Project on my part. I was happy to see it reach print. Mong the most notable realities, tom horn occupies a prominent place. Throughout the last quarter of century, he participated in many dangerous ctivity, as cowhand, minor, indian fighter, law man, and detective. Survive. Ed to while wild west aficionados do an equal as horn such notables as wyattern and kidd, he runs them close second. And hes been the subject of articles, books, and hollywood movies. Oday you can buy tom horn tshirts. In one area, horn stands out bove all other western characters. Is controversial death by hanging. Hangin hanging. Missouri in in 1850. He coincided with the civil war were very called difficult times. His parents, devout flowers of of christ, imposed a strict code in the home, prompting young tom to leave the mid 1870s. Westward working at odd jobs and became a cow drives on texas cattle to dodge city, kansas. Fortune he sought his in the booming camp of ledville, colorado. Hen he failed to prosper, he reportedly hired out his gun during a dispute between two for oad companies vying control of the best route into ledville. There, he , or from ade his way to arizona territory in 1881 arriving just apache tbreak for disturbances was occurring. Need of employment. Horne signed on in the army of civilian employee. And a ed as a teamster civilian chief of scouts. He was present both as a scout spanish interpreter during the negotiations with geronimo, that finally led to his wiley old medicine man of ender in september of 1886. He tried his hand at cow unching and mining in ground county, arizona where he had many friends. In 1888 the friends assist and outbreak and the tanto basin in arizona. This is between the families of ewkesbury on one side and Thomas Graham on the other resulted in as many as 25 deaths. While horne maintained that he was merely an immediate yea tore vendetta and did not he sides, it is known that partisan. S tewksberry he was a deputy sheriff, horn vigilantes anded lynching three suspected thieves. Since he launched a small herd, he developed that patriot for all thievery. His friends, rancher burke don lop in Graham County down on that horn was thieves more than any man he knew. Attention of he the Pinkerton Agency. He went to work for the branch denver, colorado. At that time, newspapers soon applaud in him for the toing and determined efforts run down train robbers. The agency september him to wyoming where a range war had erupted between the big cattle companies on one and and small ranchers homesteaders on the other for control of the range. Pinkerton believed he was ready for this assignment. After six months of dangerous county, ohnson including one shootout with theler, horn concluded that paltry wages of a detective, 15 expenses, was not worth the effort. Soon after completing the the nment, horne left pinkertons saying he did not like the work. Resigned, houf,e william pinkerton, one of the owners of the company, later had to fire horn because horn was drinking very heavily. 1893, tom horn was at work as range detective for a wyoming cattle company. His decision proved fatal though several years lapsed before it became clear. It did not take long for the new detective to conclude that wyoming juries often consisting f homesteaders and small ranchers, were prejudiced barons the lordly cattle for whom he worked. And when horn watched as several suspected rustlers he had arrested were set free, he vowed to work outside of the law and future. Rumors began to circulate that e was able to assassinate suspected rustlers for 600 per head. Murdered in were the Iron Mountain community in 1895, of cheyenne lawmakers soon regarded horn as primary person of interest. Missed a grand jury indictment for murder by two votes. Employers, the cattle barons, were very concerned that urged him bility and to leave wyoming. He returned to arizona territory 1896, and just in againals a icipate civilian scout . The last major Army Campaign the apaches. He was working in Graham County in the u. S. Went to war 1898. In april of the commander general of the remembered horn and his services in the apache campaigns against geronimo and sought horn campaigns mber the against forces in cuba. As the chief packer for the ar core, horn was in charge of trains which were the cal in keeping frontline troops supplied with ammunition in this heavily jungled area. By allahs, tom horn should have the pack niche in trains. When he applied for pack master in the United States the rebels uppress in the philippine islands, he down. Explicably turned in a huff, horn refused to make to travel to st. Louis where he would have gotten the trains if he had wanted to. As a result, he returned to the of his cattle baron friends in wyoming. 1899, he served as a union acific Railroad Detective and the u. S. Deputy marshal in the a band of post robbers and train robbers that were allegedly part of Butch Cassidys wild bunch. In 1900, horn, who had returned to the employee of the cattle companies was suspected assassinating two alleged livestock thieves in colorado. Ern, and finally in july of the following year, he was the primary suspect in the murder of a 14yearold boy, willie mountain the iron community. Horn was tried and convicted in siltingg District Court in cheyenne and hanged on 20 1903. Er my interest in tom horn stemmed from reading about the american a young boy. Of 250 up in a Village People in eastern arkansas, for me do. Ot a lot i became an avid reader. My grandfather, the local schoolteacher, also stimulated my interest in history. Visits toily saturday the nearest town of any size, my destination was always the book racks at the local drugstore. Given tom horns controversial areer, he was the favorite subject of western riders at this time in the early 1950s, in fop ullr western novels