Transcripts For CSPAN3 American History TV 20141221

Programming on American History every weekend on cspan3. Follow us on twitter for information on our schedule, upcoming programs, and to keep up with the latest history news. Welcome to lafayette and West Lafayette, indiana, located on the wabash river. West lafayette is home to Purdue University. With the help of our Comcast Cable partners, over the next hour and 45 minutes, we will look at the history of the cities. Learn about William Henry harrison and the battle of tippecanoe. It was cold and rainy, it was early november. The troops were low on provisions. They had limited manpower and equipment. Harrison complained about his shortage of axis and their poor quality in the building of Fort Harrison on the way up. He had the troops build bonfires to keep them warm and ward off the rainfall, but had them sleep in battle conditions fully dressed on their weapons. Videoer, visit cspans archives which houses over 200,000 hours of Public Affairs programming. The archives started as an idea of a halfdozen professors at Purdue University who felt the longform, unedited content cspan airs is an important audiovisual record of Public Affairs, the entire congress, congressional hearings, president ial speeches. And that video needed to be saved and saved in a way that scholars and the public could use it. First, learn about Amelia Earharts life and career through the George Palmer putnam collection housed at Purdue University. From an airplane, even the watchful purple hills could not see so well as i the state of stain of evening. She would have been 23 whenever she was writing these. But you can see that she has a romanticized view of the height, being able to see nature below her. When she became an aviation editor for cosmopolitan she would write about the beauty of flying and how she loved things like seeing the clouds up there and the serenity of being on her own and being able to look at the beauty below. Amelia earhart was an early woman pilot at a time when many women did not have careers outside of the home. She is most well remembered for having disappeared. It is still a mystery what happened to her. But i think she is also remembered because she was such a pioneer for womens rights and womens education and careers. The quality of the sexes was very important to her as well as promoting aviation as a legitimate travel option. Many people were afraid to fight to fly at that time. It was not until around 1920 when she started really thinking seriously about taking flying lessons. She had to convince her family because not only was it dangerous, it was expensive and they did not have the money to allow her to do that. She started taking jobs so she could pay for her own lessons. One of the requirements her father had was that she take lessons from a woman pilot. It took her longer to locate a woman pilot to give her instruction. Eventually she found nita. She was the first to take her up and planes and start to teach her. If you read things from her perspective, amelia was horrible because she would daydream in the air, she was loving the beauty and the height and the excitement and was not paying attention to the technical think she needed to know should something go wrong with the plane. Today, you are in the Purdue Universitys library. Archives and special collections. We will be looking at items from the collection of Amelia Earhart. Amelia earhart was married to George Palmer putnam. She met him in 1928. George putnam was a big promoter and publisher and he had gotten the rights to publish a biography of Charles Lindbergh. Charles lindbergh became the first person to fly solo across the atlantic in 1931. In the 1920s, Charles Lindbergh was a huge rockstar. They wanted to have a woman do similar things, like fly across the ocean. At the time there were several , women pilots who wanted to be the first to do this. George was looking for any woman he could find who had a pilots license and was articulate, would be a good spokesperson and was attractive. He contacted amelia at the house where she was working as a social worker. He interviewed her. Her First Impressions of him was were that he was horrible and pushy and arrogant, which is interesting since they eventually married. He thought she was the perfect person to promote as the first woman across the atlantic. He did not explain that emulate at that time amelia was not going to pilot the plane. When amelia signed on to this adventure, it is referred to the friendship flight because friendship was the name of the plane, a million was aware of the risks of this kind of light because its a longrange flight. A lot of things could go wrong with the plane with weather conditions, any number of things. She wrote these two letters that she referred to as popping up off letters. She met this as if in i die and these letters are read by my family. She wrote one to her mother and one to her father. This one im going to show was when she wrote to her father. Dearest dad, it was worth it. You know that. I have no faith we will meet anywhere again, but i wish we might. Goodbye and good luck to you. Some people have interpreted that as your daughter, but she liked to play with words. I think she was using it in the sense of doting as well as daughter. She and her mother argued a lot. They did have a close loving relationship but her mother was very irresponsible with finances. That irritated amelia. She was constantly trying to bail the family out in that area. Her father was irresponsible with finances, but he was very charming and that covered a lot of things. He was an alcoholic, which is why a milia avoided all stimulants. She did not drink alcohol or smoke or do drugs. She was adamant she did not want to have any sort of stimulants consumed. This is a folder of pilot licenses that belonged to amelia. Most of them do not have photographs on them. This is one of my favorites because it does have a picture of her, it has her signature on it. It tells some interesting things about her personality. She is very idolized and a hero for me as well. She did have some faults and one of them was she was very reluctant to grow old. Her mother, her grandmother and several of the women in her family had lived until their 80s and 90s and above. She was very aware of how much the elderly struggle. It was always on her mind when she was writing about personal matters. At some point, she began lying about her age. On this license here, it asks for her age. You can see this license is dated 1930 and she said that she is 31. As of this time, she would have been about to turn 33 in july. So she is already lying by at least one year here. Not that it matters. She had such a youthful appearance anyway. The other interesting thing about this, we get a sense of her coloring from her description of her hair and her eyes. She was tall and thin. You can see that here as well. She weighed 118 pounds and was five feet eight inches high. This is a compact. It had a place for powder here. You can see she used all the powder. It had a place for rouge, which still has the plastic on it. One of the things amelia prided herself on was she was always camera ready. In the early years of flying her plane she would , often have crashes and someone from a newspaper would drive and driveby and ask if they could take her picture. Famously, she said to her flying coach one time, we have to always be ready for the cameras. Right after crashing a plane, she brings out a compact and puts powder on her nose. It was practical. She had fair skin and the sun would burn her skin if she did not wear powder. I think it is so fascinating that she did not use the rouge side. If you look at images of her, photographs or images of her in the newspaper, sometimes it looks like she was wearing makeup. Usually what happened was the people who were producing the newspaper would draw over her eyes and filling her lips to make it look like she was wearing makeup. She rarely wore it. We do have a few portrait shots where it looks like she might have a little on. But that is very unusual. This will compact tells that story. This is a famous document that amelia wrote the morning of her wedding to George Putnam. According to several accounts of people who knew the couple, George Putnam had proposed to amelia multiple times and she had turned him down. I dont remember at what point she eventually agreed but she clearly did it with much hesitation. P. P. Ys, dear g. They called each other by their initials. She calls him g. P. P. There are things we have talked over before, most of them. You must know again, my reluctance to marry. My feeling that i shatter thereby chances to work, which means most of me. Ve now as foolish as anything i could ever do. I know there is compensation, but have no heart to look ahead. On our life together i want you , to understand i shall not hold you to any medieval code of faithfulness to me. Shall i consider myself so bound to you. If we can be honest about affections for others which may come to either of us, difficulties of such situations may be avoided. Please let us not interfere with the others work or play nor let the world see our private joys or disagreements. In this connection, i may have to keep someplace apart where i may retreat from an even attractive cage. I must exactly cruel promise. That is you will let me go in one year if we find no happiness together. I will try to do my best in every way and give you fully of that part of myself you know and seem to want. This is a letter she presented to her fiance without any words. And he read it and then nodded and agreed to it and they went forward with their marriage. The things in this letter are extremely telling about her personality, her concerns about marriage and really about how important her career was to her and her concerns she would have to give that up. The other interesting piece is something feminists find particularly fascinating is this is 1931 and this woman is saying to her about to be husband that she does not expect him to be faithful and he should not expect her to be faithful either and she thinks it foolish to get married. It is interesting to think about because it makes you wonder what made her go ahead and marry him. As her promoter, manager, and publisher he was , promoting her constantly. It could be that this was something he felt was critical to their continuing relationship. It is not