I want to show you some of the treasures from our collection. Lets go take a look. We are located in the old Norfolk City Hall that was in 1850 and given to the macarthur memorial in 1984. City hall contained nine galleries that chronicled the life and times of general Douglas Macarthur. It answers the question, why is the macarthur memorial in norfolk . The short answer is mom. Let me show you a photograph of his mother and the family estate. The family estate is on the south side of the city. It is now a city park. Here is macarthurs mother who was born in norfolk and had Four Brothers who joined up to the Confederate Army from norfolk during the civil war. She was the youngest of the children. After the war, she met a man named Arthur Macarthur who had earned the medal of honor in the battle of chattanooga. They fell in love. When they got married, her three brothers who had served in the of Northern Virginia army and the cousins found other places to be during the wedding ceremony. They were not able to make it. One of the things that people do not realize about the macarthur memorial is that we are not all guns and battle. We are really about people and stories. One of the things i used to show that is this, Douglas Macarthurs baby picture. He was born in little rock, arkansas, where his father was stationed at the time. You can see the photograph here of his other brothers. Gender brother died. His older brother later went to annapolis and graduated from the Naval Academy. That is what these pictures show. They give you a sense of his family life. When Douglas Macarthur came back the oldto dedicate family estate as a city park, he referred to himself as the reunion of blue and gray personified. He said when i come to norfolk, i feel like i have come home. He spent some summers here in his early teens and always regarded norfolk as his spiritual home. The mayor of the time remembered that. 10 years later in the early 1960s, when macarthur was trying to figure out what to do with his papers and artifacts, duckworth came to him and played on that and said i will build you a memorial, and archive, and a research center. Macarthur said i love it and can i be buried here with my wife . Sure, and we will give you the Old City Hall to do it. They outbid the smithsonian and the war college and west point. We do not just have his mothers family here. We have some artifacts from his fathers service. Here is a photograph of Arthur Macarthur from the 24th wisconsin. He joined at at age 18, he 17. Earned the medal of honor for leadership under fire. At 19, he was the boy colonel of the union army. He becomes the exemplary for Douglas Macarthur. In many ways, to understand Douglas Mcarthur and what he strives to be, you have to understand his fathers career. He becomes a general. He served in the spanishamerican war and fights in the philippines. This is one of his swords from the philippines. This is from one of the enemies he would have fought in the philippine war. In a novel about it. Bet people think that must douglas in world war ii. Actually, this was arthur back about a quarter of a century before that. For a long time in the philippines, douglas was known as macarthur the younger to differentiate him from macarthur the elder. One of the other neat things that people do not realize that we have is what is in this case right here. From Arthur Macarthur. This was his field desk from the philippine war. He was the senior american officer in the philippines. Military governor of the philippines also until he ran afoul of the civilian governor who was appointed over him, William Howard taft. The other thing i would point out is that down here, is Arthur Macarthurs glasses. You see pictures of him in later life and he looks a lot like teddy roosevelt. These are the glasses he is wearing in those pictures. 1898 is when the spanishamerican war started and Arthur Macarthur was on his way to command american troops in the campaign. After the battle of manila. We sent in Expeditionary Force and Arthur Macarthur was one of the commanders. His son douglas, 18 years old had just graduated from west , Texas Military academy and had grown up idolizing his father and wants to go with his dad as a volunteer eight. Arthur macarthur performed a brief service at this moment. He turned to his son and said son you have an appointment to , west point. I want you to take that appointment. This will not be the last war. This is my last war, but this will not be the last war you will see. Your job is to prepare yourself for that time. So douglas took his advice and went off to west point. Incidentally, mom followed along because with her oldest boy in the u. S. Navy, her husband going off to fight in the philippines, she really did not have anywhere else to go. So she took up residence for the next four years in the hotel. A lot of people said and jumped at the end that Douglas Macarthur and his mother Mary Macarthur were the first mother and son to graduate from west point. Mary macarthur performed a valuable service. She would often host an offcampus gathering place. She would keep tabs for the night watchman and signal when the coast was clear to go back to the barracks. It was not all