and magazines, i found a biography of a frontier character such as wyattern and billy the kidd. Author of these biographies took the truth, they encouraged to want to know more about personalities. R n spite of having information about tom horn in my later research about the u. S. Marshals in the ty sheriffs outhwest, i did not ever contemplate writing a biography of tom horn. But i found myself without an immediate subject for research write a short biography for a western series oklahoma versity of press. Suddenly i confronted the detailed of a very work which eventually ended up over 500 pages. How much work t was involved, i might not have project at all. As i began to look into what had horn, i tten about tom found there were at least three. The first, the tom horn in his autobiography, entitled life of scout and overnment urderer published posthumously in 1954 after his execution. Horn inspired om by his own autobiography. Inally, a limited amount of documented research already existing in his life. Getting beyond the first two proved a serious challenge. Tom horne wrote his autobiography while languishing in a cheyenne jail prior to his execution. Possessed only an el mea Elementary School education, his book is well written and day. Emely popular to this its presently available in at east seven separate paperback printings. However, he was an accomplished teller oftal tales. Tall tales. Hangmans ing the noose, he felt no compunction about the truth. More interested in telling exaggerations and lies than the truth. Early little about the years of his career on the frontier. But devoted most of the book to the experiences in the apache in arizona and northern mexico in the 1880s. Recounted a meeting with albert seener, the most famous civilian chief of scouts in at that time, and how he taught him the arts of scouting. The so maintained he met most notable apache war leader geronimo, and this noted warrior took a liking to him. Arranged for horn to ive with the pay cheats and learned to live with the customs. Ear for languages, learned the tongue quickly. The truth is, contrary tradition Apache Community name talking the boy because he feels boastful talkative. He just couldnt keep his mouth shut. In future negotiations between and the u. S. Army, geronimo insisted that only he, the interpreting. With that, horn then devotes autobiography to narration of various battles in play the laims to decisive or at least a primary role. With a pleted the book few guarded references to the on the toe basin war and as a pinkerton operative. With the abruptly arrival in wyoming in 1892 saying that the newspapers had since that life time. In regard to the second obstacle, finding the real tom horn, the legend that has grown found almost i impenetrable sometimes. Orn, of course, was partly responsible for this, even before he published his book or after hisas published used every opportunity when he confronted a newspaper him with all gale of his heroics. He was very good, i wantly. S and early 1900s when he as still alive, fictional pieces using him in the such as cosmopolitan and mcclures. Grew up on an army post horn zona and knew tom personally and included him in jeron mow rode. Also placed him in the wyoming about the writing Wyoming Range wars, arthur denver newspaper man inevitably gave horn a prominent stories. Such john lloyd, a novelest, a noll entitled the neighbors and included horn as a a lover boy beit set in the Wyoming Range wars. Tom horns pinkerton comrades, cyrus shores and siringo also wrote their recollections about tom horne. Were not always very comp complimentary. About began to appear the mysterious range rider. Movie4, a pioneer wyoming maker produced a film about the Wyoming Range wars entitled of the plains, and it hornlike tom characterern as an assassin. He name of tom horn enjoyed Remarkable Growth in the 1920s and 30s as the market of the industrial cities for wild west material, any material, just boomed. Theres stories about any frontier character. Among the most popular horn were from tom chapters and books by dane men in the fighting the man about trigonometry is still in print. Nd a magazine entitled famous detective cases. Indeed, tom horns popularity audience ch a wide that retired Army Officers and had rizona pioneers who known tom horn were provoked to exaggerated t this image that was floating around about tom horn. Fact, under the leadership of charles gaitwood army officerof the who was responsible for or geronimosm gatewood jr. Arles organized a circle of correspondent to try to fight exaggerations and butllishments of tom horne, alas, they were unsuccessful. In spite or perhaps because of popularity of the well known and controversial frontiersman, my efforts to reach the third horn, that is the documented one, proved much more difficult anticipated. In my research for previous encountered bits of new material about horn. While exploring a large correspondencehe of the u. S. Marshals of arizona n 1966 at the arizona historical society, i happened tom a letter written by horn to u. S. Marshal william 1896. Mead in november of a reply to r was eads request that horn join a posse that marshall had in field at pursuit of bank robbers 1896. Ime, november in horns reply, he apologizes cannot join the posse, he was busy at the time as a foreman of a ranch. Promised in the future if he could break free, he would try marshal. The however, horn encysts he would not serve with a posse that the marshal had in the field. They were normally saloon pickups or amateurs out for reward money. Were unreliable. Horn insisted that he would have to go by himself. Show to geta better those outlaws by going alone, he emarked, and will get some of them, meaning to kill them. And to drive the rest of them out of the country. The en went on to say to i will get these men, but then whats in it for me . No cure, no pay is my motto, said horne, very clearly in this letter. If i dont get them, meaning killing some of them, it costs nobody a cent. Revealing most letters ive found. In a sense, confirmed a lot of the rumors circulating about horn. In undertaking Serious Research by the horn biography, the of the u. S. Army was the logical place to begin. Century, the u. S. Congress kept tight controls over every federal agency that public moneys. All agencies were required to expenditure. Very army quart masters showed tom at whipple loyed barracks in prescott, arizona in september of 1881. A teamster and mule packer, not as a chief of scouts as he later claimed. 