really known why she went ahead and married him. There have been many people who have speculated that they had a manager relationship, there was not a real love there. What is interesting is you can tell from looking in the collection that is not true because she did write love letters to him. She had various affectionate names she would call him. There are accounts from his side of the family where there were people who would see them together being very loving. It is just that they were just extremely private, especially amelia. After amelia made the friendship flight, she felt she did not really achieve all of the accolades in a way that was true to her. She became instantly famous. She was on newspapers. There were huge parades in her honor. Everyone knew the name Amelia Earhart. She did not feel she deserved all those accolades because she was a passenger on the plane. She did not feel like her skills were needed. A few years later, she decided she wanted to make a solo atlantic flight completely on her own. She would be the only person on the plane. What is interesting about that is there are actual documents in the collection where it talks about how it would be smarter to fly with a mechanic or a navigator. But she knew if she did that the , media would say that she did not fly the plane. She decided to take that risk and be the only person in the plane. And in 1932, she did fly her plane solo across the atlantic ocean. I said earlier amelia was not the worldss best womens pilot and she certainly was not as skilled technically as aviation as many other pilots at the time. But she was very driven, cool under pressure, courageous, and she loved to fly. Those things worked in her favor because on this flight in 1932, because a lot of things went wrong on the plane. We would not know that if she had not kept this notebook. This little notebook was written by her during the actual flight. It is all in pencil, which is difficult to read. She is talking here about her times, whenever she was leaving for the flight. But the piece i find the most fascinating is, first of all, she starts talking about flying through a storm. At this point in the journey she , is 13 hours on the way. She says if anyone finds the wreck, know that the nonsuccess was caused by my getting lost in a storm for an hour and then the exhaust manifold burned out. She thought at this point that she was probably going to die. She is referring to leaving a note for anyone who finds the wreckage of the plane. Amelia published a book about this, the account of this flight , after she successfully landed. She talks about not only did she have this fire aboard the plane, but there was gasoline running down the back of her neck and all sorts of things were going wrong with her measurements. She could not tell how high or low she was flying. If she flew to low too low, she would be close to the water and risk going down there. If she flew too high, it was difficult to see. The conditions could cause ice on the wings and so forth. She was trying to figure out how high she should be flying because her gauges were not telling her what she would do the mesh should do. And then dealing with this flame coming on the plane while she is trying to pilot it 13 hours into what became a 17. 5 hour flight, she would have been quite fatigued at that point. I think it tells a lot about her strength of character and her courage and determination that she pulls out this notebook and is writing this as things are happening on the plane because she clearly thought she might die at that point. In 1934, amelia was speaking at a conference in new york about womens careers. The president of Purdue University was at the same conference. And was her speech inspired to invite her to give a lecture at purdue, which she did later that year. Following that, Edward Elliott approached amelia about some sort of position she might have at university to help encourage women students. As well as perhaps drawing new women students to purdue. The idea of how to educate women was very much on Edward Elliotts mind at the time. This was following the 20 years 20s when women had gained suffrage. They were starting to come to universities more. It was not clear what universities needed to do to support them. Edward elliott approached Amelia Earhart and asked if he could meet with her and her husband about something she might do at purdue. They got to talking over a meal. It was suggested that she serve as a Career Counselor for the women students, which worked perfectly for amelia because she felt strongly that women should have careers. All the way up until world war ii, it was unheard of for a woman after graduating college to pursue a career if she married. One of amelias main goals was to encourage the women students that they could still marry but should also pursue their own dreams as people in professions or whatever else they wanted to do and not set that aside as an outcome of getting married. When Edward Elliott brought amelia to purdue, one of the first things she did was send out a questionnaire to the women students. One of the first questions is, are you planning to seek employment after you leave college . Yes, no, or undecided. If you are planning to work, what is your reason for doing so . The answer she gives here, clearly things she wants the women to consider. Such as economic necessities, the family expects it to attain , personal independence, to secure luxuries that could not otherwise be had to have , something to do, to achieve professional success, to have the mental stimulus of accomplishing something. These are clearly answers she is providing to the women as too things they should think about and not give up on. Things that would keep them busy and engaged and feeling a sense of pride and independent enough to support some things they might want to do and not just rely on income from their husband. This is one of Amelia Earharts flight helmets. It is just a leather helmet with strap underneath her chin here. This is the front of it. She did have a few different helmets throughout her aviation career. But this is the one that came to us directly from her husband after she disappeared. We know she wore this on several of her important flights. It has been loaned to museum s several times throughout the years. She was on the faculty from 1935 until the year she disappeared 1937. ,what a lot of people dont realize is she would really only stay on campus a few weeks, a few months out of the year. She would come during each semester and be on campus for a month or two. After amelia had been here for a year or so, the trustees and the president of the university asked her what they could do for her and she said if she had said she had always dreamed of a plane that could take her around world. She wanted a plane that was faster, have more endurance, could fly longer ranges. The Purdue Research foundation agreed that they would provide a fund for Amelia Earharts aeronautical research. The catch was she could use the plane for around the world flight, which was what she wanted to do. But the plane would also be intended to be used for research purposes. She decided she wanted to make the around the world flight a little earlier than originally planned. She began seriously planning for that around the end of 1936. She worked with an expert on navigation who charted out the route. Once she had the plane here she , parked it in hangar one of the purdue airport. It would stay there unless she was flying in it. The goal always was after her world flight, she would bring the plane back and it would be used for teaching and research at university. When amelia left for that final flight, which her goal was to circumnavigate at the equator even though someone had already done a world flight, she would be the first to do it at its longest distance. She started that flight and made it as far as hawaii and was about to take off to go to the island when her plane ground looped. That means at take off, something happened where she allowed one of the wings to dip or something went wrong and the plane swerved and crashed. It caused damage to the front of the plane and the landing gear. She works with purdue to get the plane sent back to lockheed. To be repaired. By the time the plane was prepared repaired she wanted , to reverse her route. The reason for that was the direction of the wind had changed in that time. From when she first started the fight to win she was going to started the second time. They reversed the route, which put the part about landing on the island, the most dangerous part at the very end. , there had been much discussion between her and her navigator and various other people who said it would be difficult to find the island. It is only one mile wide, has it is uninhabited. It has large birds. A lot of things that can go wrong. She decided she wanted to do it anyway because it was close to the equator. What happened was she disappeared on route to the island. Had that happened at the beginning of the journey, it is possible she would not have been as tired or would have felt better prepared. But Different Things were going wrong. She was always very concerned about having too much weight on the plane. At one of her stops, she and her navigator were taking anything nonessential off the plane. Some of the things they removed were the Direction Finder which would have helped her find the island easier. The other thing going wrong was her radio communications. She never fully established with the coast guard monitoring her journey because they knew how difficult it would be to reach. They never had a good read on what frequency they were going to communicate. They had set a couple of different ones but could never connect to each other. They could hear her, but she could not hear them. Basically what happened was the coast guard is monitoring it. They have ships nearby to help put out smoke and direct her. At some they hear the sound of point, her plane. She is that close. For whatever reason, she passed it or had been parallel to it and kept going. At some she ran out of fuel. Point, it is not known if she crashed on one of the islands around there or her plane went down in the ocean. But she clearly did not make it back to purdue and neither did the plane. After that disappearance, there was a lot of conjecture about did she survive. People wanted her to have survived because they loved amelia. She