It is jarring to hear the war of 1812 civil war. For what make the case ive titled it the way that i have. Now, the war of 1812 ordinarily looms fairly small in americans memory. Its ordinarily forgotten as insignificant because it seemed to have ended in a draw that changed no boundaries or changed no policy. Now, at best americans will recall the war for a handful of patriotic icons, the national anthem, the victories of the american warship, the constitution known as old iron sides. For the British Party and burning the white house and then for the pay back in the rightful payback men take against the british army in northerly. These images suggest the war was a defense of the United States against british invasion because all of these episodes come out primarily in the last year of the war, in a period in which the british are mounting a counter offensive. Canadians what americans forget is that the war began and was fought as an American Invasion of canada, and so canadians remember a very different war. They remember they celebrate their victory in the war, and i want to advise you that if you are ever with a canadian, do not say the United States won the war of 1812 [laughter] because they take this seriously. I find this out every time i go through border and go through passport control because they want to ask me why im coming into canada, and i should have learned by now not to tell them the truth. [laughter] i tell them im there to do historical research. Of course, the next question is what are you researching, and then i make my mistake which is to say the war of 1812. Well, this is going to keep me there for another 10 minutes, not that they are more suspicious of me, but just want me to know that canada won the war, and they want to know that i know that. [laughter] so if any of you have been backed up for a long period of time behind my car, i just want to apologize to you. [laughter] now, what canadians remember is their victory as a david over the american goliath. The canadian population was much smaller than the american population. They recall american burning their public buildings first and the capitol of upper canada then called york, but now called toronto, and they had their own patriotic figures, the martyrs secord ucky laura , their equivalent of paul revere now famous for a line of chocolates, but what i want to do in this book is not to try to promote pay treatism on either side of the borderment i think its fine on both sides, but thats not the goal of the book. The book is an attempt at border lands history for those who experienced the war along the border who were invaded by both sides. Its about the relationship of soldiers with civilians, which i think has much more significant than we ordinarily think of in military history. We tend to talk about the jockeying of armies thats important, and we tend to forgot the civilian context in which they operate. Civilians are sources of support, sources of food, and sources potentially of betrayal. The book focuses on a border land that extends from on the east of montreal up to the st. Lawrence river, to the great lakes, into detroit. This is the theater for most of the fighting in the war. It is the primary target of American Invasion. On the american side of the border, of course, its new york state, on the british side of the border, its upper canada. Now, consequently its a difficult different than a conventional history of 1812 which will range all over the globe wherever there was American Forces, and this was a war fought on the high seas including the pacific, fought along the gulf coast, fought along the atlantic coast, especially along chesapeake bay. I have little to say about those topics because i am focusing on the interaction of canadians and americans in this border land. Thats my central story. To compensate for the somewhat limited geographic range, i offer greater depth in time. Its a story that begins with the First American civil war, the American Revolution which , divided americans between those who supported the revolution and those americans who favored the unity of the empire instead. It goes from the revolution through the 1780s and 1790s, first decade in the 19th century before we get to the war, and then it pays considerable attention to the post war consequences for upper canada during the 1820s and 1830s. Now i argue this is a civil war between kindred peoples because the difference between the british and americans is not as clearcut as we think of it in hindsight. We tend to think of the American Revolution as making a clean break and making an american nationality that was distinct from the british, and i argue that process was only partial as of 1812. So the officers and soldiers on both sides experienced this. They see the people they are fighting against as potential converts to their side, and as people who are culturally essentially similar. So you got a great mixing in the United States as irish scots and singers people as well as people born in the United States for andrations, africanamericans, but you find the same mix of peoples over in canada, and so often peoples perception is not that they are fighting americans or british but that they are an irish , person living in america with british regiments and not living in canada. In september 1813, a british lieutenant visited an American Army camp. He had a message to bring to the american