that different populations will experience the same substance in different ways because they are members of different races or different ethnic groups. Take a look from nathan allen take a look at a quote from nathan allen. He was widely quoted. I would like you to read this and then we will discuss. Prof. Gray he uses some terms that might not be familiar. Can anyone summarize what he is suggesting . Comparing indians and blacks to more of an animal nature. He is saying basically when they take opium and has a different effect on them, more of a physical effect. With whites, they have a more developed mental structure. That is why they take opium and it operates with the brain. They have effects with the brain. From what i can say, it is more effective. And beneficial rather than prof. Gray right. There is this benefits that results. My dyad, what you are seeing is what there is. He doesnt give examples. Throws this in there and it gets reprinted and reprinted in many different sources. The suggestion there were these different races would experience different drugs in different ways. There are a few reasons as to why this was the believe. In is he was writing this 1853. The 1850s were a high point. It is in the 18th century and 19th century. It is a high point for what is referred to as race science. This is a time it is referred as scientific racism, scientist trying to prove that racists races should be divided by looking at genetics and biology. They look at skulls to differentiate. They are trying to use science to prove that there was a racial hierarchy. Significant distinctions with whites at the top. Nathan allen is riding when this is really at its peak. Everyone writes as part of the society in which they are writing. Keen, the things that is which they were not taking into account is that these drugs were consumed in different ways. China, opium was smoked. This was being used as a recreational thing. The former opium that is smoked is different from the form used as a medicine. It has no medical uses. Suggestion, it could seem clear that someone who is smoking opium is going to have a different experience from someone using a different warm up hope him mixed with alcohol they are taking with a stomachache. They dont see it as the substance as the issue, they see it as the user. On whichny research was worse, which was better, smoking it or taking it with some other thing . Prof. Gray it remains contested. One of the things believed, some people would travel to parts of the world and insisted that every opium addict is dead by 30 years old. It has this debilitating impact. They are remain seated, they cant get anything done, and theyre going to die by 30. There is a case in 1831, a scottish nobleman died. He had been in opm addict. He did not tell his insurance policy. It remains contested. He goes to the courts. It is an excellent question. It does remain contestant. In terms of it is easier to overdose if youre taking it as opposed to smoking it. Prof. Gray in terms of habitual use it remains contested. Definitely its use can be fatal. You have these discussions. In theseis consumed different ways which is an always taken into account. You have the prejudice. What is key is what emerges is many people come away with the drug will affect members of different groups differently, even if it is the same thing. This is what people tend to conclude. And that this was used to have this different attitude, that one person is using it so it might be fine. Was there a notion of women and men can handle it differently . Prof. Gray a good question. The perception would be different as well with regard to what obligations they are not meeting. It also changes over time. People dont understand what he cant just quit. People dont think of it as a problem so it is along the lines of gender and race and class. We have these varying perceptions. Addictionn with increases. The concern with addiction increases. This is because there is a huge between 1840sage and 1870. We know it was being imported. They have the importation figures. What they showed was the drug was being imported at an increasing rate that was much more than the population was. This wasnt just the case that there were more americans therefore there was a larger body of users. Hypodermic needle is developed. Morphine starts coming into use. Is that part of this . Prof. Gray morphine, you have the beginnings of that. It is right after the civil war that it becomes highly used. One of the things when property, the active it allows it to have much more specific doses. Morphineove giving injections to patients who were in pain because it was very quick. T made the patients pain free the problem is it is later discovered that is the form of administering the drug that is most likely to result in addiction. You have a huge number of morphine and aches. It really hits a few years later. You have this increase in usage. This recognition that a lot of people must be using this what we would call a recreational manner or a luxury. It is not something being used just for medical purposes. But they are concerned with is nothing less than the fate of the nation. There is a reason for this which can ask to chinese opium smoking. Britain in the early 19th century was importing opium into china. As opium smoking, they would have called a luxury. When you have this extensive the westerners, americans would have observed what was happening. In 1839 they tried to stop the importation and you have the first of the series of opium wars between Great Britain and china. The perspective that Many Americans had was the idea that china was this ancient culture that had so many accomplishments , and what they perceive is opium has singlehandedly stop the progress of china. What isern becomes going to happen if that happens here . What if this use becomes more , isspread, and if it does that going what damage will that do to the United States . Part of the concern was what were called modern times. Modern times is what they tended to think of as the second half of the 19th century. You have industrialization. The notion there is increased competition. Things moving at a faster pace. Transportation literally moving at a faster pace. As a consequence, going back to dr. David on the staff of harvard medical school, he was one describing what drugs are used in different parts of the world. Some people might think it was bizarre that he is talking about such drugs as opium and hemp. He said the caucasian races are no longer content with tobacco, coffee and tea and what they would be seeking would be stronger narcotics. Connectedwas directly to the fact that society was moving so quickly. Tople would need something address their uneasiness, the exhaustion they were feeling and there is this racial aspect because the focus was on professionals. They use the phrase brainwork. People who were brainwork verse were the ones who really needed this kind of assistance. They were the ones who needed to replace relax. Comes to a head when domestic drug use becomes a. Ajor topic de quincey confessions of an english opium eater played a role in shaping american opium views. It demonstrates westerners were to eventual use. And he suggests some groups can enjoy the drug and better ways than others can. As we will see this tendency to see everyone as susceptible to , it is something that is going to be persisting, shaping views and policy. Are there any questions . Of slavese evidence being prescribed opium . Prof. Gray there are a couple of cases where a doctor would prescribe it, yes. There are a few cases. The miller article talks about the impact on popular culture. I was wondering if there is any knowledge that he impacted h. P. Lovecraft. Some of the golf there gothic horror sounds lovecraft team. Prof. Gray it is definitely likely. The writing was influential. Any other questions . Thank you all. Have a good weekend. I will see you monday. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2015] join us every saturday inning as we join Students College classrooms to hear lectures on topics ranging from the American Revolution to 9 11. Lectures and history are also available at pot as podcasts. Download them from itunes. Coming up next, leaders of the naacp, human rights campaign, hispanic rights foundation. They highlight a number of Historic Sites as examples of efforts to tell a more complete american story. It is hosted by the National Trust for historic preservation. It is an hour and 15 minutes. I am marita rivero. I thank you for coming to the diversity summit. It will be the kickoff of the diversion and Inclusion Diversity and inclusion conference. We are being take by cspan and we are live streamed. I would also like to recognize the foundef