seemed kind of immortal in some ways. It was hard for people like her mother to accept that she was really dead. It was hard for George Putnam to accept that. A couple of years later they , finally went to court and had her legally declared that. He contacted the purdue president and asked if the university would like these things. The president said yes. The bulk of our collection came to us in 1940, the year after she was declared dead in court. What is fascinating as there is there is a part two to the story that came much later. Unbeknownst to researchers or biographers for years there were , some very private documents that were kept by putnam and his descendents. Those included things like the love letters she wrote to him, the poem she wrote when she was younger, their marriage license, the premarital agreement. All the things that told the personal side of her and her marriage. It was not until 2002 when the granddaughter of George Putnam approached the university about donating this small but clearly significant collection in terms of understanding amelia and her marriage. That is one reason that biographers have argued that they had this managermanaging managee relationship because they did not have access to further prove that there was more there. Sally putnam chapman gave the bulk of the personal things that came to the rest of the collection. Now researchers can see more about what her personal life was really like. I think the significance of having this collection at purdue is that it not only tells the story of amelias relationship with purdue but also tells more about purdues history in a sense that purdue has always had a strong focus on engineering and has graduated many pilots and many astronauts. The history of flight and space is huge at purdue. Amelia came to purdue, she talked to women students and encouraged them to pursue careers and that whole story is tied up with purdue because of the Research Foundations support for what became her final flight. The fact that she disappeared and she was still on the faculty at purdue, the fact that the plane she disappeared in was purchased by purdue, it is significant to have the collection here because this was a significant part of her life. It was only two years, but it was the final two years and a time when she was pursuing the things she wanted to do. All weekend, American History tv is featuring lafayette and West Lafayette indiana. Lafayette was named for a french soldier during the revolutionary war. Learn more about lafayette and West Lafayette all weekend on American History tv. May we continue coming down the ladder now . I am at the foot of the ladder. Beds are only depressed in the surface one or two inches. Man. Is one small step for one giant leap for mankind. It is with great pleasure to inform you you have been selected for assignment to the manned Space Program to participate in astronaut coordinated with the Personnel Office of the Flight Research center. It is dated 1962. Along ipping we are in the special collections at purdue library. The exhibit is called steps to from the selection Neil Armstrong papers and Eugene Cernan papers. Neil armstrong and Eugene Cernan are graduates of Purdue University. They are unique in that mr. Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon and mr. Certain was the last two walk on the moon. Purdue holds the distinction of those two alums. Purdue has a high ranked Engineering Program and has for several decades. What they may not know is purdue has 23 astronauts who have graduated from the university and have gone into nasa and the Space Program. The role of the purdue flight is to preserve the history of the individuals who have participated in the Space Program. Of course, our astronaut alums but other astronauts who have worked with the program and been colleagues, but also engineers that have worked on the Space Program. Although there are government archives preserved that have preserved these materials for students and scholars, we collect are more the personal papers, the experience of the person, who was a real person, soengineer, a father, a son, their families and history and the roles they played from their perspective in the Space Program. This particular exhibit is the culmination of our work with mr. Armstrongs papers. They are finally processed. They will be open for Research Within days. This exhibit is a celebration of having his papers at purdue and role inmr. Cernans supporting the archives. This has materials from Neil Armstrongs childhood. Neil armstrong was from ohio and grew up in several little towns in ohio. Some of the interest things in the case are his boy scout certificate from when he was in boy scouts. Some items of high interest for our visitors. Neil armstrong was an eagle scout. He achieved the eagle scout level in boy scouts. The metal we have on display is a lifelong Achievement Medal for boy scouts he received later. Also, his curse of practice from when he was probably in second grade. A lot of Young Children who see that are very interested in that. His mom saved every report card he ever got. This is one of his report cards from grade school, grade two, second grade. On this report card, he seems to writing anda b in music, which is surprising because mr. Armstrong was in band throughout his years of grade school. Also, in purdue, he was in the band. He left music. In the bat, we have a picture of him at 12 or 13 out in the woods like every other kid who grows muck with ae friend. One of the stories i read about and most people know is that Neil Armstrong really loved aircraft. We can see in the exhibit, have two of his aircraft models he built. There is a photograph behind the one of him as a young man standing outside with a model aircraft probably that he built when he was at purdue. He was in the model aircraft club. They would go out and fly remotecontrolled airplanes. You can see he had a lifelong love of flying. Arehis case of the exhibit materials from eugene tournament Eugene Cernans childhood. One of the interesting things i love in his collection is one of his report cards. Saysis report card, it eugenes writing needs improvement. Perhaps he thinks faster than he can write. Anyone who knows mr. Cernan knows that he is so eloquent, such a wonderful speaker. , isee that at a young age think he did always think faster. Getting things down on paper was not fast enough for him. Captain cernan was an athlete in school. He was a baseball player, got a lot of awards for baseball. He was also a member of the National Honor society. We have his induction pamphlet which i think a lot of students can relate to. I remember the National Honor society ceremony. Another item that is wonderful in this collection is a picture of Eugene Cernan on his grandparents farm in wisconsin about 1949. His family was very hardworking. He spent a lot of summers on the farm to in hard labor and work for his grandparents. A great photograph. I think in looking at the childhood materials we have collected for some of our of theuts, i think some commonalities are the diversity of interests they had and things they were involved in in terms of extracurriculars. They were very good at math and science, but they were also in band were involved in the yearbook committee. Always very outgoing or very hardworking and exploring all kinds of opportunities when they were young. A major Football Game for their community. He was on the football team. There was also this little football from an athletic banquet. Something very surprising but not surprising at all. Mr. Cernan if you look carefully was the emcee for the banquet as a student. That fits with his personality. In this case, we start looking at Neil Armstrongs first years at purdue. He started at purdue when he was 17, was in the navy rotc and called to duty for the korean war part way through his first year and a half at purdue. One of my favorite pictures is him with his roommate in their dorm room. They are working on a model it looks like, some kind of aircraft. But they are both in their pajamas. This portrait of Neil Armstrong, you can see he has on his purdue band uniform. He played the baritone. We have materials from Eugene Cernans first couple of years at Purdue University. One of the interesting things is he was the editor for the navy rotc yearbook. You can see his name as editor on their letterhead. He was not only doing electrical engineering, which was his major, but also involved in editing the yearbook. Another couple of items here. His application for rotc. There are two of them, which people might be surprised at. The first when he was in high school, he was not accepted. They did not have a spot for him in the program. He persisted and came to purdue and tried again. There is his second attempt at getting into the rotc, and he did. It is something he talks about, being successful means never giving up and always trying to achieve your goals. We have displayed some materials from Neil Armstrongs Navy Service Record and photographs from when he was in the service. In his second year at Purdue University, he was called to the korean war and to start naval aviator training. The photograph enlarged was taken at Purdue University. We love that photograph because Neil Armstrong is on the left. It just shows he and his classmates really loving aviation, cramming themselves in the cockpit. We have some of his upperlevel aeronautics coursework, a design he worked on for a class project. In addition to a program where he was the director of a play for the university for his fraternity. He was codirector of this play. We have his directors notes for that plate. Over here, we have materials navy careercernans before he entered the astronaut program. We have a picture of he and his buddies training. Also we have his acceptance letter to the astronaut training program. It is a great pleasure to inform you you have been selected for assignment to be manned Spacecraft Center to participate in astronaut training. Over here is the portrait of captain cernans astronaut class, the class of 1963. One thing we like about this is it also has another purdue son, roger chaffee. They are the two gentleman at the bottom. Other members of the 1963 astronaut class, most people will recognize the names. Michael collins, buzz aldrin, david scott, and allen bean. Neil armstrong was an experimental test pilot engineer for seven years before he was selected for the