Area, so there were a lot of shipping routes that could be taken. He also had the Steel Industry here, which is very important for the Automobile Industry to have the steel, and also a lot of lumber, and cleveland had also been known as a town where a lot of care errors theiages were built, so carriage industry was moving into that Automobile Industry, and that allowed cleveland to take that on. Alexander went and was a scottish immigrant who came to , andland to be with family he had grown up around the shipping yards of scotland, and he knew he wedded to be involved andndustry in some way, when he got her to cleveland, he started a bicycle company, the bicycles, and he learned very quickly that to sell your bicycles, you had to prove them, and he became one of the greatest icicles in the country, and his bicycles sold well, because he was known to race with his likes and win with his when hend he decided got into the Automobile Industry to do the same thing, to them and race them. Intonwe are looking at a w automobile. This is very similar to what Alexander Winton would have his road trip on to new york, which he attempted in 1897 and completed but did not get the publicity he wanted, and in 1899, he did the trip again, taking a reporter from the plain dealer, named charles shanks, and charles did something very interesting when he put out his stories about the road trip, and that is what he would use the french term automobile, rather than horseless carriage, and with most of america being riveted with the story of this road trip, the term automobile became used by americans rather than horseless carriage, and as you it see from the 1899 winton, looks like a carriage going down the road. It just did not have horses pulling it. The unique features of the early automobiles that we do not think about today or realize, probably one of the most interesting, see there is no steering wheel, but there is what is called a tiller, and this is teller tiller steering, and you would do this to turn the wheels left or right, much like a carriage or , carried overrd from the days of the carriage, that there is nothing out front, because most of the early automobiles had rear mounted and if you come around the rear of the car, you can see the engine compartment of the 1899 winton, so in the engine compartment, we have a lot of the similar components that we have in automobiles today. This large tank here is actually the fuel tank. The large tank here with the holes coming through it is actually the water tank that holds the lead, and this is essentially acting like our radiators today. The cool air passes through these tubes, cooling the water in the tank and allowing the engine to be cool, and down here, you see this grass oil cup. Below that, a large box area that you see that is actually the cylinder of the engine. This is one of the cylinders of the engine, and a massive flywheel here to the engine running, and then you can see the 1899 winton is actually a chain drive automobile, and this is a chain drive rather than a drive shaft that most of our vehicle cap today. There are Great Stories of either Alexander Winton or one of his employees that he hired he hired a guy by the name of barney oldfield, driving down euclid avenue, which was really the best street in cleveland, the good that was known as millionaires row, where all of the wealthy clevelanders lived, testing racecars, testing the racing,e building for and people reported this crazy vehicle driving down the street at high speeds, xt miles an hour, 70 miles an hour, in a city where automobiles were restricted to maybe 25 miles an hour. Alexander winton was probably one of the most important automotive pioneers in the u. S. He is actually one of the first automobile manufacturers to set up a factory in the united states, and a lot of people who were in the early Automotive Industry in the 1890s here in the u. S. , they were basically building automobiles one at a time in, say, the barn. Buys a building downtown, with the sole intent of making it a production with the four automobiles, and quickly starts to work on the idea of interchangeable parts, as well, between his automobiles, essentially trying to build a standard automobile that you could buy and easily n, whichs for from winto really is what makes the automobile successfully eventually. If you are building one off automobiles with parts that might not match the one you just dont, you have to make special parts were each vehicle. Is tryingse, winton to build each vehicle very similar, so he doesnt have to worry about vehicle number one needs to size bolt, where vehicle number two has a bolt,tely different size because that would take time, and he is really one of the driving pioneers that pushes for that standardization of automobiles to make it a successful industry. Quickly becamey the city where very high had automobiles were built. There was a lot of wealth in this city, and so the vehicles being built here were primarily vehicles for the wealthy. S were very expensive automobiles, and we also had loan,ss, which, in name a it has no peers, and the city was a very wealthy city, so a lot of mansions and a lot of very highend, beautiful automobiles driving around the city, and you have to remember that the early Automobile Industry was not aimed at people in general wanting automobiles. They knew that automobiles were a new technology and that only the wealthiest americans were going to be able to afford them. So with Alexander Wintons Automobile Company being here in cleveland and quickly becoming a very popular Automobile Company, a lot of people did actually b winton vehicles. It impacted the industry in cleveland in a couple of different ways. Anber one, once you have Automobile Company like that in an area or any type of ierest three that is new, you have to have new supply industries, so we start seeing in cleveland Automobile Supply component supply companies starting to nuts