With help from our Comcast Cable partners we will ask for the history of the city. Visit the Brigham YoungUniversity Museum of paleontology the hear about how one man changed the way dinosaur skeletal remains are displayed in museums. Mr. Fluhman the metal rods the support of the animal are hidden within the bounds. When you can hide the armature in the steel supports, the animal looks more alive. Later, see artifacts recovered from one of provos early structures in the story they tell about the lives of the towns first settlers. Mr. Scheetz when we look back at how our ancestors lived, the little bits and pieces that we uncovered tell that story. We begin the hour i taking a look at the settlement of provo and how it is changed over the years. Mr. Fluhman provo has a difficult early story. Of the big narrative of mormon settlement of the region is about coming into this place in aching at work even though earlier american and even british and other explorers never chose to settle here. This was seen as a difficult place to live, and not a desirable patch of land. That was part of the logic for morgans mormons taking it quickly. They wanted to the isolated quickly from american settlers so they would have run into the same kind of conflict experienced in the east. That dream is only partially realized because not only does the gold rush bring some 30,000 nonmormons are utah in the first three years of settlement, five years of settlement, 20,000 or so native americans here. The stories became as difficult as the ones the mormons experienced before. Misunderstanding, cultural alienation, violent conflict and displacement. This time native americans were out of their traditional homelands. It becomes a difficult story to tell. Human beings of been here for a very long time. First when the angloamerican settlers arrived inhin with intent to stay 1849 they were already lots of people here. Native americans and call this area home for hundreds, even thousands of years. It has been the site of the largest concentration of native americans in what is now utah. Tempanogit band of utes were to the west and they had longer home here because of the resources clinical with the game in the resources and the trout. They were able to fish the provo river where it meets utah lake. They had a major Population Center here. When the latterday saints 1847 they chose the Salt Lake Valley to the north. In 1849, a selecting group of latterday saints came to settle in provo. Sits atlement of provo broader settlement pattern for the 1840s and 1850s and 1860s. Partlya was that religious but hardly as well. There is a religious component in the idea of that mormons have a Strong Center place and a Satellite Community or branches. It would support a kind of Center Capital place. Their language about this was religious. Their idea about it came out of their own sacred texts. That theical side was land in these valleys was not easy to come by. Timber was hard to come by. Arable land seem to be strips along the creeks and rivers coming out of the mountain canyon. In terms of large Population Centers, this was a pressing question environmentally for early mormon settlers. The establishment of provo and other communities along what is now the front follows a pattern. Where one could locate near canyon and have the benefit of its water and is easy access to timber. Mormon communities popped up, radiating outward from Salt Lake City albeit a Southern Idaho. Eventually all the way down to what is now california, san bernardino. One of the endpoints of the socalled mormon corridor. The United States has a bible belt. There is a book of mormon belt for mormon settlement as well. It really does stretch from Southern Idaho three utah, Northern Arizona and into southern california. That is part of the story. These little satellite communities eventually spaced strategically so that in a day you can reach another mormon settlement. One of Brigham Youngs ideas was this was a way to get european converts eventually the utah safely. They could maybe come by way of maybe san diego. That eventually changed with the transcontinental railroad. They got a cheaper and safer way to get mormon converts from europe. Thisnally yet it was string of settlements that would form a kind of mormon corridor. Provo was one of those early satellite communities. Some of the architecture that remains from the 19th century has a distinctly mormon feel to it. Most prominently now is the Provo City Center temple, which for years was the provo tabernacle. 2010 the interior was destroyed by a fire. Less than a year later the church of jesus christ of latterday saints announced they temple, theose as a most sacred of the expressions of architecture for latterday saints. It is now one of the churchs 150 working temples. Before that it had been a cultural, ecclesiastical center for community. We might call it a sacred geography for early mormon settlement. Townis that the center of at a church building. This is true for provo as well. The City Center Temple on the side of the tabernacle which is on the side of an earlier tabernacle, that was all the center of the community. Earlyenter space latterday saints saw this biblical, maybe evoking a kind of New Jerusalem idea. Its also very american. Puritan communities have the same kind of centrality of the church. Early mormon settlements in utah, its not unusual to find either a standing tabernacle war where