astronaut program. This image i love because although at first glance it looks like an astronaut, this is actually his flight suit for the x15 project. In those test flights, they were coming very close, almost going into outer space before the Space Program. Neil armstrong was very focused on engineering and flight and improving and reaching those limits. I dont think he was necessarily thinking about being a person who would go into space. He was very much an engineer. This is Neil Armstrong in his gemini space suit. You can see it looks similar to the experimental test pilot suit. In the center picture is a training photograph. James, and Neil Armstrong participating in weightless flight. Some people may have heard of the vomit comet nasa has used for training. It is a big loop that creates weightlessness for several minutes. In this part of the exhibit, we have materials from the gemini nine mission which Eugene Cernan was part of. Milestone. Gnificant Eugene Cernan became during this mission the second american to do a spacewalk. During that, several things went wrong with the equipment for the spacesuit. It was very difficult for him. He talks about how when he got back in and took his boots off, there was like two inches of water, just sweat. Mission, the engineers learned so much. They improved the equipment. They improved the suit which made future spacewalks much more safe. In this part of the exhibit, we have materials on the actual training for the lunar lander. Vehicle. Different it had thrusters. It was to land on the moon but had to be piloted specifically. There was a lot of training that occurred. Mr. Armstrong contributed a lot of Research Data for improvements to that vehicle. We have several reports from him, from the contractors making changes. That was happening through most way up to0s all the 1968 and 1969 when the actual landing took place. Eugene cernan was part of a tall attempt apollo 10. He was on the crew of apollo 10 which got almost to the surface of the moon, but not quite. It was a test run. Here, the see up brochure celebrating the successful mission. It was the dresser herself for the moon landing. One thing i love is a letter Eugene Cernan wrote to his mother the night before he left on the apollo 10 mission. Dear mom, as you are reading this now, god willing, we are on our way and almost to the moon. Write this wanted to to you to say i love you very much and always will. I want you to be happy and excited about this flight as i am. It has to be the most challenging adventure of my whole life. You know i would never go anywhere or do anything that would deliberately be dangerous. I want to go on this mission so very much. Nothing of this nature is without a little apprehension. But this makes the reward even more meaningful. Think of us when you look up at the moon at night. Take care. I love you. Be proud, happy, and excited. Your son, eugene. We are pretty sure we have cp2. Ified cp1 and sounds great. Over. Is a book of lunar surface maps Eugene Cernan had on the surface of the moon during apollo 17. They used these maps on the rover as they drove and explored. They were kept under the seat. They were kept in case they lost their way. They would have these maps to get them back to the lender. Because they were on the surface of the moon, they are very special to captain cernan, and he wanted to make sure purdue had them. Theres a funny story that goes with one of the maps we dont have. The map is at the smithsonian. While he was driving on the rover, he broke it. He broke the fender. He is one of the few astronauts to have a car crash on the moon. He broke the fender. It was very important they had the fender because of the dust. They did not wanted to get into the system. They used duct tape and one of these maps to improvise and make a fender. That map missing is actually at the system smithsonian as the fender used on the rover. Was the commander of apollo 17, the last mission to go to the moon so far. Tracymage is his daughter sitting in Mission Control watching her dad on t. V. Taking the last steps on the moon. On her skirt, she has the apollo 17 mission patch. Together this exhibit and thinking about the future of space explanation, it established more of a foundation. Even though the Space Program has moved on, things are very different now. In the future, theyre going to be very different. There is this beginning, this Pioneering Spirit mr. Armstrong and cernan were part of with graduates of purdue. If it were not for them and that. Ofistory period history, we would not be where we are now to explore. Long, American History tv is featuring lafayette and West Lafayette, indiana. In august 1859, lafayette was the first site to officially deliver the u. S. Mail by air. Enabling, the mail never reached its final destination in new york but landed instead near crawfordsville, indiana, due to bad weather. It made the rest of the journey by train. Together with our Comcast Cable our staff recently visited many sites exploring the rich history of lafayette and West Lafayette. Learn more about these cities all weekend on American History tv. T 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4 we have main engine start. Americas first space shuttle. Go fly like an eagle go the flightt simulator building at Purdue University. This is where a lot of things started in aviation. The Purdue Program was the first in the country to offer bachelors degrees to pilots in the middle 1960s. Today, it continues to be one of the finest flight programs in the country. We have so many people who have been so important. I can tell you, going back to the beginning, some of the countrys most important take Billy Mitchell, a world war one commander of the air force. Cap arnold, the father of the modern air force, were both trained to fly by purdue graduates. The first guy who got involved in flight from purdue was a guy named cliff turpin graduated in 1908. His father sent him here from dayton, ohio for his son to paid outofstate tuition for his son to come here and learn about internal combustion engines. We had Great Research in Mechanical Engineering and the internal combustion engines. By the time he left he said he , knew more about the engines than the factory. The plan was to go back to ohio with his father and they would build motorcycles. They did. I read his records in the at thenian in Washington Air and space museum. He said in the evening near my house, i used to take long walks after dinner. I would go past a workshop where the Wright Brothers were working. I got to know them and everything. I dont believe a word of that. Cliff turpin was a 22yearold guy who loved internal combustion engines, the smell of oil and grease, he loved making engines smaller and more powerful. He knew the Wright Brothers were working on airplanes in 1908. He made a beeline for their workshop. When they found out he was a purdue engineer, they hired him. They needed him because they needed his technical expense. He helped the Wright Brothers improve their engine and controls. Guess what . He wasnt satisfied and wanted to fly. Orville wright and Wilbur Wright taught him how to fly. He became one of the Wright Brothers original exhibition flyers went around the country demonstrating flight to people. He had to go to his father and say you know all the money you , invest in my education, i will go fly airplanes. His dad said, ok, i would do the same thing. A short time later the , Motorcycle Company was bankrupt and clift was one of the most famous people in the country. These exhibitions made headlines are ever they were. They were a big deal. They demonstrated flights to 200 or 5000ple in chicago people at a county fair. They transported the crates by train, took them out, and showed what people could do. No one would believe it until they sought themselves. Have read about people seeing flight for the first time, they said when the plane left the ground there was absolute silence, then a huge roar when people realized what they were seeing for the first time. He got out of flight. He had a terrible accident in seattle. His plane went into a crowd. People were killed, he was injured. The next day, his neck best friend was injured. That was about 1915. He never got on an airplane again even though he lived into the space age. We can talk about a man named George Haskins, a world war i pilot. He continued in the air force after world war i. He was stationed in dayton. In 1919 he flew an airplane on the purdue campus. Landed it right here at purdue. He came with a petition. The board of trustees was meeting. It was jim. He said i want you to to start an Aeronautical Program at purdue. An Aeronautical Engineer program. Within a couple of years they , started an aeronautical Engineering Program as part of Mechanical Engineering. Mechanical engineering has been the root of many different fields of engineering. It was one of the first in the country. It was one of a handful of aeronautical Engineering Programs. George haskins eventually left the air force, came to purdue, and headed up the program. It had a new person every year. It was not doing well. All of the records say that he worked day and night to build that program into one of the greatest in the country. When world war ii started he was taken back into the military. He never returned to purdue. But he had built Something Special here. After world war ii Aeronautical Engineering was separated from Mechanical Engineering and became its own school. It is now one of the best in the country. One a handful one of a handful of the best preGeorge Haskins lived a long life. In july of 1969 he was retired in pasadena, california and watched this man born in the 1890s , before flight, who was a world war i pilot, watched a man walk on the moon. Neil armstrong, who had been through the program he created at purdue. I am going to step off the landing. That is one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. People like Billy Mitchell and George Haskins realized the role that air travel would play in warfare and transportation in this country. It continues with purdue graduates. By 1924, a purdue graduate named Frederick Martin from indiana , was the most experienced pilot in the army air force. He headed up a group of four planes. The plan was to fly around the world. This was three years before lindbergh. They were going to stop every night. They would fly and stop. They went through