1885 was there evidence he served as the chief in the s and he did so full flowing year in the pursuit of toronto. Had not been found for horns employment in arizona, there are other records helped. E for instance, for six months in 1884, the records of the Bureau Indian affairs revealed horn the mployed as a clerk in settlers store in san carlos, arizona, the headquarters of the apache reservation. One of the puzzlings a penths of autobiography is why he about to tell the truth his military service. He felt the jobs of a teamster, muleis, driving a wagon, a packer, a settlers clerk, were beneath his dignity. Attitude, especially toward the job of packer is difficult to comprehend, since packers constituted an elite ed guild in the service of the u. S. Army. Brigadier george crook, commander of the department in horns in much of tom residence there, considered the packers and their mules as the pursuit of in the renegade apaches. Since the mountain ranges of and eastern arizona northern new mexico were largely oadless, only the surefooted mule could keep troops supplied campaigns. Further more, since many of them were hispanics or mexicans, tom opportunity to learn their language. Qualified to serve as a spanish interpreter for the army, but never as an apache he claimed. As of his embellishing sometimes outright laws are in regard to the various battles the apache renegades. Again, he did not have to exaggerate his part since sources show that he was present and performed his manner. In a respectable the civilian chief of scouts, and there were many besides critical pied a position in the frontier army. Campaigns against renegade apaches, the army apaches into dly the army. While these apache units enjoy privileges hts and of bite enlisted men, they normally served as separate a civilian ies and chief of scouts was assigned to guide each company. The white chiefs of scouts were to be familiar with the apache people and often had wives. And there is some indication that horn lived with an apache least one thered at child by her. Her name was tomacita. Civilian scouts were in the middle serving as mediators Army Officers who were seldom acquainted with apache who served apaches in the army, tom horn was assigned to companies of apache that several on several occasions. Hile he could not speak fluent apache, horn manages a pigeon in o that was common to all that time in those circumstances and he was able to converse with his scouts. Is it sthe chief of scouts lived apache scouts in the field and was expected to keep them in line, not so much discipline, but through a deft hand. The members of the apache scout ompanies who were general lip on a first name basis with their antan, meaning chief in the apache language, regarded him as one of them. Apaches asked tom horn to drink and gamble with them, consented. Horns name reached the nationwide press while serving s a chief of scouts and in pursuit of renegade apaches in sonora. 8586, nter of captain crawford led an pursuit of the apaches in northern new mexico. Tom horne was one of two chiefs of skoufts accompanying this party. Unfortunately, this campaign tragedy when mexican militiamen blundered into the american force. Apparently mistaking crawfords pache scouts for hostile apaches, the mexicans opened mortally wounding crawford, and giving tom horn a flesh wound. To his own life, horne stepped out the the fire in order of to identify themselves as americans. Whot lieutenant marion moss assumed command for the wounded later praised tom horne for his bravery and recommending for some sort of recommended service. Came, incidentally. Tom horne served as a scout in the search for geronimo and his small following sonora in the summer of 1886. Rigadier general nelson miles who just succeeded george crook as Department Commander ordered stay on the trail of he elusive apaches until they were run down, killed, or captured. Was located near sonora in august of 1886, tom scouts were present. When First Lieutenant charles conducted the negotiations with geronimo assembled interpreters for these talks. He borrowed chief of scouts tom apache serve as an interpretever. Negotiations were conducted from andhe to spanish to english vice versa. Fter geronimo and his party surrendered in skeleton canyon, arizona in early september, escorted the small band of about 20 apaches, thats escorted ere left, them to ft. Bowie, arizona, where he prepared them for exile in the east. Duty to had one last perform in this regard. S the convoy was organized at ft. Bowie to go to the railroad at bowie station, arizona, tom horne was given the of personally escorting geronimo. Buggy with geronimo and saw him off in exile to the east. Time on the frontier, moments encountered that his life could have taken a very different turn. Ne such moment in the end of his service as chief packer for general william shafters Army Campaign in 1898. Arizona where o , but in stay or go to arizona, neither one. Instead, he stayed in wyoming here in september of 1898, he returned to the employment of old cattle baron friend, john cobal. Life his point on, his began to take a downward spiral. 