one used to be at the center of town. Pretty telling symbol about the way those early settlers envisioned their community. The church literally was the center. Latter day saints have a strong educational ethic very early on. When they established their community in western illinois they got a charter from the state to establish a university in the city. Indicative of their yearning for education that would be in some waste secular but in some ways to be able to keep their own children and their own faith. Education always have this kind of both secular and spiritual component. When mormons come the utah that educational ethic comes with them. The was the site of one of major educational institutions in the Intermountain West in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Is thevo city Library Current title, but it long served as the Brigham Young academy. The beginnings of the academy are the result of a couple of named dusenberry. They established a private school in provo. It struggled financially. Eventually Brigham Young himself was involved in the recharge rate of that school in the mid1870s. Name as ay bore his result. He had a strong hand in establishing its charter, its mission, and he continued to struggle. Did that in a building that far from here and eventually burned down. This is the result. This beautiful building. The 1890s result of trying to reestablish the academy again. This campus moves a little bit north of here in the early 20th century and becomes eventually Brigham Young university once it begins granting a selected number of doctorate degrees. Privately it is kind of Academy Financial structures change in the church itself takes over the university. It becomes a private university that is directed by an funded by the church of jesus christ of latterday saints. It is in a way it reflects the early vision of Brigham Young. It has a strong secular component, secular learning, but it maintains a mormon identity and a kind of religious mission as well. In a way even the modern Brigham Young university reflects this early instinct of Brigham Young who charted it back in 1875. Linked toentity is educational institutions. There is no question about that. The fact that 30,000 plus students coming through the institution now, it is unquestionably shaped the way provo has developed over time. Part of this is in terms of demographics as well. The county we are in, utah county, over 80 latterday saints. The county just to the north, salt lake county, nowhere near that. Evenlake city is pretty between latterday saints and nonlatterday saints. Somewhere in the mid 60 percentile in terms of its mormon population. Denses an unusually mormon demographic center, both inside and outside the kind of provo area. This is referred to as happy valley. By dormancyly so know that this is a very culturally mormon place. And maybe a little bit more andically by folks who come cant for the life of them find a bar or have a difficult time finding that cup of coffee in the morning. Has avalley to them little bit different feel to them. It is definitely what makes provo provo. All weekend, American History tv is featuring provo, utah. Cspan cities towards staff recently visited many sites showcasing the citys history. It is located approximately 40 miles south of Salt Lake City utah lake, the largest freshwater lake in the state. Learn more about provo all weekend here on American History tv. It never gets old. Coming into a Dinosaur Museum or itking back in collections, is always a sense of discovery. That isleontologists, what i guess we feed off of. The sense of discovery. Whether it is in the field of the collections or in the lab in preparation. We are always discovering things. When you walk through a museum that has mounted dinosaurs you see things youve never seen before. It is discovery all over again. James jensen was a really unique character. He went about things his own way. He Left High School without graduating. The interesting thing about it he reallying that didnt like to be at one place for very long because he liked learning. You like the adventure. He liked different places all the time. Every job he had sort of lead to something else. This sense of adventure was always key and he was always up collecting things. Amassed such a large collection, probably as large as , and if things got prepared it was understood that a lot of these animals were new to science. Newollected at least eight species of animals, dinosaurs and pterosaurs. And some of the largest dinosaurs in the world of the time. He became worldfamous. He was known as dinosaur jim. Alosaurus and cantosaurus. He was contacted to mount in 1961. These animals were found in utah and a quarry. Jim jansen was brought into normally mount them but to make bone, to mold original and put them in mounted dinosaurs. When mounting the dinosaurs, jim jensen would bore holes through these casts. The armature itself, the metal rods that supported the animal is hidden within the bounds. Along the vertebrae column and within the legs, the armatures are hidden within the lifelike bones. Armaturecan hide the and the steel supports the animal looks more alive in the sense that you get the feeling that these are bones but it brings life to these bones. Now is there at collections room. This is where all the bones of event prepared get brought into. Most of these bones here that you see were collected by jim jensen. We