commander, and it struck him as strange when he started meeting the officers and hearing their names. Strange indeed did it appear to me to find so many names familiar household words as enemies. The very names of officers in my own army. How uncomfortably like a civil war. He then bantered with an american officer who just returned from shooting birds. He said to the officer, much pleasanter support than shooting one owns kindred . A month later an atrocity by american troops led him to denounce the americans as deserving no mercy in battle. Rascals, their worsen frenchman. [laughter] they are worse and frenchman. [laughter] so said the british officer with a french name. [laughter] now, in this north american civil war, brothers fought brothers at times in a border land of mixed peoples. At kingston in upper canada, he lodged with a mrs. Elizabeth robinson. They are a yankee family and have relatives in the british and American Navy. Another reported that a canadian soldier shot an american riffleman and then ran up to plunder his corpse when, he discovered it was his own brother. But then this canadian soldier coldly remarked, it served him right for fighting for the rebels, when all the rest of his family fought for king george. This is the war of 1812, not the revolution, but for this man as for so many, they regard this as a continuation of the revolution, but the revolution is not over for these people. Dunlap concluded said such is a rancore of political rank that it overcomes nature. We think we have just one civil war from the 1860s which is a much bigger and bloodier affair than the war of 1812. But we need, i think, if we can recall the war of 1812 as a civil war, if we recall just how unstable the American Union and republic was in the generation after the revolution. There was a feeling of many people, the United States including many leaders, that they were embarked on a very risky experiment in the geographic scale, and they were conscious of the powerful regional differences, not just between north and south, but also between east and west, and there was a great deal of anxiety that some people were conspiring somewhere to kind of lead their section off separately, but im wondering if you balance out these regions in a way that would preserve the stability of the country. And then they thought they had a further problem with the native peoples to the west and they , were persuaded that the british were meddling with those native peoples and encouraging them, forming alliances with them to block american expansion, and that this might blow up the American Union if they could fail to expand westward. Then theres concern that grows especially from 1807 on that perhaps british spies are at work within the United States. Perhaps in cahoots with the political minority in the country, the federalists, were feeling quite alienated of their government under the leadership of the Republican Party. Not Todays Republican Party but , the Republican Party of Thomas Jefferson and of james madison. Theres a great deal of insecurity within the United States, and nobodys entirely confident that this is going to endure, particularly if the british remain as their neighbor to the north in canada which is regarded as a source of trouble that could exploit the weakness of the American Union and blow it apart. On the other hand, you will find the same people expressing this conviction that the British Empire in north america could never last, that the british were an unnatural presence in a continent that rightly should have a republican form of government everywhere, and theres anxiety among british leaders after the American Revolution. They are worried whether theyre going to be able to maintain their control over canada, and so no one is certain that the border between the United States, between the United States and canada, between the republic and the empire, is fixed and permanent. On the contrary, most people assume that its either going to move north or south rather than stay put, and so the people who live on either side of the border are regarded as in play in terms of their allegiance, and the war is fought in ways that are meant to persuade people to the open to the possibility of switching their allegiance. And deep within the republic, the politics are so bitterly partisan, that the republicans regard their opposition, the federalists, as cryptoloyalists. In 1812, a writer explained that ideology rather than nationality distinguished the north american republican from a north american loyalist, and that these people could be found on both sides of the border, both republicans and loyalists. As much as the people of the two nations resemble each other in faith, it is notoriously evident that there are some in america whose souls are perfectly british, and it is believed that there are some in britain who are americans at heart. It is not where a man is born or who he looks like, but what he thinks which ought at this day to constitute the difference between an american citizen and a british subject subject to subject. Its not nationality, its ideology. So theres competition between the republic and the empire keeps blurry the National Boundary and National Identities in america through the war of 1812. Now, this overlap of british people and american peoples becomes much more complicated after the revolution because people continue to move around. There