bad. She was very much a cadet friend. West point was greatly formative for Douglas Macarthur. In 1962, he said that his credo his entire life had been duty, honor, and country and west point really influenced him until his last days. In many different ways. Obviously through the education. He had one of the most outstanding academic records in the history of west point. First captain in his class. Highest ranking cadet officer in his class. One of the things that really drove home for him was the idea that the way to become a leader and a good soldier was on the athletic field. You learn things like discipline, leadership. His First Leadership role had been in high school as quarterback of the High School Football team. He managed the Football Team in 1904. When he was there, one of his players was Joseph Stillwell who also was the one that brought basketball to west point. But arthur also played baseball. One of the things we have on display is the box score from Naval Academy the played the west point academy. Batting second is Douglas Macarthur. He ended up scoring the winning run. Army won 43. After graduation, macarthur took a commission in the corps of engineers. That took him on myriad duties. One of the advantages that he had and one of the significant moments of his career was in 1905 when his father who at the time was a senior ranking general in the army, a threestar general and only the chief of staff ranked higher. He was given a task to tour the far east and observe the russojapanese war. He took his young son, lieutenant Douglas Macarthur to observe. This was a very important period. He wrote in his memoirs, ever after asia had fastened itself with a grip that never relax. He was always fascinated with asia after this. He said that he realized on that trip that the fate of the United States was forever bound in the far east. That is an attitude he gained that would color and influence his days for the rest of his life. He becomes a pan asian general for the United States. The other thing about this period from 1905 to 1916 occurred in 1916. He becomes the first public chief of information in the history of the u. S. Army. They never had a Public Affairs officer at the department of the army level, a formal this is one. Important because Douglas Macarthur learns press relations, he learns how to promote and this is also the time of the great debate over what the army, and navy will look like because they know that world war i has been going on since 1814 and the American People know that eventually they will get dragged into it. What do we need to do to get the army and the navy ready. As the chief of public information, Douglas Macarthur was at the forefront telling the story of the army, showcasing what the army was, what it could be for the country and how to , get it from where it is to where it needs to be. A lot of people criticized Douglas Macarthur later for a flare of publicity and that he was a shameless self promoter. There is a certain amount of truth to that but you need to remember that he learned that at a very early age to manage the objects. And in many ways, he was ahead of his contemporaries in terms of press relations. And the skills he will learn here he will use for the rest of his career. And with that, let us go upstairs and take a look at macarthur in world war i. World war i started in august, 1914 but the u. S. Did not get involved until 1917. April 6,after the sinking of american ships, United States the cleared war. The army at the time numbered only about 400,000 active. National guard and reserves. Over the next 18 months, the army would grow to 4 million. It created a tremendous war effort on the part of the United States. At the core of this was Douglas Macarthur. He was at the War Department in washington. One of the first things the National Guard is vying for is the right for the first group over to france. They are going to send an american Expeditionary Force to fight on the western front of france. Rather than have a state Division Like pennsylvania, new york rather than giving one state the whole thing, they created an amalgamation of states. As many as they could put into one infantry division. 28,000 men and ship it over. They end up with 26 states and the District Of Columbia represented in this division. It will be known as the 42nd division. They were trying to think of a nickname. He said it will stretch like a rainbow across the country. That is where it comes from, the 42nd rainbow division. The 42nd division fought in world war i, world war ii, and remains on the books today. It is the base headquarters of the new york army National Guard. Douglas macarthur because he was perfectly situated, appoints himself colonel and chief of staff of the 42nd division. He will end up being chief of staff and he will later command the 84th brigade, one half of the division during world war i in combat. At the end and for the occupation of germany and the rhineland, late 1918, until most of 1919, he will be division commander. The Youngest Division commander in the world war i and the youngest general. He was promoted to Brigadier General in 1918 at the age of 38 making him the youngest general. Me is hist behind nk. Veling