Thank you for joining us. Yesterday there were taxicab issues, subway issues, who knows what well have. I am a visiting professor at the university of saskatchewan where it was about 25 degrees warmer when i left than it is in washington, d. C. Saskatoon is 300 miles north of the montana border. It is way up there and on the great plains of canada, spectacularly beautiful place, of course since it is 25 degrees warmer than washington, and which we know has always been in the south part of the United States, it just shows there is absolutely no Global Climate change going on whatsoever, that is just so it is going to be. [laughter] it is a delight to be here and a delight to be interviewing people on this symposium. When we had our last conference, chuck and i sat down with Jillian Berkowitz who is also here from Ohio University press because she publishes the books that come out of the series, we sat down and talked about what we should do next year and we thought, well, lets go a little bit off of the chronology because we had been doing civil war and reconstruction into the lead up to the war for about a decade and we needed a break. I said, immigration is always an interesting issue. Little did we know how interesting emigration would he best immigration how interesting immigration would be in the next 12 months. So i want to thank all of the current political candidates and for making this conference into a handmade even more relevant and important conference than we had thought it would be. But as one of our participants told us yesterday, immigration as always an important topic. That is the same. From the beginning of the United States, indeed, from the very first settlement of the colonies until this morning or tomorrow morning, immigration is always on the agenda of america as a number of historians have said in various ways, the history of immigration is the history of the United States and i think that is especially true for today and it is also, of course, essentially important to congressional policy because immigration, since the adoption of the constitution, has been an issue that is an entirely in the that is entirely in the hands of the federal government. Before 1808, some dispute will , congress has been active. Hundreds of immigration statutes passed by congress in various ways although most of them are long forgotten and obscure and even hard to find in the statute books. Our first speaker today is andrew gyory, he has had an interesting career. He has a phd in American History and will be talking about his book, his work on the chinese exclusion act. But andrew has also been a press editor and that is a sign of University Presses and academic presses. If your editor calls, you get the persons name because they rotate in and out. I am going to turn the podium over to our first speaker and let andrew come up and talk about the chinese exclusion act. Andrew hello. By way of introduction, i am not sure people are aware, may 6 is the exact anniversary of the chinese exclusion act act. It was signed by president Chester Arthur 134 years ago today. When i was writing my dissertation book, i looked at the 10 worst flaws in American History. The slave act, alien act, sedition act, chinese exclusion act is up there in the top 10. It was, as people do know, the first law of the United States passed banning any group of people from the United States based on race or ethnicity or nationality and it served as the precedent for every antiimmigration law then passed in the early 1900s and 1920s specifically and it set the precedent for that. What i want to talk about is the cultural issues on chinese immigration. Chinese immigration began coming to American Cities largely because of the gold rush in california. Most living in the west coast in the late 19th century. Chinese immigrants, Chinese Culture was all over the press. You could see chinese images and in magazines, in books, in songs. I want to talk today about how what americans saw of chinese immigrants. ,eep in mind that at this time in the late 1800s, very few of the americans, white americans or anglo americansver came into contact with chinese immigrants. The vast majority, 9598 , lived in california. If you are east of the rockies, with the exception of very small chinatowns in new york and washington, most americans never encounter Chinese People or chinese immigrants. So it makes the image they received in Popular Culture that much more significant, because they had no other information to balance it against. A chief appeared in a single this was the forerunner of many to follow. I say, boys, who imported him here . We do not want that breed in these states. Of course we do not, get rid of those poison cusses. Dont you know you chinamen are invading the paradise never for you have got to bounce. No bouncy, the son of confucius declared. Go where he please. I will because, it you flats new they cried savagely. He sprang forward and seized the offending chief mercilessly. Bring a rope, boys, and we will have a big. It was down in the rough code that a china men was not it