14yearold son of case nickel, a homesteader at iron ountain community was assassinated on 18 july, 1901, a public outcry immediately followed. Outcry only increased when a few days later in a separate unrelated case, a young boy was found murdered near casper, wyoming. At first, Laramie County officers in cheyenne were inclined to suspect that nickel erer of willie was a neighbor named james miller or the murderer could teenagen one of his two sons. Willys father and james miller had been quarrelling for sometime. However as a coroners jury unusually lengthy investigation, and that the some 400 pages is still available, suspicion began detectiveowards range tom horn who had been patrolling the nickelmiller neighborhood at the time of the assassination. As the finger of suspicion continue to point toward horn, speculation as to what motive he could have had for such a killing. Held that john kobel and other big cattlemen in the hired horne to shoot kales nickel but that horn had the boy. Lly shot in fact, one of the rumors that loated, it turned out the be erroneous was that the boy was and ng his fathers coat hat. That would explain why horne made the mistake. An attempt made against kales nickels life, he was shot and times in a brutal affair because he had his 3yearold daughter with him at the time. Incredible. Of however, kales nickel did survive. Another version of a possible motive pointed to a longstanding personal feud between kales nickel and john kobel, the cattle baron. In an earlier confrontation in had inflictedckel kobel. Wound on john newspapers delighted at that grisly painting the image of it. While kobel survived, many cattle baron never forgave kales nickel for an attack on his social better. E knew that tom horn was merry carrying out his bosss wishes kales shot and killed nickels eason, the idea being that by killing the son, it nickel to ade kales leave the country. Another version held that horn on john kobels r with the purpose of nickel to kales vacate. If so, he was successful. He moved to cheyenne. Speculated that willie spotted him as he lay in ambush for kales nickel. Horns assassinations earlier in 1895, the young son victim had spied the the vicinity. In a grand jury investigation in heyenne, the young boy had spotted horne at the courthouse. Seeing his fathers schted killer, the boy cried out, mama, mama hold me killer. Papas recalling this embarrassing not t, horn was determined to make the same mistake twice. He shot willie. T was also pointed oh it that kales nickel had reasonably committed an unpardonable sin in region, in the eyes of the cattle barons by bringing the heep on to the traditional cattle range. As lawmen continue to investigate the murder of willie in the murder of 1901 and 1902, the Laramie County Court Commissioners resolved to get to the bottom of this brutal killing. Part of the ern coun county, especially the iron community, had been the scene of many violent episodes. Ime to incorporate this isolated and lawless region into the lawabiding part of Laramie County. Commissioners authorized walter stolle, the public to employ a special investigation with a sole ssignment of finding the murderer of willie nickel. Joseph la four, franks s. Marshal deputies. E had a reputation for doggedness on the job and served as a range detective earlier. E was given the assignment to get the necessary evidence against tom horn. He was tom horn was targeted almost from the start. In january of 1902, la fours anipulated tom horn in a compromising conversation in the privacy of the Marshals Office cheyenne. And a carefully planned an ation, la fours secreted accredited federal Court Stenography in an adjoining room and instructed him to take down the conversation between the Deputy Marshal and tom horn. Horn, who believed that la ours, as a former range detective was likeminded as made a zed with him, series of incriminating admissions, not only to the nickel, but to earlier assassinations. Immediately arrested and enjailed in cheyenne. To this day, the trial and execution of tom horn remains of the most controversial events in wyoming history. The trial in the Laramie County court in cheyenne took wase in october of 1902 and day. A event for that much prepublicity had taken place. The case asterizing a sort of showdown between the companies and the Common People of wyoming livestock hat the lobby which would spend whatever amount of money was necessary to theyre hiring. Employer, didrns retain a battery of highpaid lacey, s, led by john one of the most influential attorneys in the state. The prosecution consisting of man, Public Prosecutor walter stahl, with some ssistance from an attorney hired by kales nickel, appeared in this trial. Yet the proceedings were filled with unexpected turns. Surprising being that the trial lasted only two weeks instead of anticipated six weeks. Further more, the trial did not as was widelyjury expected. Jury deliberations were short guilty was t of returned and tom horn was sentenced to hang. Apparently, big changes were taking place in wyoming in 1902 1903. The cattlemans lobby expected financing forless tom horns defense provided little or no money. Forced to borrow 5,000 from his ranching partner retainer. O put down a several years after the execution, kobel was making other efforts to persuade ranchers to pony up for the attorney fees. Cattleman trial, the leaped through newspapers that use of disavowed the violence as represented by tom leading john kobel to carry the burden. He had o kobels woes, lost his influential position as manager of the Iron Mountain cattle company. He was no longer feared as earlier by the homesteaders. T was no wonder that kobel was only cattle baron to attend the trial. Sporadically. Ot one baron attended the proceedings for even