are still preparing bones that he collected. We are still studying them. Some of these things are still laying in a plaster jacket that we collected while we were out in the field. Petrified. That means it is somewhat turned to rock. That does not mean it is all rock. Some of these bones are as soft as graham crackers. Totakes a special care stabilize and glue these bones together. In addition, these bones are all fractured up and placed in the matrix or rock itself. It is our job to take the rockaway and to keep the bone in its best condition as we can. These bones have gone through a very diverse history. Some of these animals, when they died they rotted. They were scavenged on. They were trampled on. They were washed down streams and broken further in some cases. There is a lot of history that goes on in these bones. Those are some of the studies we do here. Some of these large, very large bones like you see right here we have got one neck vertebrae of a supersaurus. A lot of this bone is smashed. It is because the stones were nomadic in life. They had chambers within them that were filled with air. Much like birds do today. This four foot neck vertebrae off of a supersaurus was much lighter than it is today. It is all rock. All the empty spaces have been filled in the minerals. Dinosaurs, itand helps us understand hurts today. Museum is just a sort of the tip of the iceberg of what we go out and collect. A lot of things that are collected out of the field are not nicely articulated dinosaurs. We find a lot of parts. Museums were together and we exchange casts so we can sometimes mount a dinosaur. The important thing is not so much a mounted dinosaur, even though that is cool and we can present that to the public. Even findingce parts helps us answer questions of what life was like maybe some 150 million years ago. Our Comcast Cable partners worked with cspan cities towards staff will be traveled to provo, utah to explore its history. Provo was settled by mormons in 1849. It is home to Brigham Young. Niversity, founded in 1885 learn more about provo. American history tv. Mr. Lee read smoot was an early Mormon Apostle and also a u. S. Senator. Being an apostle of the church running for National Office did not sit well with some. And so there was a long series of hearings, testimony called to occur for eldar smoot he would be allowed to sit in the senate. The called on the testimony of leaders of the church and others. Joseph f smith, the nephew of the founder of the lds church. He was called to testify, and it they would ask him a series of questions, mostly about the practice of polygamy. At that time, president smith was a practicing polygamist. There are some very good political cartoons related to two this time period. Looking through the papers, unfortunately, i did not see any about smoot, but these relate to this time. Some might be related to the fears that were going on. Some of these relate to the testimony of president smith. There were some things that were said that put the church in a bad light, or put him in a bad light, that maybe were not the most helpful to senator smoot at that time. This one is showing how some people felt after hearing president smiths testimony. There were Many Political cartoons of that time. I know there were books published about that. While this was going on, and the polygamy being the main focus of these hearings going on, what is interesting about that is that he was not a practicing polygamist. His father was. It was in his family and there were those at the church and others who were practicing that. But he was not. At that time, he only had one wife, alfa, or alley. After his first term as a senator, smoot served for four more terms, five total, for a combined 30 years in the senate. During that time he was involved with several very important pieces of legislation. I will focus on a couple here. He had been a big proponent of the National Forest service, which had been around for several years at that time. He was friendly toward the idea of government being able to manage the public lands of the nation. He tried to pass several bills over a series of years basically establishing a National Park service, but unfortunately, they failed for one reason or another. When he came into 1916, senator william kent of california was trying to draft legislation basically establishing a National Park service. Reed smoot jumped on board to try to help him and do what he could to push that legislation forward. Eventually, they were successful. To him, it was a great day. He saw it come to be. In his personal diaries, july 12, 1916, he writes, i attended a meeting of the Public Lands Committee and reported to the senate a measure ive been interested in for many years past passed. A few years after the National Park service, senator smmoooot o worked to establish zion National Park in southern utah. Here is a photograph taken from isit that he went on with in the 1920s with president warren g. Harding. The second most prominent piece of legislation that senator smoot was involved in eventually became known as the smoothawley tariff act of 1930. They felt the need to pass the legislation and the time you did, 1930s because it was the first stages of the great depression, the main goal was to protect american jobs as well as farmers from foreign competition. This act was really a way to combat that. However, as people got into the meat of it, raising