for anything else but to hang. At once, wyoming, a gun cattle driver into the dime novel hero, approach. What are you going to do it that there chinaman, old man . Hang him. Maybe you have something to chip in. Maybe i have, they hero hero declared. What was he doing . Nothing. Positively nothing. What are you going to do about it my young gobbler . I am going to persuade you to drop all notion. He quickly whipped out a pair of revolvers. Take your hands off that china man and let him go or i will put a semicolon between your eyes. A murmur of disapproval came from the crowd. A pretty mistress approached with a pair of silver mounted revolvers in her hands. By the way, everyone in dime novels carries weapons. Approaching with a pair of silver mounted revolvers, the young hero whene says she will blow the head off whoever shoots. You dont run this here town and aint got no say in this matter. Well i do say it and i mean it. The young stranger is right. You citizens have no more right to lay hands on the celeste deal celestial than solid sam has to rock the stagecoach. Let the pigtail go, boy, and you will sleep better for not hanging him tonight. These words seem to have an immediate effect for the men who restored their weapons to their belts and the chief was permitted to go on his way. The chinese immigrant exits the the novel and is never heard from again. In incidental character, he helped introduce a major care caricature and established conflict between the others. What is remarkable about this scene is not that the chief speaks in demeaning dialect or as portrayed in stereotyped that he was used to separate the good and bad characters. That was par for the course in gilded age Popular Culture. What is striking is that the chinese immigrant was used as a plot device to separate the good characters, wyoming and knobby nails from the bad characters, black f and his fellow minors. Fellow miners. The good care errors defend the miners, the bad ones want to kill them and kick them out of the country. When this dime novel was published in 1880, the United States was on the verge of passing the chinese exclusion act, the first law ever in a immigrants from race or nationality from entering the United States and becoming citizens. The rhetoric echoed in the Nations Capital in the year of exclusion stands out. The chinese immigrant, declared one congressman in washington, is a love some, revolting when stress of the who sleeps like tax of dogs in kennels. They spread mildew and route through the community remarked at another. These filthy aliens are unfitted by religious superstition and inborn prejudices from assuming any of the duties of american citizenship. Senator john jones concluded, we oppose the chinese coming here because our sturdy, area entry will wither in route, trunk, and branch, if this be permitted to wend its way around it. This vitriol spewed from both republicans and democrats in the u. S. Capital and americans and countered it different and more complicated, even contradict ory image in Popular Culture. Certain aspects of the chinese character or could be negative, other aspects were consistent and uniform, particularly his visual appearance. Diminutive, slender, flat features. His yellow skin varied from all to gold to the color of milk. Copper colored, pumpkin colored, discolored. More distinctive than skin color are facial features. No cliche appeared more often in physically describing the almond immigrant than eyes. The hairstyle also received attention. Every chinese immigrant has long black hair, often gaily ornamented with ribbons. Like almond eyes and skin color, these distinguished chinese from all other immigrants. Unless shut off by hoodlums or in a gunfire, no chinese character ever appears without it. His pigtail stands erect through fright. A book cartoon pictured a misshapen young china men chinaman wearing a cue ornamented with firecrackers and in place of ribbons. John and John Chinaman were ubiquitous terms in the 19th century, pervading Popular Culture like sambo for a black man. John was shorthand for an immigrant, suggesting an anonymous, faceless chinese man, each interchangeable with another. What was the john like . Above all else, greedy for gold and money and would do any ink do anything for a net goal or quarter. One man said, wherever there is a quarter to make, you can bet your butts the chinese immigrant is on hand to make it. Avarice and greed are by no means unusual or negative qualities in Chinese Culture. The dime novels, what distinguished the chinese or was character was his singleminded lust for money to the exclusion of all else bound by neither conscience nor christ, the chinese would murder, steel, and lie in the would murder, steal, and lie in the quest for gain. I would not trust one on an oath, these yellow dogs lie in their sleep said one. I do trust my old goat, hambone, said another. These were notorious and dangerous gamblers. Scene after scene depicted them playing cards and cheating. That is just the way with one of those almondeyes galoots. He would steal a buzzards eyes