one session. Tom horn stood alone. Ince tom horns demise, the partisans have maintained he was railroaded for the murder of willie nickel. In order to punish him for his earlier assassinations. Assert that the jury consisted of homesteaders and small ranchers who hated the companies, that is horns employers, and the jurors convict even if the evidence did not warrant it. After much study, my position is probably committed the murder. Coroners ipt of the inquest, 400 pages, the trial transcript of 700 pages are all today in the wyoming state archives. Newspaper coverage was very thorough. Inclined a bit towards the journalism of that day. While i am aware that the miscaromings of justice do occur in our judicial system, john ensured that horn received the best possible defense. That the defense had at best a very weak case. First of all, the confession to marshal lafours was devastating to the defense. Would be confession entrapment today in our judicial setting, presiding judge Richard Scott who presided at horns confession ed the without question. There were precedence for it. These precedence do exist. Further more, u. S. Marshal lafours precaution for having an accredited Court Stenographer to take down the conversation, even if the defendant had been of the and was unaware stenographers presence made this part of the prosecution difficult to attack. While i cannot go into all of details of this remarkable case, the defense was able to resent only one alibi witness for tom horn. This witness, a cowboy named plaga testified he had seen the defendant many miles way from the murder scene on the morning of the murder. At a d horn was riding casual pace and seemed to be simply minding his own business. However, the prosecution showed plaga was a friend of horn and an admirer of tom horn, wanted to be a range detective just like horn. Profession, theres n saying that holds one eyewitness is no eyewitness. You must have at least two eyewitnesses to have a case. In a retrial of the tom horn presiding 93, the judge, as you might expect, tomw out the confession and horn was acquitted of the murder of willie nickel. Proceedings in 1902, there was some speculation state of tom horns mind. James eckle, a wyoming cowhand, roundups with horn, expressed the opinion that the defendant might be insane. Eckle had observed a dramatic tom horns conduct since he returned from cuba in 1898. Suffered a severe attack of yellow fever. Drink even more heavily, apparently in order to try to fight the ailment. Eckle observed that during moody, horn was often would not talk to anybody, appeared out of sorts, and would inexplicably jump on his horns and ride over the country for two or or rest three days. Eckle expressed the opinion that horns attorneys would probably last card. Ity as a but they didnt. When a reporter raised the horns mental state, with chief defense attorney john lacy, he admitted that there had een hints all along that tom horn might have been partially insane. Horn had agreed that not been of sound mind since he returned from cuba. Acys reason for this conclusion was that horn failed to fully inform the defense important matters baring on his case. And left out important facts according to lacy, would have been materially helpful in they known him in this time. F he had been a sound mind, he would have told us these things and benefits his case, lacy a newspaper man. If horns mind was unsteady, testament to the degree of desperation felt among the efense attorneys that they permitted him to take the witness stand. Certainly horn did himself no favors as a witness. Rguing that a socalled confession to Deputy Marshal merely josh between two men of like minds. The fact these two men discussed killing people in such a casual anner in this conversation didnt seem to register with anyone. Uring my research of this aspect of tom horns life, i confess that i did not find any and wonderful material that would decisively support either side of the case. However, a few points of circumstance of circumstantial nature did arise. While in jail, tom horns toward other inmates was sometimes very offensive and he often acted like a criminal. Tom horn,execution of otto plaga, the single defense, the r the reportedly admitted to friends that in reality, when he saw tom the morning of the murder, tom horn and plag as riding like hell to get away. N other words, he was escaping he was riding as fast as he could to laramie, establish an to alibi. Willie nickels funeral, according to the everend Benjamin Young who presided at these services, jim a ler approached him with question. Should miller be permitted or hould attend should miller attend the Funeral Services of willie. Admitted he and kales nickel had differences in the past. Ut miller protested there was no way that he could stoop to such a crime as killing a young boy. He got boys of my own, protested to the reverend, while im hasty tempered, i could not like that, that is to shoot 14yearold willie. Hile reverend young was sympathetic, he reluctantly add stay away. Ller to nonetheless, two of millers the funeral. Ttend maintained hey both cordial relations. T could be argued he was feigning sympathy, his actions do not appear to be to me at of a guilty man. While considering the aspects of he willie nickel case, a wrinkle appeared in this already complex story. Roy lilly, a resident informed Claudia Williams that his grandfather, erry williams, declared that john kobel may have been personally involved in the death f willie nickel and the subsequent attempt on kale nickels life. According to the story passed down to the family through roy according grandson, o Perry Williams, john kobel wrote him a letter shortly after willie nickels murder. And confessed to Perry Williams hat he was responsible for willie nickels death. Unfortunately, it