tru this befits a senior officer. Most men, most soldiers carried what they owned on their back but the Senior Officers are allowed to bring their own baggage. This is his trunk. It has uniforms and it is worth pointing out that american uniforms, american soldiers bought in, paraded, worked, and lived in the same uniform. It is not like later wars where you have address uniform. Macarthur was a very well read officer as a student of military history and he had various books as well as files and papers. He had a sewing kit which soldiers nicknamed the housewife. You were expected to do your own mending. By the way, i should point out that officers bought their own uniforms. There remains part of the tradition of the u. S. Army today. The last thing in the one thing i want to show you is what they be the most important thing in this trunk. It is the straight razors. Why is this you ask . In world war i, was the introduction to the use of Chemical Warfare and gas. A mans ability to get his gas mask on in seconds was the difference between death and life. There was another factor as well. A gas mask does not get a good seal on the face if there is stubble or a beard. Everybody was required to be clean shaven. And so, effective use of the razor and keeping yourself cleanshaven can sometimes mean the difference between life and death. I mentioned macarthurs brother in passing and i want to call your attention to this plaque to the uss chattanooga. Arthur macarthur hunted german submarines and escorted american troop ships across the atlantic during the First World War. Right the record doing so. This was a plaque from the uss chattanooga that he commanded. We looked at how the u. S. Gets in and we looked at how macarthur gets into france. Let us look at the battlefield. To tell that story, we have a section of reproduced trench. It shows you a little bit of the depth of trench warfare. And how infantrymen lived in trenches. Trench warfare started with a stalemate on the western front in belgium and france starting in october 1914 and would continue almost without letup until the summer of 1918. The cut and almost 500mile scar from the north sea in belgium to the swiss border. Through northeastern france. The trenches themselves, allied and german. Sometimes, no mans land. The space in between was often measured in just yards. The trenches were higher than a man stood tall. As you can see there is a fair , amount of protection if you are walking through standing up. This soldier here who is on the firing step is peering out over into no mans land. He is watching the enemy. Every morning and evening, they had what was called stand to just in case the enemy tried to do something crazy. Everybody would assume there fighting positions to be on the safe side. That is what he is doing here. One thing you will notice, he is very low to the ground but he is poking his head up to see what is going on. If he poked up his head too far, there was probably a german sniper not too far away that would drill him in the forehead. Snipers and artillery in particular were very serious weapons. Trenches are very confined spaces. You had to live and work there. There was a lot of other forms of life that lived there including rats, fleas, ticks and all kinds of things. In a good rainstorm, they can flood. There are some iconic photographs of the trenches in flanders where the men are fighting in kneehigh or waist high water. There were dugouts where men could bunk. Bugs and dirt are ever present. Part of the physical stress and the psychological stress of the enemy being this close and death being literally one wrong movement away, it took a psychological toll on these guys. By the time the United States entered the war, they needed to rotate them. On average, a soldier would spend four days in a frontline trench, four days in a rear trench in a support position, and then they would spend a week on rest. In the rear for maintenance and training and replenishing supplies. Administrative tasks, thin thins of that nature. That was the rotation. Four days on the front, four days in reserve, and a week of rest and start the cycle again. The last thing i would point out to you is the combat in the trenches was often short, sharp, and brutal. If you went over the top, a lot of men never made it to the barbed wire halfway across no mans land. Ided the enemy trench raided your trench, it would be close quarter combat with knives, pistols, sometimes dressed knuckles. This was also the first war to illustrate this point and the veracity of the close quarter contact. This was also the first war where soldiers were issued shotguns. They were called trench guns and were designed specifically for use in close quarters. It can be very intense or boring at times. The fighting can be short, sharp, bloody, the trenches were not a Pleasant Place to be. Everybody longed for war to move again. This brings me to the last piece where we will talk about Douglas Macarthur on the battlefield. One of the best illustrations we have is taken from some photographs. This brings me to the first of a series of murals done specifically for the memorial. By a guy named alton tobey in 1965. It shows different aspects and