lashes and sell them for toothpicks. Speed enabled the chinese to evade detection. Hocuspocus, silently as a ghost. This theory, supernatural quality makes the reader or suspicious, uncertain, never sure when a chinese character will appear or when is lurking about. As one observes, these chinese thieves would steal the lashes off a dogs eyes while he sleeps and the cover would never know he was there. Inscrutable, shrewd, cunning. Cunning and craftiness, like avarice and deceit are portrayed as inborn chinese characteristics. Call back the history of the intercourse of the western nations with the socalled barbarians of the east, a fortuneteller remarks in Rocky Mountain rod. The east has always beaten the west and wielded to the strong right arm of power. The story of the past will be repeated. Chinese cunning as portrayed through one predominant facial expression. The grin. Nearly every chinese character is presented grinning. Sometimes he displays a sickly grin. Sometimes a benevolent grin. Some are goodnatured, others crafty. Characters are introduced as the grinning men go in, the grinning little china men, like the cheshire cat, the grin is almost a fixed feature of the chinese face. Whatever happened, the chinaman grinned as usual. More than 30 dime novels made sure to note it. The most stage direction for chinese characters in place. Authors use the grin to in fanta infantalize the chinese. He smiled at the table, written in a poem, a smile that was childlike and bland. This phrase entered common usage in the 1870s and frequently was the initial description of any chinese care are. Chinese character. Not only were they described as but also feminine with faces smooth and soft. Wretched parodies of men. The infantilism asian and in emasculation of the chinese contributed to their image is as physically truncated, not as quite male, not quite adult. Such irresponsible, childlike people would deserve neither citizenship nor the vote. But the attack went deeper. Not only were they denied it and had, but also humanity. He chinese are frequently compared to animals. They are called piggish, wolfish, eellike. Most insidious are the connections to insects. Insects and rodents. In this illustration from mcgees illustrated weekly in 1881, the chinese are coming across as insects. They are in the shape of the United States coming across. One t [indiscernible] the chinese are being portrayed as grasshoppers. One character is compared to a lively flea. The others are coming out of their huts like ants on a hill. The most peculiar transmogrified ,f all, they are what they eat cats, rats, and mice. Typically pictured eating rodents or felines, playwrights delighted showing them consuming these creatures or having characters attempt to them with attempt to fricasee rats. The image of rateater and mouseeater also pervaded the world of advertisement. A chinese man with mouth open wide, poised to consume a rat appeared on a poison label for rats. Another, for an exterminator. Products were named after them. A company had a product called the chinese rat destroyer. They devour it eagerly, the advertisement boasted, confusing and combining rateater and rats. One chinese character was even named rats. In one astonishing cartoon, a chinese immigrant ship approaches america, the chinese jump off, the boat is rats on the far right. They arrive in america as men. They are pictured simultaneously as rodent and human, metamorphosing seemingly at will. Etween the two these graphic images of the chinese as quasihuman reflect the appetite of politicians in washington, perhaps again, in this room, who no doubt lend support to those seeking to exclude them from american shores and deny them citizenship. The picture presented is far from complete will stop. Americans received other images the grinning and cunning chinese archetype from becoming allconsuming. Mixed in with a negative imagery were humans, nobles, and admirable chinese characters and the common stereotype. Dime novelists revealed a split personality. In description, they feared in action, chinese individuals appeared positive and strong. They possessed enviable qualities. They could even emerge as he roes and champions. Focusing on the negative images and shocking or trails would distort the total picture, the total portrait americans encountered. The few historians who have examined the chinese immigrant a in Popular Culture have overlooked them in the dime novel. Claiming they rarely appeared as characters, they remained hidden and the archives for over a century. But a careful reading of dime novels reveals a rich trove of chinese figures. Playing a key role in the nations unfolding history. Sometimes they are genuine saviors. In the 1880 novel, the curse of blood, the chinese immigrant is the center protagonist, appearing on the front cover brandishing a pistol. The novel opens in colorado where a young white woman is traveling to the Rocky Mountains to live with relatives. Accompanying her is her helper and escort, ah sin. On their journey through the rockies, and outlaw holt at the stagecoach and