land areas like the aleutians. It took them over 150 days. The whole trip was planned and organized by Frederick Martin. Unfortunately, he was lost in a huge blizzard in alaska and was not able to finish the trip. In a way he thought he lost his place in aviation history. But he did not. December 7, 1941 guess who was in charge of all of the air corps in hawaii . Frederick martin. It turns out Frederick Martin and his counterpart in the navy had written a report predicting the japanese attack on pearl harbor to the letter. Exactly what was going to happen, what time, what day of the week it would occur. They had it all down. Some of the most exciting things started happening in aviation at purdue right before the war and right after. In 1937, a man came here from delaware. He wanted to be a pilot. He doesnt finish at purdue he , is drafted into the army and becomes a pilot. December 7, 1941 he is in hawaii. His plane is at a rural airfield. He was out all night playing poker and having fun. George came back to his barracks just as the attack started. He got in the car and raced to his airplane, which was per portrayed in the movie pearl harbor. They look like jets. Get me to an airplane tots he got up and was able shoot down for japanese airplanes that day. It was the most success any pilot had and he became quite the hero. Flight is one of the most incredible stories in human history. We went from 1903 to 1969. From kitty hawk to the moon in less than 66 years. That is incredible. Purdue and m. I. T. Have graduated more astronauts than any nonmilitary university. We have gone back and fourth. Purdue and m. I. T. Have led among private public universities for a while. Many of our astronauts learned how to fly at purdue airport. Many were in rotc. Neil armstrong came here. He was already a pilot. He learned to fly at 16 years old. He flew into this airport. If they didnt learn here, they flew into the airport in their from their homes and business trips. Our astronauts come back frequently. Neil armstrong was close to purdue. They come here. They have been through the facilities. They talk to the students. They are pilots. Before they were spacemen they , were pilots. They love airplanes and flying. Now we are lending perhaps on mars. Purdue graduates are very much involved with the trips to mars. Missions to mars. All weekend, American History tv is featuring lafayette and West Lafayette, indiana. Amelia earhart was a visiting purdue member and University Sponsored her attempt at a new round the world flight. Our Comcast Cable partners work with us when we traveled to indiana to explore the rich history. Learn more about lafayette and West Lafayette all weekend on American History tv. The development of canals and railroads was important to the early growth of lafayette. We visited the depot to learn more about transportations role in the citys history. The first canal finally got here from fort wayne about 1843 connecting the river down to the toledo. Er up to it was possible to go by canal boat that entire distance. It made possible for products here to go to the norse east northeast like new york city and anywhere on the great lakes. That was significant because this is a transfer point. The farmers could bring their grain. Animals could be processed they could transfer those products, the slaughtered animals and the grain, to the canal boats and later the railroads. Trains came in in the 1850s prior to the civil war. Us into contact with chicago, put us in contact with toledo, and also new york and the great lakes. Of course, all the way down to new orleans. There were a lot of trains coming through. They went right through the center of the town. One set went directly north and south, from the south end of lafayette on 5th street across the wabash river heading towards chicago. The other ones came through at a diagonal along the wabash river from attica and to the southwest. Those trains went diagonally across the city. You one set of tracks had to have hospitals on either side. You had to have fire stations on either side. You always had excuses for why you are late. Everybody would believe you. Ultimately, you begin to see Railroad Cars built here, and at one time, the largest employer into the canoe county. Tippecanoe county. You had Railroad Cars being built here. Lafayette, its location due to the river, the resources of the people, a significant bunch of enterprising people, and those are all of the reasons why lafayette became significant. Collects all weekend, American History tv is featuring lafayette and westlaw for yet indiana. Alumni from Purdue University and crude astronauts Neil Armstrong and eugene sermon. Onstrong was the first man the moon, and sermon was the last. Partners,our cable cspan cities to her staff recently visited many sites showcasing the citys history. Learn more about lafayette and West Lafayette a weekend here on American History tv. If we were driving around lafayette in the 1960s and you were a pregnant woman, you might have the baby in the car because you were stuck between two trends. Sadderter example be heart attacks that couldnt get to the hospital. You had trains going down 14 blocks of 5th street. Are talkingalize we about the train tracks going in the middle of the street for 14 city blocks. To the east of that, the much western inolk and that era, and now it is Norfolk Southern, but that track went diagonally through town. That is the one that carries the real freight, up to 50, 60, 70 trains a day depending on which year, which decade. As the trains doubled in length, they decrease the numbers. There were delays, things that could cause serious problems. There were also deaths. People were hit at these crossings, mostly along Norfolk Southern, because the train did come through pretty slowly when it was coming down the middle of the street. Most of the people could get out of the way of that one. There were regular fatalities. The question was raised in the late 1960s and early 1970s, shouldnt we do something . There were different fonts, like maybe we should consolidate the tracks along where Norfolk Southern goes, which is a big diagonal. That was in an approved plan at one point, but a much more audacious plan, the beginnings of it started getting hatched in the early 1970s. Lets just relocate both trains to a location along the riverfront where we free up the whole central city area from the challenges of the conflicts between autos and trains. I had to knock on doors from the north end, at the houses where people would be relocated, and amazingly, they were supportive of the project. There was just an amazing coming together, bipartisan, to eventually bring this thing to completion. There were the discussions in a particular neighborhood should it be up in the mona neighborhood . E scenariosa through through the neighborhood causing different locations, but it was remarkable that the people affected by those different scenarios, they were not automatically opposed. They were open and listening. It didnt hurt that jim really was truly a selfless Public Servant and was highly trusted, so that people had the sense that he would help them through this, whatever the outcome was, and that it wasnt something being done to them. It was something that would really benefit everyone, including them. Likeyou had what seemed the overwhelmingly complex technical resolution to the project, you could see where you were going in a technical, physical sense, then theres the problem of how you finance it. Tove got to figure out ways get local funding. I think there were state grants by 18 different governors. The same was true at the National Level of starting out with our initial senators who brought the initial grant money to study how you do it. We have a bridge named for congressman john myers who is central to the process, a republican congressman and a democratic mayor working hand in hand in hand in hand. It was true at the state level,ith governor or, governor by and at the National Level, other lugar, danuayle, coats, a number of people who followed congressman myers lead in making this happen. There was a Railroad Relocation demonstration cities program. Lafayette got named to the program and turned out to be one of the most successful examples in the country in terms of doing it. Named, but what they used theirs for was a huge bridge, which is still there and very much needed. Lafayette went for this audacious solution. Several years ago, they completed the study to try to solve the larger problems. You had in next nationally of people trying to do one or two smaller things to help part of their problems, that this conflict between the rails and the autos goes back to the evolution of transportation modes when the car started to predominate not predominate, but come into conflict with the important railroads that have been such a complete bedrock of our economic wellbeing in this country, in this state, in this region. What started out as a thought of, can we do this in one big contract, ended up being 16 different state contracts. We started with the bridge, which is now one of the bridges that cross as long wabash. We are standing at fort depot, where at one point the concept was developed to move the depot from its original location at south and 2nd street to be the so that we would have a Passenger Rail facility, but also a wonderful facility for community festivals. We built a bridge to replace that, a state highway bridge out , and made what is called the main street bridge and renamed it for congressman myers. It is the venue for Public Events today. That was one of the contracts. I forget which number that was. Obviously, the big summary contracts were the ones where we relocated csx, 20 years ago today. I am saying csx, but at the time it was started, it was called the louisville and nashville. Csx acquire them. , it wasime we moved csx. Contract was last contract that most people in the community and state feel was the culmination of the Railroad Relocation project, because it moved the Norfolk Southern trains off of their diagonal route literally right to the community at the base of the hill. The construction was completed in 2003. The project cost 186 million, and a little under 15 of that was locally funded. A little over 5 was statefunded. The goal of the project, which was safety for citizens, traffic relief for the citizens, but also a tremendous side effect of allowing a much more