andit bolts and things you need to bolt the vehicle together, it also companies that are producing valves for the engine, the intake and exhaust valves, and thompson products becomes very large here in cleveland, manufacturing valves, and airings for the automobile arings for thed be Automobile Industry, and we would think of them today as tier one, and you had it in cleveland, and around it has to be the second industry that is supplying the parts and components those automobile manufacturers, like alexander ton, need to be able to produce their automobiles. The cleveland Automobile Industry is very strong from 1897, when winton really get the factory going, until the 1920s. One of their big problems, as we mentioned a little earlier, cleveland is building cars for more of the upper middle class and wealthy in america, and the companies that form here, like peerless, like the chandler uppity, they are building these higher class automobiles, where detroit is building the affordable car for the masses. Henry ford is none the best in American Automotive history because he is the man and the company that brings the automobile to mass america. When he is able to produce the model t and introduced the Assembly Line to the automobile allows Ford Motor Company to bring the price of the automobile down to a price point it had never been at. By 1921, 1822, model ts are 292, and thatut is a price most americans, even the factory workers working at Ford Motor Company, can afford to buy an automobile at, and at 295,me, the model t is there are vehicles being built here in cleveland that cost 5,000, 6,000. Cleveland eventually in the 1920s begins to struggle because the number of americans that can afford and really want to afford an automobile of that high nature, that high price point is starting to dwindle, and the company is starting to fold. The winton Automobile Company folded 1924. Detroit is outselling cleveland, things likese, with the Great Depression and all of these things, americans are starting to western their purchases. To question their purchases, on, they can spend money and highend automobiles, in a lot of cases, is not something they really need in their life, and it is also in some ways after the depression, being seen in an automobile that cost a lot of money is something people did not want to do, because it was actually basically flaunting your wealth at a time when the majority of americans did not have any wealth, so it really damages the number of sales the companies here in cleveland are making, and the Companies Just kind of one by one drop until s in 1931 closes its doors, and the last automobile manufacturer in cleveland shuts down. On thes a major impact city. Anytime you see industry, you know, fail in an area and close their doors, you lose jobs. You lose that wealth that was here at one time, and the city begins to struggle in some ways. The Steel Industry is still here. The railroads are still here. Shipping is still here, but one of the Major Industries that was here is now completely gone, and its darting to have a chain effect. Obviously, those who were supplying and are starting to shut down because they cannot find other companies to work with up in detroit, or in a lot of, the companies begin to move out of cleveland. Gabriel shock absorbers were here in cleveland. They moved out of town very quickly to go closer to where the Auto Industry was in detroit and other cities. They are now based in chicago, illinois, and we have a lot of those companies. Stays here for a while, but eventually struggles in cleveland, as well, and with up to the detroit area to supply the Auto Industry there, so we start seeing industry flee. You do not usually think of cleveland as an Automobile Center in america, but at the time, at the turnofthecentury, and in those first few decades of the and we doreally was, not think of it that way today because that history is not promoted very well, but also because that industry did not stick around. The future of cleveland industry is actually looking very promising. Big pushes number of going on right now in cleveland to develop the industry that is here and work with the industry , and in the automotive world, it is very strong. Probably one of the greatest things that are going on in cleveland right now is we have land, and that has been a key plant for Ford Motor Company, because it is one of their engine foundries, and the cleveland plant is now building what ford calls the ego boost engine, which is one of the most energyefficient and that fordon engines is using right now, and extremely successful engine for ford, and it has its roots here in cleveland. We also have the Cleveland Institute of arts here, and the Cleveland Institute of arts trained some of the best in the country, and some of the graduates out of the Cleveland Institute of art have been known to go on and designed the corvette body design, and they have worked on things like the so it is also a lot of the design that is coming out of cleveland now, and really, i think the city is trying to build on that and move that forward. Announcer our cities towards staff recently traveled to cleveland to learn about its rich history. Learn more about the city and other stops on our two on tour. You are watching American History tv, every weekend on cspan3. Each week until the 2016 election. Road to the white house rewind brings you coverage of president ial races. Up next, president johnson. He criticizes the Republican Party for running a campaign of what he calls fear and smear. He also refers to the legacy of fallen president john f. Kennedy, assassinated just four months before the convention. President johnson went on to defeat senator Barry Goldwater in the general election, carrying 44 states. The speech is just under 40 minutes and our coverage is courtesy of nbc news. Be seated. He appreciates this tremendous reception but has a message to give to you and the american people