are two migration streams in particular that play into this war. The first is of irish people leaving the British Empire and migrating to the United States. They are over 60 of the imgrants who come into the United States between 1783 and 1820, and these are people who are mostly feeling quite alienated from the British Empire and its rule over ireland. A very high proportion of them are politically active, and they are concentrated in places that are very politically strategic in american politics, particularly in the sea port cities of new york, philadelphia, and baltimore, where they are in positions to narrowlyctions in contested states. And they overwhelmingly support the Republican Party and the desire for that party and its administration to have a confrontational Foreign Policy towards the British Empire, and they tend to be enthusiast for the invasion of canada in the hope that it is going to start a process of unraveling the entire British Empire that would liberate ireland as well as canada, so thats one migration flow. So youve got a lot of people considered by the British Empire to still be british subjects because the british believe, british leaders believed, that once youre born a subject, you can never cease to be a subject no matter where you go in the world, no matter what Legal Process of naturalization you may go through, it is completely out of the view of british officials. So they believe, for example, when they find these irishmen on american merchant ships that they have every right to grab them off of the merchant ship and cast them into the royal navy potentially for life, and it is this treatment of former british subjects who believe they have become american citizens that is the prime cause of the war, with the secondary cause being american concern over british alliances with native peoples. Now, the second migration stream i want to talk about is that of americans, people born within the United States moving into canada. Now, of course, we know about the true loyalists who have to go immediately after the war of the American Revolution because they have no choice, and about 6,000 such people go to upper canada. Many more go to the Maritime Provinces of nova scotia and new brunswick, and others go to the west indies, and some will go to england, but on top of that migration stream, theres a subsequent and larger migration stream that becomes known as the late loyalists, and these people the 1700s and the first decade of the 19th century, and there are at least going into upper canada for of these people, about 50,000 compared to the 6,000 true loyalists. Now, some of the people its true they had been passively assisting British Forces during the revolution, but most of them were just people who didnt want to fight in the American Revolution. Most of them were quakers or menonnites. Others were just people looking for cheap land and low taxes which upper canada offered. One of the ironnies of the American Revolution that it increases the price of Frontier Land. Now, one way that settlers can avoid paying the higher price of Frontier Land is to move back into the British Empire because canada was offering virtually free land to anybody who they definitionny remote loyalists. They get free land, take an oath of allegiance to king george, and then go about their business little expecting that a war would come into their midst. Now, these two migration streams then of the irish coming into the United States and of these americans, mostly from the middle Atlantic Region going into upper canada will collide in the war of 1812. Irish americans end up serving in numbers this disproportionate to their numbers in the american population. Now, the way this isnt surprising is immigrants have always served in especially large numbers in the regular armies of the United States, and that continues to this day. And the irish were the number one imgrant group, but its also the case that their political leaders and journalists are great enthusiasts for the war against the British Empire and encourage enlistments. The irish are serving on private warships, called privateers, serving in the American Navy and also serving in the american regular army. Now, when they fight then in upper canada, it turns out that the British Regular regiments that they are fighting against almost all were recruited in ireland, so theres actually a larger percentage of irish people serving in the British Regular regiments in canada than were serving in the american regular regiments, even though they are quick conspicuous on the american side. Perspective, it is a civil war between irish peoples. Its clear that something on the order of 70 of the soldiers serving in canada during this war were irish. Ireland had become a primary recruiting ground for the british army in a period in which that army must expand dramatically because its waging a global war against napoleons empire so they relaxed previous , restrictions on protestants serving in the british army, and ireland becomes a place to recruit troops, and it turns out that they sent a lot of these tubes to canada and would continue to do so as they reenforced those troops during the course of the war. Now, because the british have been very nervous that these irish soldiers in their regiments might desert and go over to the americans, its important for them to make a point of punishing american soldiers who happen to