vibrant center city to emerge. Lafayette was one of the leaders in promoting Historic Preservation up and down our main street. This was going on while the project was going on. You cant take full advantage of those kinds of trends until you fromup the center city this kind of oppressive transportation conflict. All weekend long, American History tv is joining our Comcast Cable partners to showcase the history of lafayette and West Lafayette, indiana. To learn more about the cities on our 2014 tour, visit cspan. Org localcontent. We continue with our look at the history of lafayette and West Lafayette. This is American History tv on cspan3. Here at the site of the battle of tippecanoe, which was fought november 7, 1811, just over 200 years ago. Its one of the events that cleared the way for indiana with its 200th anniversary in 2016. Broughtty of greenville in and to what had been called in thethwest indian wars 1790s. It was the beginning of the United States being able to take control of the Northwest Territory, which it again title ii in the treaty of paris in 1783. It brought about a generation of ,neasy peace on the frontier but it also, in the early years of the 19th century, saw the beginnings of a native under the Movement Leadership of a shawnee holy man , who the whites referred to as the shawnee prophet. His move was quite successful and attracted lots of followers. Moved hisencil tower headquarters to the edge of the tippecanoe and wabash rivers. It was to become the new headquarters and Training Ground of an alliance that was forming and becoming rather large. E. You have profit town set up on that basicallyr set up an International Boundary between u. S. Lands and nativeheld lands. Territoryhe indiana had been created out of the old Northwest Territory, and William Henry harrison have been appointed governor. E founding of profits town, harrison on behalf of the government negotiated a treaty with tribes in this area, which turned over about 3 million acres of Southern Indiana to the u. S. Government. This is the event that really set the two sides on a collision. Ourse the doctrine at prophetstown was all native peoples are one be soldand no land can or turned over without unanimous consent. Negotiatedeaty was with people who had longstanding claims to residents in this area. Prophetstown was a direct challenge to the United States. The 1809 treaty was a direct challenge to the influence of the alliance at prophetstown, which by this time was increasingly coming under the influence of the profits brother whose name was tecumseh. In 1810, tecumseh and 300400 warriors made a trip to the territorial capital to demand that the 1809 treaty be rescinded. This meeting became extremely devolvedus, almost into Armed Conflict at least once. The two met for several days and finally parted, but nothing was really well resolved. From that time on, the frontier was basically in a state of guerrilla warfare. Harrison asked the secretary of war for troops. Secretary 1811, the sent the fourth u. S. Regiment down the ohio river on flat conflict. Ing to avoid harrison learned that tecumseh who now had come to see his major opponent in this mill you tecumseh was going to be out of town. He said, im leaving for the south on recruiting drive, i will be back, and then maybe we will talk to the president or something about this treaty. He troops got incensed they almost immediately undertook their expedition to prophetstown. They got here on the afternoon of november 6. The orders from the secretary of war word to effect the dispersal and abandonment of prophetstown by peaceful means if possible but by force if necessary. Looking around at the surrounding terrain, the army came over to this timber ridge that we are standing on now and set up camp on this spot now known as the tippecanoe battlefield. The weather was cold and rainy. It was early november. The troops were tired. They were low on provisions. They had limited manpower and limited equipment. Shortage of axes. He had the troops build bonfires. He had them sleep in battle positions fully dressed on their weapons. In the predawn hours, about one of the soldiers heard a noise in the dark in the darkness and fired a shot. The indian who was hit yelled out in pain, which to some surprise, but the once that happened, the attack proceeded immediately. The majority of fighting took place on two flanks. The first attack on the lines came at this corner of the camp. Pretty much from the direction that this large perforated arrow points. Flanks,round the two first around the sleigh, pretty heavy fighting on this corner, and shortly thereafter, a lot of fighting on the right flank. The right flank is narrow enough that the troops down there were under fire from three sides all at the same time. A lot of the fighting was hand to hand. The bonfires that the troops had said to keep warm that night proved to be a severe disadvantage until they were able to be extinguished. The whole battle lasted about two hours, and it all took place in the dark. Daylight, the native forces broke off the attack and went back across the marsh and eve accu it at prophetstown evacuated prophetstown. The army spent the rest of the day taking care of the wounded and burying their dead. When they went to prophetstown the following day, they found britishmade weapons and gunpowder, which gave evidence in congressiners and other places in this country who had been agitating for war for a long time. They would have been telling you , the british are behind our indian problems, and this proves it. The battle here was one of the Tipping Point events that led to the declaration of war about seven months later, which started the war of 1812. The battle here was a blow to to credibility and influence tecumseh and the profit. Tecumseh returned to wabash in january of 1812 and was killed a in october of 1813. The profit stayed in canada prophet stayed in canada for a long time, even after some of his followers came back. He did eventually make his way to the shawnee reservation in kansas in the 1830s and died in 1836 and is buried somewhere under the streets of kansas city. He lived to be quite an old man. Harrison was having political problems before the battle, and when they returned to van sends after the battle, a lot of prominent indiana and kentucky families suddenly found themselves with dead sons. There was a lot of criticism because of that. It was uncertain whether the battle was really a victory or not because of the heavy losses. Harrison ran for president for the first time in 1836 against martin van buren. He had in the intervening years parlayed the victory here, such as it was, into a national and acal campaign nickname for himself. He was called old tip. You probably would not have been able to spin the victory here into as big of a thing as it was had he not been subsequently a successful general in the war of 1812. He ran for president in 1836, was unsuccessful. He ran again in 1840 with john tyler as his running mate. There was a Large Campaign rally some 30,000tracted people. A rally in 1840 was probably the first modern style campaign. Ally of the type we see today probably the number one question i get here at the museum is, what does tippecanoe and tyler to meano . Harrison ran for president with tyler as his running mate. If you vote for tippecanoe, you get tyler too. Year,on the campaign that and harrison died three days after the inauguration, and tyler became president. The battlefield today is surrounded by a wrought iron fence. The fence pretty much and closes the perimeter of the army camp. Because there are dead u. S. Military servicemembers buried, it is treated pretty much as a cemetery. There isnt much in the way of interpretive materials. There is a large monument that was elected in 1908, but this battle secured the old Northwest Territory for the United States. It stabilized what had been a significant strategic vacuum, and it enabled the westward movement of the country to really proceed forward. Weekend long, American History tv is featuring lafayette and West Lafayette, indiana. Aviator Amelia Ehrhardt was a visiting faculty member at purdue in 1935, and the University Sponsored ehrhardts attempt at a solo around the world flight. Our Cable Partners worked with staff when wetour recently traveled to indiana. Learn more all weekend here on American History tv. We are sitting in the cspan archives, which are located in West Lafayette, indiana. That is where everything is recorded that transpires on cspan. This is where the satellite signals come in, cspan, cspan2, cspan3, bringing in the signal that we record and digitized. These three pieces of equipment for are the main encoders cspan, cspan2, and cspan3. That signal that comes off the satellite is sent to these devices where it becomes a digitally recorded signal, stored on a small server for 24 hours a day, seven days a week continuously. Idearchives started as the of a half dozen professors at Purdue University who felt that the long form, unedited content that cspan errors is an important audiovisual record of the entireirs, congress, hearings, president ial speeches, and that that video needed to be saved and saved in a way that scholars and the public could use. What we did is we started by using a satellite, independent of the headquarters located in indiana. We take the signal as its transmitted, and we record every day, every hour, and we save it. We also index it, digitize it, and make it available so anybody can find the material quickly and replay it. When i met brian lamb who is an alumnus of purdue in 1986, there wasnt any archive. Cspan, its hard to believe, and its shocking to people, but cspan was erasing its material to reuse tapes. A lot of networks did that. Tapes were expensive, and they took up a lot of space. We created the archive at purdue idea,sity as an initial and we operated there from 1987. O 1998 when we left Purdue University and became part of cspan, we stayed in West Lafayette, because that is where the train staff was, the operations, and we remain here today. It is really 30 years almost of political history. Its major events. Its everything cspan does, but gems like there are the ollie north hearings, which went on for most of the summer , the bill clinton campaigning in New Hampshire in 1992. It allows anyone to go back and relive these political moments. For example, the robert bork nomination changed judicial nominations forever. Can you give us any other examples of the numerous youve criticized that might fall in that category of being settled doctrine that would cause such a people to change . You know there have been many decisions that youve criticized from 1942 on, after the commerce clause. Ican, senator. I have criticized some. Let me say this. I am a judge, and i am acutely aware that my authority, unlike yours, arises only if i can explain why what im doing is rooted in the constitution or in a statute. He answered every question. E didnt have a handler as a professor, he thought he could handle any question and that he would be judged on the arits, but it became political event. Justicestobe, wont answer many questions, and they have handlers in the white house. That changed. If you look back at how a nomination was handled before that era, the bork nomination is one of those. Bill clinton was a master campaigner, and we watched him in 1992 in New Hampshire. You could see the ultimate and retail politics. Im glad to see you out there. Are you ok . Im really glad to see you. What is your name . Jessica. How old are you . 