appears unclear from the tradition in family whether kobel meant he personally was present in the or he of willie nickel was responsible by willies death by proxy, perhaps through horn. Its unfortunate that this incriminating letter was lost in fire when the Perry Williams ranch house burned. Not s simply a tradition, supported by a document. In reviewing the life of tom noted that uld be there was always a shadowy side to his activities. As a cowboy, he was reportedly shooting incidents in ledville, colorado. To a railroad company. Rustlers in the basin, arizona, he rode with vigilantes, one of the most events in his life took place, thought he was serving as detective. In 1891, on a case on the west arrested in reno, evada and accused of robbing a casino. While the Pinkerton Agency came in is defense and succeeded getting him off after two reno , many citizens of continue to believe his guilt was overwhelming. Pacific Railroad Detective in 188 or 1899 and pursuit of Butch Cassidys gang, tom horn killing two suspected train robber, only to find out that he killed the wrong me. They were simply rustlers. Even more fantastic and this is very difficult to believe, apparently theres some truth to it, there was a second ncident in which horn participated in killing two men in wyoming. Mistake. In, by by ry confusing, but 1900, the people of wyoming were antics of red of the this loose cannon in wyoming. And for the first time, wyoming which had been reluctant to connect his name in crimes now arious openly criticized him for such callous behavior. This sense, if there was ever a conspiracy against tom horn, it was publicwide. Popular conception of tom horn, this controversial often g detective is viewed as in effect two men. Schitzo iks dcs interpretation, the first tom orn is the chief of scouts in Pinkerton Detective who stood on the side of law and order. The second is the cattle who terrorized and assassinated rangers and small wyoming erators on the ranges. The usual justification for this personality change is he felt forced to adopt the direct actions of a frontier regulator juries in wyoming refused to convict rustlers. The evidence contradicts this interpretation. Brutalized in the no holds barred atmosphere of campaigns in which even apache women and chirp were callously murdered. In fact, tom horn admitted to charlie in one instance where he actually shot a little baby in apache an apa woman who had been killed. She was still clutching the baby. E one of the surprising things to apache campaigns is that the army assumed direction reservation during the height of the hostilities. Charge Army Officers in f the reservation actually meted out summary justice to apache makers. Horn was aware of this though no proof he participated in the apache. Is known to have shot and killed at least two apache troublemakers in a summary execution. All must have been aware of of this. When horn entered the employ of wyoming, barons in the cattle barons, of course, dominated wyoming politics until mid 1890s, and horn assumed that he would be protected by he hadtle barons just as been protected by the army in the apache campaigns. I dont see any difference, eras. , between the two horn. There was one tom and he was already inured to brutalized f activity. I dont think people comprehend ell how vicious the apache campaigns were. The u. S. Army was just as vicious on its side. Biggest difficulties in writing a biography of such a frontiersman is to arrive at some sort of an assessment of his personality. Admittingly, tom horn was a omplex person and the word enigmatic is often used to cover it. He possessed certain talents. Literate enough to write an autobiography. He was a top cowhand. Recognized horse breaker. In fact, he broke the most famous cutting horse in all of history, a horse naped muggins. The while living with apaches, he learned apache horse hair braiding. He learned to use leather. Of his work are in museums, not just in wyoming, west. Ll across the some of his examples are also in private hands. Very, very good at such an art. He was in his prime, a good marksman, although later in life, by the time he killed willie nickel, he was not that of a shot. He was in target practice. He often missed the birds they at. Shooting incidentally, he was wearing reading glasses. By this time. Reminiscent of wild bill hickok. Remember, he also was going behind during his life. Plains of the desert environment. One of the pioneer rodeo stars. Held a record for many years in arizona territory. E was if he had stuck with animals, he loved animals. He apparently hated people, but he loved animals. And if he had just stuck with the pack trains, he would have een all right, he would have made it at a career. Because some of his contemporaries did make it a retired from the army range as pack masters. At the same time, even tom horns friends admitted that he egotistical and full of himself. And his autobiography, he writes the ough he fulfilled in the role that Theodore Roosevelt claimed to ave fulfilled against the spaniards in cuba. The enemies of teddy roosevelt, accused him in his memoirs of riding as if he was alone in cuba. No army there. Tom horn rode as if he was alone in arizona in fighting the apaches. Made a brief o critical study of tom horns suffered uded horn from an inferiority complex. Complex was a y officers and serving the cattle barons who horn never thy and amassed wealth himself. Horn certainly did feel that his services were under appreciated his way to out of try to impress people. He would quote shakespeare in to impress just people. Ome riders have concluded that tom horns primary problem was that he outlived his time. In he was in his element the 1880s and 90s when the frontier lawof the enforcement were weak and frontiersmen were forced to resort