segments of Douglas Macarthurs life. This is one of the first. This is about macarthur in world war i. There are a lot of things going on in this portrait. They tell you about him on the battlefield as well as american troops. You can see americans marching forward to engage in combat. Macarthur was involved in several battles during the summer of 1918 in the champagne region. And the argonne offensive in 1918. This is probably late fall judging by the weather. Most of the men are marching forward. You notice this officer here standing with binoculars. That is General Macarthur. He adopted a distinct look. He realized that as a chief of staff, he had a good staff and he realized that to keep up his mens morale and help them cope with what was going on and even to be there to make a quick battlefield decision if necessary he had to , be up front. In order for his men to realize the boss is here he decided to dress distinctly. There is nothing unusual about that. Usually wore a red rope servicemen could always find him on the battlefield. George patton war that distinctive look in world war ii that was made famous. There are many other generals that cut distinctive figures so that their men knew here is the boss. There is one officer in the American Army in france that dresses like this. It is Douglas Macarthur. If you see someone like this, it is General Macarthur. You notice he is not wearing a gas mask. He was gassed twice in the war. He also issued orders that if anybody followed his example and did not wear their gas mask, they would be courtmartialed. This is important not only for the distinctive look but look at where he is. In an era where most generals were in the rear, comfortably, macarthur is up front also notice, he is not wearing a weapon. He would often lead attacks carrying nothing but a riding crop. The men looked at this and realized if the colonel and later the brigadier can take it, i can take it also. That is called command presence. Not just bravado. Macarthur believed, as he wrote later that leadership is often crystallized in a physical manifestation. Whatever term you want to use. By being up front, by being fearless, it shows that he was leading in a very visible way. Douglas macarthur in world war i was the most decorated american. Stars andseven silver a host of other medals. To end on a light note. This get up almost cost him. In early november of as the 1918, americans are racing forward in victory, there is an order given to ignore divisional boundaries. Macarthur was commanding the 84th brigade and decided to seize an objective in a neighboring sector. He gets captured by a First Division soldier. They had never seen an american dressed like this. It took him six hours to commence them he was not german and really an american. It is only when the 84th realized where is our general that they realized who he was. Again macarthur, leading from , the front and very much cut from the same cloth of the other great leaders. World war i in particular helped solidify who he was and how he would lead forward. Even in world war ii and korea, he leads from the front in most cases. Where would he get that idea of being out front . Being among the soldiers and being able to make a quick battlefield decision if necessary . He got it in the trenches in france. The war ends november 11, 1918 and macarthurs career in some , ways is only just beginning. He is a Major General at the end of the war and he is destined for great things. Let us look at macarthur in the interwar period. I will stop you here and show you that this is General Macarthur coming home in 1919. He dressed extremely well. He cut a very fine figure. The men of the 42nd division, if he ever ran across a veteran of the 42nd division in later life, he always had time for them. He always attended the reunions. The 42nd was always a big part of his life. As a matter of fact tributes , from the division throughout the rest of his life were some of his most cherished artifacts. The division has donated all of the artifacts and memorabilia to the memorial about five years ago in recognition of his strong presence. The other reason i stopped is to talk about 1919 as something of a watershed. When we do tours for military groups and schoolchildren, one of the things i always point out to people is i ask them this question when was the map of the middle east drawn . It was drawn at versailles at the end of world war i. And the treaty that ended the war. If you look at the middle east today, those borders have only existed for less than 100 years. If you look at the middle east today, you imagine iraq, jordan, and israel as british. There is a reason why iraq and jordan are shaped the way they are. The reason the borders were drawn that way is so that the british, if the suez canal was ever closed, would still have a land route to cross. Those borders today have created all sorts of political problems but it all goes back to the end of the First World War with the treaty of versailles. Something to keep in mind. When you think about the history there is a relevance to it. There are a lot of parts of the world particularly in world war ii it is like yesterday. To understand the world, you have to