be irish who are captured in american defeats, of which there are many in canada. When they would capture these Irish American soldiers or sailors, they gave them a harsh choice. You must now enlist in British Forces, become a british soldier or sailor, or you must stand trial as a traitor in which the penalty is death. Now, if any of the people previously served in military forces and it could be proved, these people were not given a choice. They were simply executed. Now, if they were people to who had immigrated to the United States without prior military experience or at least prior military experience that could be proved, they were given a choice. Most People Choose to go into the british military. Now, this doesnt mean they are fickle people. I think most of us would make the same choice, and these people are calculating that the day is going to calm when they can desert and get back to the American Forces, which they could not do if they had been hung. Now, there are 23 soldiers, and then later theres another 59 soldier, and then later another 101 sailors who all refuse to accept going into British Forces, and they are sent to england for trial, but the initial group of 23 become the test case. Irish american political figures within the United States make it quite clear to the Madison Administration that they have delivered, for madisons reelection in 1812, and they are delivering hundreds and thousands of Irish Americans to serve in the American Forces, and that all of thats going to come to a halt if the United States does nothing, should the british end up hanging any of these 23 men. So the United States then tells the British Government that they are going to take 23 captured british officers, turns out many of them were irish [laughter] because they were captured in canada where most of the forces were irish and british, so you got irish being held hostage on both sides for the fate of the others. British commanders said fine, were setting aside 46 american captured officers for the fate of those 23 that youre holding hostage on top of the initial 23 that we have. The United States says, fine, and they set set aside 46 british officers and ncos because at that point they were running out of captured british officers. [laughter] and this goes on with the british doubling what the american had until all the ncos heldnd in ceo prisoner by both sides and designated as hostages so if the british proceed to execute any of the original 23, its going to set off a blood bath. Now, in the end, the british decide not to do this because they would like to get out of this war. They would not like it to last forever, and so they know that negotiating a peace with the United States would be very difficult if both sides have the blood of lots of prisoners on their hands, so and finally i just want to talk about native peoples, which is an additional war,sion of the civil because native people side on both sides, and native nations are divided by the war because natives of the same nation lived on either side of the boundary which had been run against their will through their midst in the wake of the American Revolution, and so you have people that we often call the irqua and shawnees living there. You find them fighting as allies of the british and of the United States respectively, and the same plays out for the other natives. So this is a north american civil war, i argue. One in which americans are fighting americans because those americans who are settled within upper canada are under pressure to serve as a militia against the american invaders, and so i think the very First Casualty of the war is an upper canadian militiaman who is shot by an american sniper. Well that upper canadian militiaman was an american by birth. So when forces go to canada and their opponents include upper canadian militia, its americans against americans overwhelmingly because the americans who settled in upper canada were at least 60 and twothirds of canadas population by 1812. Its also a civil war of irish people against irish people. Its a civil war within the theish empire over whether British Empire extends to wherever its subjects go in the world, and finally its involving native people on both sides of the border and of the war. Now, ultimately by telling the story of this borderland war, i want to say it is less about some sort of nationality understood as ethnicity than it is as a contest between a republic and an empire for the allegiance of diverse peoples who lived on both sides of the border. Both republicans and here im talking about people who ideologically are committed 20 a republican form of government both republicans and loyalists, and here i mean anyone loyal to the mixed constitution of great britain. Republicans and loyalists both suspected the continue innocent was not big enough for their rival systems, republic and mixed constitution. One or the other would have to prevail in the house divided. Like the revolution, the war of 1812 was a civil war between competing visions of america. Either one still loyal to the empire or the other defined by its republican revolution against that empire, a revolution that was still ongoing, but neither side would reap what it expected from the war. Frustrated in their fantasies of smashing the other, the loyalists and the republican americas had to learn how to share the continent and to call coexistence victory. By