10. My daughter is 11. Also see him encountering problems such as his draft letter issue. Before the lottery came into being, i give back and rotc student deferment and placed myself in the draft. This letter is the account of a conflicted and thoughtful young americansike so many at the time, sought a deferment and made himself available for the draft. The Gennifer Flowers revelations and how he handled that. Good afternoon. This whole experience is not easy for me. I will start by explaining why i came forward to tell my story about my affair with governor bill clinton. Ways are a variety of ways you can get cspan material. You can watch it free online, the whole video collection, 200,000 hours. No other Network Makes everything as available as we do. Secondly, you can buy a dvd at any time. Dvd costs you, because you are getting the video in a physical form, or you can download the material. When you are downloading material, you are bringing it to your computer and putting it in a presentation on the website, but you dont have to download it, if you dont want to. You can always copy the link to the program, which means the video stays on the video servers here in the archives, and you are just sending somebody a link or a location where they can watch it. There are many ways people utilize the Video Library. Some are just citizens that want to know more about something. Who there are lobbyists want to see a hearing again that they may have missed or even were there, but they want the video record. Campaigns use it. I talked earlier about the justice bork nomination and Supreme Court nominations. We know that the white house uses videotapes and now digital records to prep witnesses and to justicestobe before they come to testify. We have heard stories warily eye e ioccoca would use it. The process we started with which was take a signal, put it on videotape, look at the videotape afterwords, and make what the we index by event was, where it was, who was in it, a summary of it that process really hasnt changed. The sameo today is process, but only it is digital. It is on servers, on computers. It very fast. We dont have to play videotapes back. We have access to material almost instantly. That process we started in 1987 we really have continued. In the early days, what the index would do would be to find a video for you. The video might be nine hours of the house. We knew people might have wanted to find representative smith speaking at noon. We started doing program indexing, where we would put times next to the speakers name. That has been a major advance you find in the Video Library where you can type in fired up, ready to go, and it goes to when barack obama said that on the campaign trial. When the voice says fired up, they all say, ready to go. One of the key things of cspan is that it started by televising the house of representatives. The house of representatives started in 1979. On this historic day, the house of representatives opens its proceedings for the first time to televised coverage. Part, andse is a key then later the senate for cspan2, key elements of the cspan mission. Whenever they are there, the making publicals policy, cspan covers them. What we did was created something called the congressional chronicle where we speaker,detail every and we link it to the congressional record and link it to the text of what they said. Simply, this bill will prevent tax increases on millions and millions of families that would happen if we were not on the floor today. Significant we were the first to ever do this, and in fact, the Congress Still doesnt do this we focus only on what was said. If members are allowed to insert remarks and not be there for their remarks and put them into the printed record, we leave that out of our index because they werent there speaking. Ours is the first index that really shows when members speak on the floor, exclusively speaking on the floor of the house or senate. The congressional record is a little deceiving. Certain senators never speak on the senate floor or speak very to the but you can go official record, and they are there all the time. They had their remarks inserted. Database,se and you find when they actually spoke. Probably the most important tool we have created is the clipping tool. Cspan is longform. It doesnt make clips. It shows the entire event. Do with cspan and the Video Library is further the debate. If you think that someone made a or they made a very good argument, you can make a clip of that and send that to our friends or put that on facebook or use twitter, all of the new social tools. To send thoseons clips that you make. Then somebody else says, that wasnt the essence of the argument. This other person made a better argument in this other video that counteracts what i just got or saw in an article. A person can make their own clip and further the debate that way. That is where we see a lot of use. We see clips being used in classes. We see clips being used by students. Blogs,them being used in newspapers, John Stuart Jon stewart. Jon cspan gets its funding through cable and satellite subscribers who pay a small amount, six cents each month, and that money comes to cspan. Cspan uses a small amount to fund the archives. We only have 11 people here. We have two people who work in customer service, taking phone calls from viewers, making sure that viewers can find the material that they want, that if they want to buy it or license it, we handle those inquiries. Indexers. Ve three those indexers are the heart of the information system. They enter the information. They look at every program. They check a database that has 115,000 different people in it, and if there is a new person, they create that person. They create the indexes that allow people to buy the programs. Developers or programmers who write the software that make the system go , the recording, the indexing, the duplication system, the archiving system. All of that software has been written here and maintained here. It allows the system to work very efficiently. We have one Operations Manager who make sure that all the trains run on time, that all the equipment is working, and that the place operates efficiently with the equipment it has. Handlesone person who duplication, shipping, digitization, anything that has or located oround shift out. Thats pretty much all the staff that there is. Thats not a whole lot of people to do some 8000 original content hours a year. Our future is constantly being abreast of the technology. It is more video in a smaller , faster video availability to the users, and it is more detailed indexing so that we can speakerse individual and the text or the spoken word that somebody is looking for. It has been a long time since theyve had peace in the middle east. Step one is to have a vision for what peace would look like. Steps of the rose garden, i gave a speech about a two state solution. We cut down the search time for individuals and get them right to what they are looking for. , you stilly days probably would have to go back to some old event and wade through it to find out if somebody said what you think they said. For the new content, it is much more detailed and indexed. The impact of the Video Library can be seen in every campaign. The opposition researchers are. Sing it to research the candidates are using it to research their own positions. The public is using it to educate themselves. More and more people are watching things after they erred aired. On any particular night when there is a president ial speech, you can see it on all the networks. You can see it on political sites and media sites, but the next day, where do you go . That, when they have moved on to the story of the day . The Video Library has a video. People say, how long do you keep it . We keep it forever. There is some more much material on cspan, three networks, that you cant sit down all day long to watch everything. People are returning to the Video Library when they hear about something, they see the news, and they want to see the entire event. They go to the Video Library. Of keeping an impact people honest. Know that no comments they once made are out there and can be easily found. We are seeing that in lots of cases where people are fighting statements that people made, and they are playing them back. ,f they contradict themselves then the candidate has to explain that were the politician has to explain that or the politician has to explain that. I think everybody is aware that of that accountability. A second impact is that before cspan and the cspan Video Library, it was hard to get video. Now youtube has lots of video. You cant go back and watch video of president kennedys news conferences easily. If you want to study ronald bush orr george h. W. George bush or bill clinton, now barack obama, you have all of that video available. That is available to everyone. You dont have to travel to new york or los angeles. You dont have to spend a lot of money to West Lafayette. You can just watch it online. That is democratizing information and democratizing our debate and knowledge about politics. Throughout the weekend, featuringistory tv is lafayette and West Lafayette, indiana. Our staff recently traveled there to learn about its rich history. Learn more about the sister cities and other