understand the things that went on during the life and times of General Macarthur. Macarthur comes back at the end of world war i and becomes superintendent of west point. This is the superintendents house where he lived. This is a watercolor of the house where he lived. When macarthur got to west point, virtually little had changed in 100 years. He realized you cannot just train engineers. It is one of the finest engineering schools and still is in many ways. But you cannot just train them. You have to train officers and soldiers and not just be professionals but also to take command of a Mass Citizen Army and lead them on a modern data battlefield. Warfare has changed a lot since the civil war. So macarthur set about under great resistance to change and modernize west point. A lot of it stuck. He is known today as the father of the modern west point. Two of the more prominent examples of his reforms that have endured the most the first, west point has always had an honor code but it has never been formalized with an agreedupon language until macarthur was superintendent. The other thing that he did and this is something that is literally etched in stone at the military academy, is he instituted a real boost for army athletics. For the rest of his life, he was a booster of army athletics. And that goes back to his playing days. He actually had it inscribed over the gymnasium on the field of friendly strife are sown seeds that upon other fields on other days will bear the fruits of victory. What does that mean . This is where you learn the discipline, leadership skills to prepare yourselves for an athletic competition, and you get the leadership skills you that will translate to leading men and women on the battlefield. That is where macarthur certainly lived that in his life and firmly believed that. He was not the only one to believe that but he was able to institutionalize that. While there, he also gets married for the first time at age 42. On valentines day 1922, he marries Louise Cromwell brooks after a short courtship. Very happy marriage for the first few years. It will end in divorce in the latter part of the 1920s. This is a photograph of General Macarthur and his first wife louise. The invitations. This is the wedding cake. [indiscernible] the other thing macarthur did as superintendent of west point is he hosted dignitaries including the prince of wales in 1922. Both were veterans of the western front. I can only imagine what they talked about at dinner. The prince of wales eventually becomes king edward the eighth. As we come down after macarthur leaves west point in 1922, he goes to the philippines for a while and in 1924 or 1925, it was a tough time for a General Macarthur. In december 1923, his brother dies of appendicitis. He is on his way to admiral. He dies as a captain. This was one of the great whatifs. His contemporaries, a future admiral. What if Arthur Macarthur had not died. That is the first great tragedy that strikes. The second, not necessarily a tragedy but definitely has an emotional component to it was the courtmartial of Billy Mitchell, the great airpower pioneer, a great air leader from world war i. From milwaukee. Douglass fathers hometown. Their fathers had served together during the civil war. Douglas and Billy Mitchell had known each other as kids. They had grown up in with each other in some ways. And to sit on the courtmartial of an old family friend could not have been easy for General Macarthur. We do not know how he voted but Billy Mitchell was convicted. It was a real down time for General Macarthur. Certainly on a personal level. In 1928, an interesting thing that most people do not realize about General Macarthur. He ran the u. S. Olympic team. They delegate count to pick the team and the coaches and lead them as the senior American Olympic official to amsterdam for the summer games. The events and the number of participating countries would be about one third of what they are in 2016. But at the same time, it was still no less of an event. The United States im proud to say earned more gold medals than any other country in the 1928 games. When General Macarthur was roundly praised for his performance with the u. S. Olympic team. A littleknown fact, the United States army has had a role in every single olympic team since 1896. The modern olympics. George patton was an olympian in 1912. U. S. Army shooting team represented the United States in london in 2012 and they will again in rio in 2016. There has always been soldier participation in every olympics. In that he ranal the olympics. We come to the 1930s. Another important time in his life. He has now achieved just about everything has father had achieved in his army career except for one thing. His father was never chief of staff of the army, the seniormost Commanding Officer of the army. In 1930, Douglas Macarthur managed to do what his father never did and he becomes chief of staff of the army. A post he will hold for the next five years. [indiscernible] this was a really rough time for the United States. The great depression. The stock market had crashed in 1929. Mcarthur has a very turbulent time as chief of staff of the army. Several things go on that contribute to