ending and a standoff in concluding the revolution the , war of 1812 had the greatest of consequences for north america. Thank you. [applause] when we take questions, the mic will be passed around, so if you would wait until you get the microphone before asking your question, ill just begin the questions, and if any would like to raise their hand, they can be given the microphone in the mean tame. Alan, you are most interested in the civil war aspect, but i wondered if you wanted to say a little about what the british hoped to gain by the war of 1812 . Were they really just interested in neutralizing america while siding the major war in europe, or sometimes this is portrayed as a war as almost attempted reconquer, but really their plans were limited, were they not . Well, the British Empire like the United States has divided leadership, and youre quite right that the majority view is that the british have more important business to deal with in europe, which is napoleon, obviously so. They are fighting for their empire and way of life and prosperity. They felt that the United States had basically committed a soccer sucker punch on britain that was doing the worlds good deed by containing this after world domination. When you read about napolitan, its not too far off about what people would say about hitler. And so, they have a hard go of it. Certainly theyve prevailed on the high seas, but when the war napoleon is at the crest of his power launching his invasion of russia and French Forces are still predominate in spain, where wellingtons army is heavily engaged. So the goal number one of the war is lets end this as quickly as we can, but see if the americans will listen to reason. Lets see if we can negotiate a quick exit and avoid sending anymore than the minimum number of reenforcements than we need to go to canada. Thats the predominant perspective. The minority opinion is the americans, how dare they attack us when we were down. This shows us you cannot trust these people with the republican form of government. Boy, wouldnt we love to blow them apart . Wouldnt it be great if we could really encourage the new englanders to separate . Wouldnt it be great to encourage the slaves to run away . Wouldnt it be wonderful to get indian peoples to reclaim lands south as far as the ohio . Theres many people in the field either admirals or generals operating in canada who allow this kind of wouldnt it be great thinking to inform their actions and to inform their advice back to the home government. And once napolitan goes down in the spring of 1814, that view is appealing to policymakers in london, and they think, yeah, we really need to negotiate a much tougher boundary and talk through back channels and doing and grabbing new orleans and think about kind of stifling American Development in the west that many things might be possible now, so that kind of much more aggressive view of the possibilities surges in the fall of 1814. Then, diplomatic relations in europe seem to sour in the late fall of 1814 and looks to be another war in europe, and then the older predominant view of a war in north america as a distraction and comes back and the negotiators get strick instructions to get out of the war. Give americans terms saying well give you back the territories, restore the boundary that it was at the start of the war, well agree, we wont talk about the sailors, moot point anyway, we dont need a big navy and well just go our ways and just try to be friendly from now on. So in the end, its kind of like these three acts, and the longest first act is how you described it. Theres a brief second act in which they are toying with the idea of really trying to blow up the republic and the union, and then the third act in which they agree to make a peace that allows the union and the republic to endure. So what was the motivation for the Indian Tribes to fight on either side . I dont think they would have viewed the british or the americans as friends. Well, they have much more reason to view the british as potential friend. The american numbers are much larger so, you know, the United States in 1810 is over 7 million people. It doesnt seem large to us, but if youre about 100,000 native peoples and the neighbor with 7. 2 million people, and in canada theres 300,000 people. British canada is less of a threat to common native peoples than is the United States at that time. The british recognized that they are greatly outnumbered by the american population, and so they need indian allies, thats why they make alliances on the other side of the border which from the british perspective is a border that shouldnt really exist anyway. So the native peoples, the great majority of them, saw the british as very useful allies to have and preferred to fight on the british side, particularly when commanders are promising them theyll roll back american settlements back to the ohio river. So the shawnee leader is the most influential of the indian war cheese and he is trying to build the confederacy of indian nations that will be allied with the British Empire. It is a much tougher question to answer why would native peoples support the United States . Well, they are peoples who are living on reservations in which they are essentially surrounded by american settlements. And early in the war, the americans tell the indian peoples we dont want you involved. They insisted that it was barbaric for the