to vigilante justice. It was horns misfortune to live century accord tolling this scenario when ublic opinion no longer condoned his regulator meteds which included the assassinations for money. Subscribes to this interpretation, we are forced toen toen conclude that he feels a pawnsall character in the of the hands of fickle and arbitrary gods. Owever, while american frontiersmen might resort to frontier or to a vigilante emergencies, they never condoned assassinations for money. For money, did kill he did so willfully and the full knowledge that he was convening rules of the society around him. Thank you very much. [ applause ] any questions . Yes. [ inaudible question ] before s killing people he was employed at the cattle barons association . I dont have any documented reference to him having shot and personal ebody in a dispute. For instance, there is one tradition that he was in a arizona andsouthern killed someone over a girl. But i was never able to document that. I dont think there was any doubt, though, that he did in the battles with the apaches, he was certainly probablyat apaches and did kill some or wound some. In wyoming he was, yes. He was never convicted in court or any of those suspected assassinations. With have evidence, for instance, from some of his friends, two of his friends, who him on john kobels s. Ttle ranch in the 1920 they admitted that they were of the sses at the time two killings in 1885. Admitted they saw horn riding way from the shooting scenes. Whereas horn informed the grand jury that he was 90 miles way at the time and the grand juries accepted this. It was Common Knowledge that horn was instrumental in the killings. In northwestern colorado in 1900 were in a sense way r documented in a because newspapers in describing hese events practically named tom horn as the assassin. Because horn was boastful. And he in the red light districts of laramie and get just he would drunk, just stone drunk. And he would apparently feel to tell it all. And so he would tell these he had round him what done. And its amazing that he was did to get it as far as he without being indicted. But in 1895, when the grand jury investigated those first two killings, the cattle barons were still pretty much in control. Ut but 1901, 1902, there had been a great change. The big change i find is in newspaper coverage. Denver, the denver newspapers covered all of this sympathized and with the common folk, the rocky ountain news editorialized against the cattle barons. They condemned all of the assassinations that were going on. Seems that Public Opinion grew up. 1902 and 1903. So horn was really condemned cattlemen themselves just backed away, acted like of hiring t a case someone to kill cattle rustlers, he murder of this boy had nothing to do with the range wars. This was a personal thing. At least thats my reading of it. The stenographers transcript is available, is that correct . Yes, i have not been able to see it. What as going to ask, statements did he make in that ha crypt that would transcript that would have led the jury to believe he was guilty. All i have is the transcript. It was done in shorthand. I have been told that an attorney in wyoming who is a of americana has this has these notes. Touch with et in him. But i was unable to do so. It would be really interesting to take to have the shorthand a stenographer transcribe them again today to how accurate the transcription was. Course of the they submitted the ntire transcription of the shorthand notes. Joe e instance where makes the ed outright statement of your shooting of willie nickel, how did this come about . Reply was, if i had done that, it was the dirtiest deed i or somethingy life to this effect. The Deputy Marshal lafours brought up the subject 1895 killings, horn just he tted them, admitted that received his money like 600 a head, Something Like this. On a train his money going from cheyenne to denver. Lo and behold, deputy arshal lafours was able he got in touch with this payoff man, who was, of all things, a a scottish cattle investor. Lots of scots and englishmen and irishmen had invested in wyoming cattle land. The payoff man was the son of of the investors. He admitted to lafours autobiography. He has a chapter devoted to this. And you have to be careful and i admit this right up front that he did not have the best reputation for the truth either. On the side of law and order his entire career, horn didnt. By nonetheless, enough evidence as amassed by lafours to convince lafours was definitely on the right track. Yes . [ inaudible question ] some of those records are digitized. But the ones i used are not. I had to go to the archives. As my wife can assure you, it was almost annual trips to the National Archives in washington to the library of congress to run down the material. Document, ery hard to in spite of the legend about him. Because at first, he was simply character, a teamster, a packer. 1885 that he til began to appear with the records. Been continue to to find the evidence of the actual activities in the apache campaigns, i finally had to get into the army post records, which are also available in the archives. The army never lost a record as near as i could figure. Ts the biggest bureaucracy in the world. Its incredible. Yes. To access any tax records from where he lived or data or i have never hes in census. Is in the from missouri and also while he ledville, he was there in a census. I could not find him in the 1900 census. I was surprised. I know he was in wyoming at the time. Apparently he was in the field robbers or n something. And was unavailable. Tax e not found him in any records. And im not sure horn ever paid taxes to anybody. He was pretty he was rather poor overall. He dide did amount amass some mining property in ground county, arizona. The mine. E name