attempt to kidnap you. Sin buyers into the air and foils plot. They continue onward to their new home in the rockies where they settle in with ediths uncle and aunt, both of whom the reader soon learns are fanatic christian religious nuts. Ah sin befriends their daughter and in one of the most lurid scenes involving a Chinese Culture in all of Popular Culture, he leads her to a cave and teaches her to pray to an idol. When her father discovers this, he emits a yell of insane fury and seizes ah sin with his wife urging him to kill him. He beats him and the whipping continues edith interpose as her body between them and orders her uncle to stop. He puts the lash down but remains unsatisfied. A few days later, he concocts a plot to frame the chinese immigrant of murder. The chinese immigrant is arrested and tried and due to the strong prejudice against him, is convicted and sentenced to death. As the novelist explains, a heathen chinese accused was a heathen chinese in guilt it. While he languishes in jail, he convinces some friends to rescue them which is easy to do because they believe they are going to lynch him. The next scene finds edith alone in the woods. Suddenly the outlaw leaps out, seizes her, and threatens to rape her. Edith stands petrified in the moonlight. Then at that very moment, coming she knew not whence, little ah sin appeared at her with a cocked revolver leveled at his heart. Remembering his words, the jack jumps back. He had had one taste of little ah sins metal, and the other was a scare but he believed this one was business. He runs away. A sobbing edith throws her arms around her protector. He without fear called all of the hands of the ranch about him, firing off his revolver and as the novel ends, ah sin proudly tells everyone out twice by himself he had fought off off the rockys mountains most notorious outlaw. Ah sin is an unlikely hero. He possesses many of the common chinese stereotypes. He wears a pay tail pigtail, demeaning accent, diminutive, almondeyed, sickly yellow, forever smiling, with the blandness for which his countrymen are noted. Yet, he is bold, brave, regularly armed, and handles weapons deftly. Despite being quote, a heathen chinese who prays not to a god but a wooden image, he had human feelings as keen as any of us. To whom his god was as deer and reverend as was the uncles to him. Contrasted with the rigid fanaticism of the uncle stands the tolerance of ah sin, who seem to to have none of this edithous prejudice. Says, i would pit his paganism against the christianity any day. The novelist clearly wants the audience to commiserate with ah sin. The worked in evil characters loathe him, while the good and decent love him. Like the chiefy chingo, he helps to right wrongs. With the immigrant on the side of justice. Amid the background of antichinese racism, ah sin emerges as a hero. A veritable heathen champion. By presenting an alternative to the popular image of the greedy, man,ous rat eating china the chinese immigrant has redeeming, even enviable qualities. And ah sin is not alone. His fellow countrymen play crucial roles in other dime novels. Perhaps the most heroic chinese figure in all of 19thcentury Popular Culture was in boy phantom. Unlike the diminutive ah sin, china is strong, muscular, and intimidating. Everything about him is large. Great, broad shoulders. His head surmounted by a black sombrero, china is taller than the average of his race by far. To complement his powerful physique, china carries on his person numerous weapons about his waist, two revolvers in a long bladed knife. And on his back hung a repeating rifle. He carries another weapon in a manner unique in american literature. His hair was worn according to the style of his countrymen, and one long pigtail behind, and to the end was tied a revolver which swung to and fro as he moved like a pendulum. China plays a vital role in the novel. From atop a tree he witnesses a hold up. Three Gunmen Attack a man and his mother, recent pioneers from kentucky. The mother is killed instantly, the boy left or debt. China climbs down and finds the boy still breathing. He extracts the bullet, dress of the load and applies a soothing ointment. He carries the boy to a nearby cabin and cooks him a hearty meal of venison and rice. Under chinas steady eye, guy recuperates. Suddenly the three bandits reappear. China meant mischief. China shoots to the outlaws to death and stabs the third one in the heart. He then constructs a rope hammock and and his strong arms, carries the boy and search of his family. We certainly have been blessed after all of our sorrows, guys father says at the novels conclusion, and we allow our preservation to our noble chinese friend, who i love as though he were my brother. Huskyier and more imposing than ah sin, china is as the heros of dime novels. Chinas chineseness is not emphasized. He possesses few of the demeaning qualities normally assigned to his countrymen. He has adapted to many western ways and western rules. He is ae than ah sin, strong and noble individual. Sin are not unique. And countless stories, the