that turbulence. The first is when the stock market crashes, 25 of the country goes into the darkest deepest depression it is ever had and there are a lot of veterans that have been promised bonuses. Several thousand of them march on washington in early 1932 and camp out in southeastern washington on the anacostia flat to ask congress we are destitute and we have nowhere else to go. We dont have any money. Can you help us out and advance our bonuses and pay them immediately . The grouping becomes known as the bonus Expeditionary Force. In the summer of 1932, macarthur if stationed in washington and gives orders to clear out the mentored against the advice of one of his aides, Dwight David Eisenhower who later becomes president , dons his uniform and goes off to command the troops. One of their officers is george patton. They clear it out in a violent evening. Casualties on either side. But the pictures of the burning of the camp and the way that the American Army treated veterans of the previous American Army was one of the darker moments of his career. He later tries to paint those men as something of a communist uprising. [indiscernible] he tries to put the best face forward on it. This remains one of the more controversial aspects of his career. [indiscernible] the other thing about macarthurs career as chief of staff is budget. [indiscernible] they need leaders to think about the army today and the future of the organization. The army was the largest part of the federal budget. Every year that he was chief of staff but for the last, it took a 10 cut every year. Macarthur quickly had to prioritize. Do i save programs or do i save people . He made the following choice. He said i can cut programs. Saveter wrote i have to people. The only weapon that cannot be mporized, experienced leadership. That would be the foundation of the army in the future. This is the early 1930s. Adolf hitler has risen in germany. Mussolini is rearming italy. Fascism is on the march. Japan is marching in the far east. There are prospects for war in the foreseeable future. Who did macarthur keep in the army . Who stayed in . George marshall. Mark clark. George patton. Eisenhower, in other words, all of the generals. Virtually all of the generals that will fight and win the second world war. He also saved research and development dollars. What is developed at this time . The m1 rifle. The thompson submachine gun. The military version. The b17 bomber. The german tank. The p 40. The p 41. The thunderbolt. All started their development under macarthur. These are the weapons that will be used, the most famous ones that will be used by the American Army to win the second world war. The last impact of macarthur as chief of staff and one of the things he did to find jobs for these people he was maintaining, with programming cuts was , macarthur assumed control of a conservation court. George marshall said later this was his experience with vast lulus asian and creating a Mass Movement of people organized for an objective. Organizing the caps in illinois. This group created our national parks. They built the infrastructure, all the other buildings. They did all of this public works. Under the u. S. Army. Tremendous legacy. It will remain visible in our country and help preserve our national treasures. Macarthurs tenure as chief of army had some very positive and negative things. Certainly very turbulent. He stays in it for five years. That had been extended a little more than the traditional four years. By october of 1940 five, he will be leaving the chief of staff office very soon. There is not really a suitable job for him. He has done everything an army officer can expect to do. [indiscernible] until the philippines a place he has been before. The place he has always enjoyed, a place where he has friends. They hire him as their military advisor. In late 1935, they need someone to advise and create a Philippine Army and who better to do that than the outgoing u. S. Army chief of staff. Macarthur accepts. In the fall of 1935, he leaves washington. He moves to manila to build the Philippine Army. And live out his days in the philippines. Fate has something different. You can watch this and other american artifacts programs by visiting our website. This week, the Churchill Center posted the 33rd International Conference in washington, d. C. American history tv was live at the conference at yesterday. Up next, a portion of the conference discussing the legacy of Winston Churchill. I am enjoying my First Experience at the churchill conference and i am pleased to be introducing our next speaker, Andrew Roberts. Coming from the National World war i museum and museum in kansas city we have enjoyed many , partnerships with the Churchill Centre and looking forward to the next partnership. And excited to be working with on Churchill Centre and lee a new Young Professionals group that will be hosting an event next saturday. That event has completely sold out. That is really exciting news for everyone here. As someone who works in social media 24 7, i cannot help but wonder what Winston Churchill might have done had he had access to twitter especially at 3 00 a. M. [laughter] but i encourage everyone here to