of and we know when they sold the mine, he had several partners. Dont think he ever accumulated much money from his mining activity. Wouldnt stick with anything. If he had stuck with mining, he died a ve probably natural death. But and he admits in his book like mining, although he was noted as a hard worker in the mines. Worker ated as a hard whatever he did, even shooting people, apparently. Yes . In the 1930s, did any of the wpa interviewers talk with people about yes. N fact, in wyoming, thats where i found some good material. Good reminisces about him. The wpa interviewers, if youre lot of those are digitized now by the library of congress. And yes, i found some very good anecdotal material about horn. Again, horn was not well liked, necessarily. Although the children did. It strikes me that hes one of these persons who knew that he stretcherous situation. He knew he feels not liked. Even the cowboys didnt like him. Of the best anecdotal notes i found about horn was by one of the men who later admitted that he saw horn riding away from the 1895. Scene in this old cowhand recalled that in camp with other cowhands, working cowhands, working cowhands was oking with each other, pull jokes on each other. Never with tom horn. Tom horn slept by hils. Worked at night. He rode at night. Seemed to enjoy it. Loner. Arded as even though some people liked him, a few people liked him, but me that they were propertied people. Even his friends in arizona he worked for nd them on these ranches. My conclusion overall is tom horn is not a likable character. To say me 500 pages that. Yes . Spend any time in new mexico . He did. Even as a scout in the apache the 1880s, he was ver in the boot hillary yeah around langes ranch in the border. A big army supply base. Worked that region. Ut as a pinkerton, he was assigned to a case of railroad out at coolidge known as crane station out towards ft. The railroad. And in 1891, in fact, in between in reno, nevada for robbing the casino, the sent him to coolidge to work there to try to find out from s stealing property the railroad. And he didnt do a very good incidentally. He blew all of his expense money on gambling. Thats part of his job. They were supposed to what they call make the rounds. Operatives had to make the rounds through the saloons, the underworld. And wherever they were working. And you had to know how to drink. Tom horn, i think, learned too well. I think he became close to being an alcoholic. Yeah. But he didnt do a very good job there. He was relieved by Charlie Siringo because horns second up in reno. Ming he had to go back for the second trial. Only case im aware of that he worked here did it in pursuing the train robbers out of colorado. Of the vicinity of train d pursued the robbers on one occasion. Any other questions . Yes. Amazing, his own worst enemy. Separating fiction from fact. It was very difficult. Its i was always tickled hen i found a document, you know, that i could actually on. Lude i could rely but youre right. E in fact, some people in cheyenne concluded after the trial that he literally talked himself into the gallows. He testified, the prosecutor walter stall was able to just turn everything around. And horn horn the one mcqueens teve portrayal of tom horn that is sort of accurate to me, if you you have seen f the Steve Mcqueen movie, is they dumb. Ay him as slightly or slightly impervious to whats him. G on around and theres the word stupid here. Correct he simply didnt comprehend what around him. He was insulated in his own little world. Much. Thank you very i appreciate the opportunity. [ applause ] president ford pardoned former president nixon 40 years on september 8, 1974. One month after the only in idential resignation American History. Tonight at 8 00 p. M. And midnight eastern on the presidency. Author and history professor considers the en reasons ford pardoned nixon and whether or not there was a deal between the two men. Following mr. Greens remarks, well air archival footage to to the t fords address nation announcing the pardon. The man likened by some of a soul departing the body was the womens Titanic Memorial association. Over 1500 wives were lost when hms titanic went b to the bottom of the northern atlantic after iceberg on the night of april 14, 1912. Alf the ships female passengers parished, a number hat had been higher if not for hundreds of men who yielded seats in the doomed liners inadequate lifeboats. That is why the Titanic Memorial is explicitly dedicated to the titanic, over 3 4 of whom never reached new york. 13foothigh figure of sacrifice that towers over ashingtons channel park is itself the creation of a female arts. Tor and patron of the ironically, Vanderbilt Whitney is probably whats remembered the founder of new yorks Whitney Museum of art for the leading role child sensational 1934 her dy case that involved 10yearold niece, gloria. Her twist of fate, she lost husband alfred in another u gedy at sea when a german boat sunk the Passenger Ship lucitania off of the coast of ireland. Helen taft, whose president had been president at the time of unveiled ic disaster the Titanic Memorial located in creek parkway. Ck carved from a single block of flagged by a ts stone bench or exe dcs ra, ttribute tore to henry bacon, designer of the lincoln memorial. Memorial 1960s, the was moved to make way for the john f. Kennedy center for the performing arts. Close to the waterfront in southwest washington. On American History tv, university of west georgia professor professor, keith bohanon discusses the 1864 atlanta campaign. In the summer of 1864, general sherman marched south from to ga with the goal of capturing atlanta. After a series of battles this is about one hour. Before we get started, the map you see up here is a campaign map. The smaller map indicates the main battle