chinese defend themselves. Associate closely with whites and are agents of their own destiny. They carry guns. Li sing brandishes heavy revolvers. One has a massive rolling pin which he hurls or swings at oncoming assailants. In that crowd, the author wrote, the chinaman had his say and no one molested him with his tenpin under his arm. Numerous chinese display skill combat. To hand li sing could fight as well as a white man. Jon li knew boxing and challenged a white man to combat, raining blows upon his face. In silverplated soul, sing so has muscles of iron, fighting like a fullblown cyclone. Accomplished wrestler, the chinese immigrant turned on another like a tiger and grabbed his throat to crush everything between his fingers. In horseshoe hank, he is thrown up over a cliff into a rushing river. Hank survives, as dime novel heroes always do, and seeks revenge. He and wa ho go at it again and a long, tough, drawnout fight. Wahoe pounds hank brutally. Hank back. Hank pounds him back. He had put scorn on the children of the orient and considered himself capable of whipping their best man with one hand. Hank found someone with his own skill. He stops fighting only when his own bones are broken. Oh, you heathen, you will knock the red right off the American Flag and make the british lion roar in the key of g. He fights in the language the american respects, braun and muscle. He fights on their terms in their country with his fist and firearms. The chinese immigrant challenges the white protagonist and participates in the rock em sock em western drama. They are not merely widely incoming, but fears and fearsome. The chinese are often treated with respect in the dime novel and become the confidants and companions, if not the true equals, of whites. In red richard, man from red dog, or brand of the crimson cross, li sing attaches himself to dick talbot. On the bottom left, described as the only christian who had ever done him an act of kindness. He is part of the inner circle. Together they gamble, fight, and defend one another from out outsiders. The novels cover picture presents li, a little dark, but you can see him in the top right in a confident, determined, even manly pose staring straight forthrightly ahead. In cinnamon chip, the golden idol of mount rosa, pigtail pete is part of a similar gang will stop the roaring equinox all thunderstorm of china. The revolver champion the welding batman develops a close relationship with gentle john, who refers to the western immigrant as his western partner. He calls him the squares he then heathen in nevada. After the two heroes fight the forces of evil, the novel concludes with them both attending a friends of wedding. Reappearing in another story, the two are separated in colora. During the course of their adventures. At the end, gentle john announces he is heading to nevada to find hisk darnatin little chinaman, who waits for me. Similarly, pinnacle pete declares he will never leave his chinese companion. In novel after volvo novel there is an air of solidarity and companionship. The chinese still come across as good, decent individuals capable of forming alliances and friendships with white characters. Perhaps even more significant was the length to which dime novelist went to sympathize with defend the chinese, or let chinese defend themselves. Although for bitten in most western states from testifying in court, the chinese appear in various trials in fiction. In rocky mount mountain rob, a gang of thieves plots to steal from a gang of minor. One says, they have no business taking the bread out of the mouths of honest white man. The outlaws torched the camp, killed the chinese, and killed the chinese leader. Because this is too much for decent white men to stand, a posse forms to track down the outlaws. The novel climaxes with their trial. The chinese are asked to testify but were reluctant. One finally comes forward very unwillingly. His experiences had not been particularly pleasant and looked upon the whole white race as foes and oppressors. Nevertheless, the chinese immigrant testifies and so does another. Both present incriminating evidence. As the outlaws appear increasingly guilty, their attorney rises. I protest against this testimony. Is the life of a white man to be sworn away by a china man . The readers are with the chinese. The simple, hardworking sons of the flowery land. Their testimony stands and the outlaws are convicted. Dime novels portrayed the chinese as positive, sympathetic characters. Who dislike them are mean rascally creatures. , chin chin is a good person who comforts passengers after a robbery on a stagecoach during he is later vilified and threatened with death by modest mike. Novelist condemn such bullies who abuse the chinese as hoodlums. lums story after story the chinesehating characters are the bad guys. The chinese and those who defend them, the good guys. Nora, the white heroine after a white mob attacks a group of chinese miners. This is shameful, cant those ruffiansfians vile be driven out and these poor rights,rotect their protect did the in their rights. What