tariffs to these record levels was seen by a lot of economists at the time, and even some Major Business somewhat actually quite controversial and many of them protested it. Course,he time, of senator smoot felt like this was a positive thing, like this would boost the economy. It would help protect jobs and their interests. In his entry on friday, june 13, 13, 1930, he talked about the fact he was crowded with callers until 10 00. He talked about getting several speeches about the tariff act. At the very end he said the house will agree with it and it will be sent to the president for his approval and i know he will do so. Unfortunately, this was one of his last acts as a senator and its kind of gone down as one of his unfortunate legacies, not the most positive way to end his time as a senator. Senator smoot in his 30 years in washington became pretty good friends with many of the president s there and many of them respected him highly. Within his papers there are a few letters we have from some of the president s that he served under. A couple i wanted to point out. One here there are a couple here, actually, from theodore roosevelt. This one here is an original copy of one from president roosevelt. It says basically, dear senator, he talks about a report senator smoot had sent him. I had not seen that report, but if i had, i should have known it was false. Thank you for writing me. This was a year after the hearings had started. A sort of a piece of evidence if you want to call it that showing that senator smoot, even during the time all the hearings going on was still doing his job as a senator and able to function as a senator at that time. We have a copy of a letter in possession of the smoot family, but i wanted to bring it out just because its indicative of how president roosevelt felt about senator smoot. He says, i have your letter of i have your letter, you are a staunch friend of the service. Seen, you havee been sound for the nation and the people on all questions that have come a. What you say carries great weight with me. As a young senator, this there he influential president very influential president is able to leave a very positive impression. Another thing i was impressed by as i read through the papers is how personal of a relationship he had with these president s. This letter from Woodrow Wilson dated august 14, 1914, just a few month after president wilson lost his first wife to illness. Of course, this is also during the beginning of world war i. A lot mustve been on his mind. It was a very difficult time for him. Senator smoot had written to president wilson, giving his condolences for the loss of his wife. President wilson writes back, i am sincerely grateful to you. Sympathy does strengthen and sustain and i want to say that your kind message was a most welcome evidence of your kindness and personal thoughtfulness. Being from different parties as well, i think that says a lot. About that relationship he was able to have, and kind of bridge those gaps. All weekend, American History tv in utah. D seems in the u. S. Other senators are stationed in brazil, england, hosted by our will,t Cable Partners many sites show kidding the rich history. Weekend, here on American History tv. We are in the special all collections. We collect utah history. We collect different parts of western americaa in utah, idaho, nevada and the first item i wanted to show was how the park came to be. There was a man who prevailed on the government to go into this part of the country. In 1871, he took a government expedition in. He came in with an artist and came in with a photographer. And these men were able to put on paper and film what they saw. And so between his paintings and jacksons photographs, which was one of the driving forces that enabled the legislation in 1872 to pass and grant signed the authorization in march of 1872 for the first National Park, which was yellowstone. Here is a ren dishon of morans water color of the canyon of the yellowstone. Heres one of mammoth springs. Then we have jacksons photograph of the lower fall. This is the 1871 print of his one of his pictures on glass plates, keep in mind that they had a glass plate. Couldnt enlarge it. The plate was as large as the picture. They had to coat it and then expose it and then fix it and keep track of it. Heres one of mammoth springs. Then we have jacksons photograph of the lower fall. This is the 1871 print of his one of his pictures on glass plates, keep in mind that they had a glass plate. Couldnt enlarge it. The plate was as large as the picture. They had to coat it and then expose it and then fix it and keep track of it. They were on mules and horses. The very essence its a miracle we have any of them. A lot of the park was driven by how could i make money. We understand part of it was that railroads were making their move west and in order to fund and to make a business out of it, they had to have places they wanted to go. So the Northern Pacific railroad, which was going to be on through montana, which would have been bozeman and on out to the pacific coast, they wanted to advertise and capitalize on the yellowstone park. And it was to their best interest to make it as alluring as possible. So they began to fund either blatantly or behind the scenes these hotels that were being built. They were funding these different corporations who were building these things to entice the public to have somewhere