british to be employing indians in the war, and the americans were going to take the high moral ground by not employing indians. This turns out to be disastrous because they are affective in the forced warfare which is what most of the war consistents of in canada and contribute to some very embarrassing defeats by American Forces that invaded canada. So come 1813, Many American officers are saying, ok, we tried the high road, now we want our own indians, and they put pressure on the indians within the reservations that, look, you need our friendship, and you better come and help us. Now, there are some native peoples that have their own reasons to be involved in war in part because young men want to prove themselves as warriors and kind of being stuck in these reservations is no way to do that. So initially theres some warming to this idea on the part of these indians who end up allying with the United States, but theyll rethink this when they find themselves in combat and find out that some of the people they are fighting against are their own kin. Could you stand up . Phil williams, thank you for this fascinating talk. I really enjoyed this tremendously. Could you drop down from the northern border and speak more specifically about the back succession in the New England States in particular at that time . Right. England states were very hostile to the war, or i should say, the majority was hostile to the war. One of the ironnies is that its a primary recruiting ground for american regular regimens. Regiments. Regiments. New england is a divided region. There is a republican minority, and they have strong supporters of the war, and so american regiments are heavily recruited in new england, but the majority of people in new england are federalists opposed to the war, and they just see one disaster after another unfolding in the war, and they see their commerce being cut up by the royal navy, and so theres something a little close to there is an economic recession going on in new england making people bitter. They are feeling theyve been confined to a permanent minority status in the nation that seems to be perpetually governed by virginians, which new englanders had a hard time getting their mind around. Washington was great, but then jefferson and now its monroe following him. So theres this very kind of antivirginia attitude that develops in new england saying this is a plot to destroy new england, and so if you believe that then you think theres no , place for you in the union anymore. These people start to saying thatcklessly unless new england can conduct its own defense, theyre going to have to seek a separate piece. Peace. And we know that the governor of massachusetts sends a secret adversary to chat with nova scotia saying what if we were to stop paying taxes to the United States and stop recognizing the authority of the United States, would britain extend protection over new england . The governor of nova scotia says, well this is a higher pay grade to decide this. I will send to london for this. Now, while this is going on convention is being held in which the delegates talk and say do we dare do this now . This is the fall of 1814. They decide they dont dare, but they make provocative demands for a set of nonstarter amendments to the u. S. Constitution, including that you couldnt have a president from the same state succeed each other, and that [laughter] well, thats not very well coded. [laughter] so these are nonstarters, and then theyre going to have a convention in the spring. They think the war is still going to be going on, and they just want to be prepared. If the United States is faltering because its basically a bankrupted country. The credit was gone by the fall of 1814. They might have made the leap in the spring. We wont know because peace comes along to interrupt all of this. Since were here in jefferson land, jefferson said that the conquest of canada is a mere manner of marching, and i was wondering if you got the sense that either in washington or actually on the ground on the american side of the border, that was sort of an active understanding of how this plays out. Wave our flag and hand out an invitation, and there would be no real fighting in the war of 1812. Well, theres a widespread belief that there will be some fighting, but it will be very easily one. It is in large part because they think, well, look, most people in upper canada are american, and they wont fight us. Well deal with the British Regularrers and roll over them easily, so jeffersons quotes say we can get to the gates of quebec in year one of the war, and then year two will be mopping up, capturing quebec and oust the british forever from north america. Well, thats a fantasy to go that far, but a lot of people who thought he was right about conquering upper canada really quickly. Quebec is a very serious fortress, and would be a tough nut for the American Military to have cracked given their lack of much of a professional army at that point. Jefferson is not alone on that because the republicans think this is going to be a cake walk and they thought troubles would come at sea, and so the ironny is that the republican Political Leadership really didnt like the navy, and didnt want to invest money in it. They saw the army as more Cost Effective and expected to win the war on land. Well, what does year one bring them . Disasters on land. One after another. Meanwhile, this