rights are we talking about here . The right to emigrate to the United States, find work, steak a claim . In the real world of late 19th century america, most Chinese People were barred from ever obtaining citizenship. They were restricted from testifying against whites in court and widely discriminated against. But in the fictional world of the dime novel, the chinese individual was a human being, a man, and an agent pursuing his own destiny. In examining the image of the chinese in the Popular Culture, it is easy to highlight and make a stock description of how they were per trade as wretched verities of men. Parities of men. But to fully understand the chinese image it is essential to look beyond these negative stereotypes and analyze the actual roles chinese figures played in the storylines and dramas to the most dime novels, these characters are legitimate individuals has developed or undeveloped as their white protagonists. Fully participating in the action, thrill a minute that defined the genre. In these cartoonish tales of daring do, they fight, they die. They compete. Like white male characters, and they defend white women, drink whiskey, defend the law. They make friends, work hard, and rely on wits and their muscles to survive. Like white characters, they might not be respectable. They might begin players, conmen, or thieves. But the chinese are seldom evil. As novelist w. J. Hamilton remarks in 1867, people in the states are apt to form a wrong opinion of these men. Though trampled on an abused by whites, they are for the most part quite an inoffensive to the last degree. In the vibrant world of the dime novel, the chinese danger threatened or undermine american society. In fact, they are part of it. In presenting the chinese, the purveyors of Popular Culture drew unpopular stereotypes. Within these parameters, dime toelist invented characters the interest interviews and entertain their readers. They never asked that our noble chinese friends be loved, but in humanizing and defending them, they did ultimately call for some measure of acceptance. They constantly presented the chinese as victims of problems, not the cause. Nor were the chinese themselves the problem. Rather, the chinese were fellow actors in the epic drama of civilization and violence playing itself out on the vast scale of the american west. More often than not, the chinese were good. In analyzing the image of chinese immigrants in Popular Culture and especially in dime novels in the late 19th century, one finds a rich and varied constellation of characters, attributes, and features. But one does not find a cause for chinese exclusion and secondclass citizenship. For that, we must examine not culture, but politics. [applause] what is the procedure . Do we take questions . Yes . What excuse me i have laryngitis what is the primary audience for the dime novels . Historians love to dispute that. It was mostly a workingclass audience. The images the images that appear in upperclass magazines have similar saint stereotypes appear anywhere but in childrens magazines as well, they usually compare the chinese to irish. It is often he makes the better servant or the better lowerclass is how they are portrayed. In dime novels, that aspect is not included. And the most recent account was a historian who wrote and he emphasizes this was the working people. The mechanic in the factory in the north. Or for the honest working girl in the city. This was the proletarian literature of the time. It is hard to really know but they were by far the biggest selling pieces of literature of the time. Yes . Can you remind me, i forgot when was the chinese exclusion act and when did it come off . Mr. Gyory it was passed on may 6, 1882, for 10 years. It was repassed in 1892 for 10 years, again in 1902, made permanent in 1904 and repealed 1943 during world war ii largely because chinese was our ally. And when it was read yield it set a quote of 105 per years old 105 per year. It was really not appealed and it was really not till the 1960s that immigration opens up again for china. 1882. Yes . So, there were sympathetic views among the working class. So the people who excluded, wanted them excluded, were not workingclass or not voters. Was there anyone in china who had any voice, any power at all to respond . Mr. Gyory china at this point was an extremely weak country and was on the verge of being dominated by japan. This was when japans rise over asia was just emerging. And china actually wants United States friendship as a bulwark against the japanese and a lot of European Countries are going into china, not to colonize it force trade on them. So china is looking for United States friendship to keep this open door policy. So they do not like it but they are sort of forced accepted. There are a couple of chinese ministers to the United States that fight against it but they have virtually no power or authority to change. [indiscernible] when it passed in congress in 1882, it passes overwhelmingly. The vote in the house of representatives is Something Like 25037. There is a lively debate