to go and save while they traveled through the park. Along this time, there was a man named f. J. Haines working for the railroad as their photographer and he began to see the ability of the park, its scenic value, both in scenery and as a business. In 189 1883, he made himself the parks official photographer and started coming in each summer to take photographs of the park and sell them as part of his business. But in 1887, f. J. Was one of the first people to go into the park in the winter time and he took 42 glass plate pictures, but the photographs that he brought out were amazing. These were this is a picture of the group that was going by the cliffs. Heres a picture of the lower part of the basin. The winter of 1897. And whats interesting is that this shows this is the Upper Geyser Basin and shows people on skis moving through the snow. One of the best pictures i like is here this is the lower falls. If you look real close, you can see the ice dome that builds in front of the falls as the spray comes down. As he was given the photographic concession, the concession contained he made a guide book and he sold his first guide book and it came out in 1896. This is his 1896 guide book. You can see where he used his photographs. A lot of written word and different images. He had a map that was in the back here and it had some advertisement in the back which is the way they did things. They had the advertisement in the back of the book. He had an 1896 guide book. This is 1897, this is 1907, 1916, 1924. This is 1935. This is 1936. They made a change in the cover. And this was their last, 1966. As you look through this one, you can see how the maps changed. There was more maps. There was more concise pictures. He had flowers, he had birds. It was a complete guide book. These were meant to be kept. We have a complete set from 1896 to 1966. The company was sold by his daughterinlaw in 1969. Along with the guide books, the park was used by the different railroad companies. There was the Northern Pacific. There was the union pacific. There was the burlington northern. These railroads came up to the edges of the park at different times. The first one was the Northern Pacific. And they started using the images of the park to advertise coming on their railroad, to come to the park. It was just a brochure that had their time tables. This is the garden station, this is the northern entrance. This shows how the Northern Pacific would view. It would give you some idea of what you were going to see. Theres the divide. And they would give you what their i tin area was, what you would see in the park. They had very artistic renderings. Heres old faithful and almost see the brush strokes are very apparent. This is the burlington route and the Northern Pacific and had standard tours. Usual what you were going to see, the lodges and some of the idea to perk your interest into wanting to do this. This one here is for children. They took the theme. They had coloring books. They were looking at all parts of the family. One of the interesting things about these travel possible terse is we see during this same time, it was the rise of middle class and disposable income. President taft puts an article in the New York Times that says you should have two, three weeks off to rejuvinate yourself. We see the idea of this stuff why this is going on. This helps us to understand who we are. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2016] we continue with our look at the history of provo. Our culture is who we are and when we look back at how our ancestors lived, the life they lived and how difficult it might have been, that reflects on us because that is who we are. Those are our roots. In the bits and pieces that we uncovered tell that story. The most important thing about archaeology is finding the pieces of history that complete the story. The differences over the Meeting House originate with the early lds church in the eastern United States and the central United States. The Meeting House for them to worship and was always there. But the problem was building one when you first arrived. So when you come to a new area, they would build a fort and for years, they would meet together in a fort for worship. The Meeting House itself brings up brader cohesion to the community. It becomes the center of life, especially of the latterday saint community. After they had been in utah valley for seven years, Brigham Young finally told them it was time to build the Meeting House. In 1856 they built began construction. In 1861, they thought they were almost done and they built the capstone to go over the door that said erected in 1861. Unfortunately, it took another six years to finish the building so it was completed in 1867. It took them 11 years to finalize the building. 