stops on the cspan cities tour at cspan. Org localcontent. You are watching American History tv, all weekend, every cspan3. Here is a look of some of the programs you will find Christmas Day on cspan. Holiday festivities start at 10 00 a. M. Eastern on cspan with the lighting of the National Christmas tree, followed by the White House Christmas decorations with first Lady Michelle obama, and the lighting of the capitol christmas tree. As dr. 12 30, celebrity activists talk about their causes. At 8 00, Justice Samuel alito and former governor jeb bush on the bill of rights and founding fathers. Return to the art of good writing with steven pinker. Then see the feminist side of a porerhero as jill le explores the history of wonder woman. On cspan3 at 8 00 a. M. Eastern, the fall of the berlin wall with cspan footage of president george bush and bob dole with speeches from president S John Kennedy and ronald reagan. At noon, fashion experts on ashion choices. At 10 00, former nbc news anchor tom brokaw on his more than 50 years of reporting on world events. That is Christmas Day on the cspan networks. For a complete schedule, go to cspan. Org. Each week, American History america brings you archival films that help tell the story of the 20th century. When you think about the geography of cuba, we might keep in mind two important ideas. First, cuba is an island. Second, cuba has a tropical climate. Lets learn more about this island and its people. Here are some of the people of rural cuba. There are many different types of cuban people, including those descended from the original spanish settlers, those descended from negro slaves someht to the island, and dissented from various european and west indies peoples. What relationships can we find between these people and the big island on which they live . The Tropical Island of cuba lies in the caribbean sea, just south of the United States and east of mexico. From they 90 miles United States, so near that the affairs of the two countries have always been closely related. Cubas strategic position puts it on important sea lanes. Here, here, and here. Two of these are gateways to the panama canal. Because of its strategic position, cuba was called the key to the new world by the early spanish explorers. Spaniards settled cuba and built many cities, including havana, still called by the spanish name la habana, and santiago. In santiago, we can see today something of spanish history in the Old Buildings and streets. We find evidence of the spanish conquest and the great fortifications in santee argo harbor. Cubanoo are scenes of the struggle for independence from spain, a struggle in which the United States took part. A spanish fleet was defeated by the United States in 1898. On san juan hill, american and cuban troops one another victory. On the hill today, this memorial represents the combined cuban and american fight for the islands independence from spain. Much of cubas history has been influenced by the importance of its island position as key to the new world. Way to see more of cuba and its people is to go along the central highway. It extends from havana to santiago, a distance of about 700 miles. Starting in the city of santiago, we meet more of the cuban people, people of many different types who make up. Ubas mixed population following this bus from santiago to havana, we have seen more of the fertile, beautiful island. Here at the eastern and of the island are some of cubas highest mountains. Tore are mountains similar these throughout the island. Eastern andn the that many of cubas forests and most of its minerals are found. Are iron,ores mined nickel, copper, and chrome. This mine produces manganese. Among the many kinds of tropical trees that grow in eastern cuba is a mahogany. Much of the mahogany wood is exported to the United States. Moving westward along the island, we see green fields on both sides of the highway. Here in the central portion of cuba are some of its most productive regions. The land is used to grow sugarcane, the most important product of cuba. Is a tropical plant, and in cubas warm, moist climate, it grows so abundantly that five or six crops can be harvested from the same plant. Much of the crop is harvested by hand laborers who use sharp knives called machetes. Lets meet one of the workmen. His name is jose. He swings his machete again and again, cutting the right stock. Hoseacutting the stalks, gathers them up and helps load them into a truck. Jose and the other men do not work in the fields during the hottest part of the day. Until 4 00, they go to their homes to rest, or as they say, to take a siesta. Ase and his family live in simple hatched thought hut. Jose owns a goat, a few ducks and chickens, which his wife cares for. Near the heart are some banana trees that provide fresh fruit for the family. As in most tropical countries, life is easy and pleasant. Four siesta, everyone goes to rest. E hut after siesta, work on the plantations is resumed. In the midst of the plantation is the central or sugar mill where the harvested sugarcane is brought to be processed. Cane iscentral, the pressed and the juices turned into raw sugar. In some mills, the raw sugar is further processed into refined sugar. From this single product, sugar, comes most of cubas wealth. Where is the sugar sent . Most of it goes to cubas close neighbor, the United States. What else does cuba send us . Follow the central highway into the western part of the out. D to find knowing cubas tropical climate, we are not surprised to see fields of pineapples along the highway. What sugarcane, pineapples thrive in cubas fertile soil and yearround warm weather. Much of this tropical fruit is sent to the United States. Another crop which brings wealth to cuba is tobacco. Certain varieties of tobacco are grown under cloth for protection from the hot sun. Cuban laborers handle the crop through all stages, the growing, the harvesting of the leaves, and the final making of cigars. This is one of the many cigar factories in havana. Supervising the work is the foreman miguel. He is one of many men who earn their living in the tobacco industry. L as he leavesg the factory to go to his home in havana. He dodges the traffic of the evening rush hour and runs to catch his bus for home. Rado,us passes the p havanas famous boulevard. Nearby is the university of havana. Pedro,he students is miguels son. Pedro and his fellow students walked through havana. Capital, a the beautiful building that resembles the United States capital in washington. Later, pedro and his friends find their way to one of havanas beaches. Cubas beautiful beaches and pleasant climate are among the attractions that bring tourists from other lands, many of them from the United States. Appreciate the beauties of their own land, sometimes for recreation. On al will take his family drive through havana. Among the familiar havana sites that the family sees is this statue of hosing marti, the hero of cubas war of independence. Here is columbus cathedral, named after the famous discoverer of the new world. Along havanas docs are ships loading cuban products that go to the United States and other countries. Near the mouth of havana harbor stands moral castle, one of the great forts that the early standards built to protect the island, their key to the new and from then on to the present day, cubas history and geography have been closely linked to its geographical position. Cubas natural wealth includes many valuable products. Among them are tropical woods such as mahogany, tropical fruits such as pineapple, special crops such as highgrade and of course, the most important single product, sugar. Of the things produced by the cuban people who live on the big island with the tropical climate. You are watching American History tv, all weekend, every weekend on cspan3. To join the conversation, like us on facebook. On december 24, 1814, the treaty of ghent was signed by negotiators from the United States and britain, eventually bringing the war of 1812 to attend an end. The octagonit museum and the treaty room where president madison signed the agreement to month later on this table in february of 1815. We joined a tour of the museum with a group of belgians who traveled to the octagon to mark the treaty anniversary with a gift of several especiallyhybridized 3d of gh treaty of ghent rose plants. Hello. I have the honor of being the president of the American Institute of architects for 2014, which is now the steward of this Historic Property here at the corner of 18th street and e street. It is the location of the signing of the treaty of ghent. We are celebrating the 200th anniversary here today with our friends from belgium who have come to honor us with their presence. [applause] of course, it is an honor and privilege to be here and to offer this special rose. It normally should bloom from july until october, november. It has been cultivated here in america. It comes from chicago. It will live a long time, for many generations to come. Fault of the belgians for the most part had not seen it before, so they were really interested in viewing the home. The two are god for this event guidey reinhardt tour for this event was ray reinhardt. He is himself a learned historian and wonderful expert on the octagon and everything related to the aia. In there to get his clothes. He could go in there to get his sherry so that when he had a guest he could lubricate the business conversation that was going on. Which thee table upon treaty of ghent was signed. The box in which the treaty cane is behind you. The americans come with this, knock on the door, and the servants begin to yell, peace, peace. The place goes ballistic. There are parties. All of the liquor is brought out. It is a huge celebration. A house filled with light because there was darkness all over the place. Smoldering ruins of the white capitol. E we gave each individual a long stemmed yellow rose just as their own personal takeaway from the event and to remind them throughout the day of the shared respect and admiration and affection that we have for one another and for the with live coverage of the u. S. House on cspan and the senate on cspan2, here on cspan3 we complement that coverage by showing you the most relevant congressional hearings. On weekends, cspan3 is home to American History tv. Series,ludes six unique the civil wars 150th ,nniversary, american artifacts history bookshelf, the presidency,