little navy is winning victories that strategically dont amount to anything, but in terms of moral on both sides, british dont expect to ever lose oneonone ship battles. They just dont do that with the french, even when the french have more powerful ships. But they are losing them all the time to the americans, and its impossible to understate how shocking this is to the british, and the americans are thrilled by this. So you get calhoun and henry clay who never voted a dollar on before, i think, and now they are saying they are victorious, and they start investing in the navy. So its a war in which i would stay like all wars doesnt play out the way anybody expects it to, so these naval victories end up in the long term being, you know, very important. Thats why i got the u. S. Constitution on my tie today because thats what we remember now is these great naval victories and probably most of us would be hardpressed to name the crushing defeats the americans suffered in 1812 and 1813 on canadian soil. The areas that youve focused on in the book, you know, the upper lakes and canada, i know, of course, it was a key area to strategically during the revolutionary war and the lead up to saratoga, and are the ideas similar in using the plain as a corridor in the hudson and seeing that as the key to yuling controlling the northern states. Well, the United States potentially has many more military resources in the war of 1812 than it had in the revolution. Its got an up and running government, starts the war with public credit, its got something of an army and navy, and it doesnt have to start all the things from scratch the way the American Revolutionaries had. The American Revolutionary despite the limited resources are very aggressive about invading canada early because they regard having the british on their northern flank to be a Great Security risk because of british influence with native peoples. So the americans do the sensible thing. They invade the natural invasion route, the invasion route used during the seven years war which is lake champlain. Its the easiest way to move an army with all of its equipment is by water. And, of course montgomery and Benedict Arnold. Montgomery is going that route, and Benedict Arnold is doing a whacky route through my beloved state of maine, that he barely survives. Monmontreal which the american patriots capture and then move to quebec and beseech that and besiege that and attack it and are defeated there, and its a long roll back during 1776 and driven out of canada. Well, that would have been the natural strategy to pursue, and its the one suggested by jefferson that they are going to target montreal first and then move on to quebec. Thats i you win a war in canada, because everything upper stream, upper canada, is going to fall anyway because you cult cut them from from reenforcements and supply, cut them off from quebec, the British Empire, thats the key to winning, and everybody understood that sort of. The problem is the United States doesnt feel it has enough regular soldiers to take on in the first year of the war an attack against montreal, so they are casting about, where can we use smaller forces and win something so that we can impress voters before the fall election and build Popular Support for this war which is a little shaky , in the country right now. We need victories. They are looking for places for easy victories, and they decide upper canada, so even though strategically it makes no sense to invade upper canada, you should be invading lower canada , what we now call quebec. They invade upper canada from the worst possible place which is from detroit, which is at the far end of the line because , thigh have been fooled by an incompetent military commander into believing he could win a quick and easy victory by invading western upper canada from detroit. It turns out as disastrously as possible because after a brief defeat in canada, he panics and runs back to detroit. He surrenders without firing a shot. So fall of 1812 instead of having a glorious victory somewhere in canada, they got a set of disasters, the worse of which is the loss of detroit, and its just going to be really tough going thereafter in waging this war. Well, alan taylor sits on the Advisory Board in monticello, and its been great to have him back here, and we wish him every success with his reinterpretation of the war of 1812. Thank you very much. [applause] thank you. Appreciate it. Thank you. On history bookshelf, here from the countrys best known riders of the past decade every saturday at 4 00 p. M. Eastern. Visit website, cspan. Org history. Youre watching American History tv, all we can, every we can come on cspan3. Join American History tv tonight on the civil war as historians and authors talk of lincolnsacts Reelection Campaign in 1864. They explore lincolns expansion of president ial war powers, his relationship with both democratic and republican newsmakers, and the impact of the soldiers vote. A. M. Andonight at 6 00 10 00 p. M. Eastern time on cspan3s American History tv. Year, cspans touring cities, excellent American History. Next, a look at our recent visits to lafayette and west lafayette, indiana. Youre watching American History tv, all weekend, every weekend, on cspan3. If you are lafayette in the 1960s and you are pregnant woman, you mightve had the baby in the car because you are stuck between two trains