20 years later 10 years later, the second tabernacle was begun. The first Meeting House continued to be used, but it became more of a civic center where they could hold county fairs and they can house art displays and sometimes they even removed the benches and played asked paul in it. They really did take on this communitysocial aspect more than a Meeting House. In 2010, the second tabernacle caught on fire and burned in december oak 2010. It was such a tragic loss for the community. Everybody loved that building. It was still the heart of the community. So when it burned down, everyone is afraid of the walls that were left standing would be torn down, but the lds church decided to convert it into a temple. As soon as that happened, those historians and members of the community who knew there had been an original tabernacle and Meeting House decided to find out if anything remained of that. The lds History Department brought equipment in and did groundpenetrating radar, much like seismic work where you send signals through the ground and it located the foundation of that original Meeting House. Through that, they knew that it had not been completely torn down that the base part still remained. We were called in to do some testing. It was just a couple months after that that they asked us to fully excavate the foundation. It was so fun to find little bits and pieces that were important to people of all ages. We were able to find artifacts that fell to the floor board in the basement. We were able to find a lot of coins. Nickels, dimes, pennies. Some of them had holes drilled in while where they would use them as a necklace. We found little trinkets and charms that girls would use to hang around there next. We know there was a lot of cooking going on in the basement and we found plates and other cooking and eating utensils. Those filled in another aspect of what was happening in the building. They were eating and socializing. That is a big part of lds and pioneer life, socializing with each other. We found the slate pencils from the school and educational aspect of the school. We even found a lead will it and it led shock ball in the bottom that somebody had lost. We found cheese and doorknobs and other aspects. Interestingly, the building appears to have been electrified in the 1890s. The power plant was built up provo canyon and probably one of the first buildings if not the first building to receive electricity in the west was this first tabernacle and the adjacent second tabernacle. So we found electric lightbulbs and other wiring suggesting that they had finally brought lighting into the building. Just as important as the Meeting House to the early pioneers was the construction we were able to find this small building that they had constructed on the Southwest Corner of the tabernacle where they had with just enough room for a baptismal font. In the center they probably had a stove to heat the building. The baptismal font was constructed with wood planks but it was probably lined with plaster. They would extract the water from the well to fill the baptismal font. Over time, lift finally laid pipe and brought them into the dismal font with a could fill it with the pipe. And the importance of the center rock in the middle of the building is that is where the stove was set and they could probably keep the water so that when they got baptized, the water was warm and not freezing. That was a big thing for them in the winter. In this case, we have a few of the items that represent some of the architecture within the building. Some of it was hidden architecture. We have pieces of the metal stove, the bottles that were tossed into the structure when it was abandoned. We have decorative pieces of the wall that show us with the building looks like. This was a column base that wouldve helped the main support for the structure and we found eight of these in the basement supporting the main floor up above and the roof. It is well carved and what has been visible in the parts that were not visible or just rock. All of the rock put into the foundation was quarried on the mountains and brought down by a horse and wagon, during the wintertime often where they which is a lit out into things like this to construct the building. We have pieces of slate and we found several slate pencils. Not only was this used for Church Meetings but at times the building was used as a school. So we have little pieces of that educational aspect of the building. The block where the Meeting House and the new temple set are still the center and the heart, chest as they were in the 1860s. Even though you have busy cars rushing by and shoppers and government buildings around it, that is where people go to feel the heart. It maintains not only its historic visual character, but its feeling of character. In most lds communities, it is the same thing. Those central squares or public squares are always the heart of the lifeblood of that community. Our cities to her staff tour staff recently traveled to provost, utah to learn more about its history. Learn more at cspan. Org cities tour. You are watching American History tv, all weekend, every weekend on cspan3. As i mentioned before, i never felt the urge to make money. It was to make policy. Q a, a twopart interview with former Public Interest lawyer and politician, author of author of bright infinite future, and month memoir on the progressive rise, which he talks about his life and career in public office. , you have got to have a drive it may be undesirable in a spouse or a friend. You have got to wake up and go to sleep and think, i want this so much. If you everything, you win. Part one airs tonight at 8 00 eastern on cspans q a, and part two will tonight at 9 00 a. M. Eastern on cspan2. The first Vice President of the United States, john adams, once said that it was the most insignificant office that ever the imagination of and conceived. Up next, author Joel Goldstein talked about the history of the vice presidency and argued that he office has grown in importance, especially for the last six man six men