and several congressmen, several senators speak eloquently against it. From is one senator massachusetts who is all but forgotten today, and he meets the fight against it. For his whole life, hes in the senate for the next 20 years. Every time it comes up for a vote, it has fewer and fewer defenders and it becomes national policy. Yes . I am struck a the dichotomy of the cultural which is kinder to the chinese and the politics. Can you talk about how that was so different . You would think the one would influence the other. Mr. Gyory that is an extremely complicated question. That happens is many chinese are coming to america in late 1800s and white workers accuse them of working for lower wages. And of being imported here. Meeting beaver carried in on contracts. Meaning they were carried in on contracts. American workers and unions protest that the importation of Chinese Workers in the late 1800s, they go out of the way to say they are not against chinese immigration, they are against them being brought here on contracts. Politicians in this period, it is like an era today in terms of the democratic and republican parties are virtually equal in numbers. For the last 20 years or so, there been exceptions but we have had some of the closest elections in American History and now were going to see this year, there are like a half dozen battleground states and whoever wins ohio, florida, and a few others will likely win the election. It was very similar in the 1870s and 1880s. Republicans and democrats were nearly evenly divided and anything that could gain a few votes could change an election. What politicians do is they start, they kind of fudge over the arguments about importation and say if we keep the chinese out it will be good for the american economy, good for the working man and it will help the United States. And even the workers have never really been asking for this except for in california it is different but east of the rockies workers could care less. But politicians see immigration as a way to demagogue votes. There is no more visceral issue in American History than race and immigration and when you combine the two, and this is the first time it is really done. It is done against the irish in the 1850s, specifically the first time in gains weight, and it works. The mark of a great talk is when we have to interrupt the questioning for the next speaker. Take you, andrew. Mr. Gyory my pleasure. [applause] American History tv on cspan3. Tonight at 10 00 eastern on real america, more than 110,000 cubans flee cuba. Kilometers to140 key west florida in nearly 2000 boats. Why did they come . Why are there so many . During the spring through fall of 1980, approximately 125,000 cuban refugees arrived in florida. Here, interviews from these new arrivals to america and find out why they left. Sunday morning at 10 00 on road to the white house rewind, a 1992 democratic and republican conventions. Bill clinton accepts his partys president ial nomination in new york city. Bill clinton in the name of the hardworking americans that make up our forgot middleclass, i probably accept your nomination for president of the United States. And incumbent president george h. W. Bush accepts his partys nomination in houston. President bush i am free, proud to receive and im honored to accept your nomination for president of United States. At 4 45, barry lewis on the creation and evolution of new york citys greenwich village. When the l opened, they gave us what we are ready understood. East of six avenue was Washington Square, west of six avenue was a lower west side. Nobody ever crossed that line. Now the people from western six avenue mike ross aligned to work as a servant in Washington Square, by the people in Washington Square never went on the other side of 6th avenue. At 8 00 p. M. On the presidency every time i look at washington, it is unanimous. Unanimous commanderinchief, commander death president of the United States, unanimously reelected president , unanimously appointed as Lieutenant General and commanderinchief of all the armies race or to be raised for service of the United States. What a record. George washington scholar says georgeuez washington continue to meet with political figures from the new capital and was often called upon to craft policy. For the complete American History tv we can schedule, go to cspan. Org. On the civil war, the Georgia Historical Society president todd groce talks about william shermans background. His march to the sea campaign, and how sherman is remembered. He describes shermans method as hard war rather than total war and argues the targets were carefully selected to diminish southern resolve to continue the conflict. The Shenandoah ValleyFoundation Hosted this 50 minute talk. Todd thank you, terry, for that brief introduction. I know everyone appreciates that. Welcome to georgia. I know many of you are traveling from other places and are in our state probably for the first time. We specially ordered this weather for you. I know you have been on battlefields and im glad it has cooperated and we have been able