et out usingtwe churchill2016. The social media team has been doing a wonderful job. And Andrew Roberts is on twitter, as well, so it is absolutely ok. I emailed Andrew Roberts a few times as i was constructing this introduction and i asked him to give a highlight. This is not a direct quote. I have written 13 books. I do have the immense honor to introduce Andrew Roberts, who is 13 times over an incredible author. Andrew roberts is presently a visiting professor at the kings college, london, and lecturer at the New York Historical society. He has written or edited 19 books, which have been translated into 22 languages. His works include hitler and churchill, masters and commanders, and the storm of war and writing a biography of churchill for penguin, which will be published in 2018. Speaking today on the romantic imagination of Winston Churchill, welcome Andrew Roberts. [applause] mr. Roberts it is a great honor to be invited to address you again and thank you, megan, for your kind words. I put a book over there, not because it has anything whatsoever to do with my speech today, but simply because i believe in the power of subliminal advertising. [laughter] in august 1933, churchill wrote that american audiences yield to none in the interest, attention and good nature to which they follow a lengthy considered statement. It is up to you to keep that tradition going for at least the next 45 minutes. The concept of the british stiff upper lip was invented by the victorian and was especially prevalent in the upper classes, where it was considered inappropriate to show ones emotions openly and where ones heart on one sleeve. It was believed that the empire depended on the capacity of officers and gentlemen to rise but the natural Human Emotions and stay calm and collected regardless of whatever appalling thing was going on. The center of that british was to be found in the british army. In the earlier periods, cheerfulness did not imply a lack of manliness or selfcontrol. Admiral nelsons funeral in january 1886, every single one of the eight admirals who had carried the coffin to the cathedral, was in tears. As well as at least half of the allmale congregation. Regency men were not expected to have to control their emotions in the way that their victorian grandsons and great grandsons were. There was one victorian upperclass british army who gentlemen who cried in public to such an extraordinary event that we need to regard him and said that being a victorian, but she was chronologically speaking, but as a regency figure, born out of his time. Winston churchill was a man of such deep emotions and a profoundly romantic imagination with the capacity for empathy and also possessing such aristocratic disregard to what others thought of him, that if he felt like crying, he did. Such was his historical imagination, too, that this astonishing emotion could be released at minor moments and on great occasions, especially if music was involved. In 1993, churchills last secretary was interviewed about churchills tendency to weep. In his early days when i was with him about three months, he wept a lot and he said to him after dinner, i blubber an awful lot. You will have to get used to that. John asked, what would stimulate that . Anthony replied, tales of heroism, the emotions of tales of heroism. He loved animals, a noble dog struggling through the snow to his master would inspire tears. It was touching and i found it perfectly acceptable. When it came to tears and sweat, churchill knew about all of them, and especially tears. Lord halifax described him as having a childs emotion and a mans reason. Here are a few occasions through churchills life in which he is recorded as crying. The 30th of september, 1897, he wrote to his mother, i really rarely detect a genuine emotion myself of this great friend, lieutenant William Brent clayton, who was killed close to him on the expedition. I must rank it as a rare instance the fact that i cried when i saw Brown Clayton literally cut to pieces on the stretcher. Churchill wept for henry wilson, the commanderinchief of the british expedition, after departing for france in 1914. I never liked him so much, wilson wrote about him. On the 10th of august of that year, when his faithful manservant died, who had worked for his father before him, he wrote after the funeral, alas, i have lost this noble friend, devoted and true who , have known since i have been a youth. Few would have described is manservant as a friend. He added that there were about 40 mourners, including all the household who wept bitterly. It is fair to assume that he could be included amongst them. On the eighth of november, 1924, when Sandy Baldwin asked if he would serve as chancellor, churchill assumed it meant of lancaster instead of the duchy and baldwin said no and tears came into churchills eyes because he said that he would be able to vindicate the chancellorship of his late father. On the death of f. E. Smith, churchills great friend in 1930, last night, winston left wept for his friend and he said several times, i feel so lonely. In november, 1934, the soviet ambassador, whose brilliant diaries have just been published, by the way, he was attending the wedding of the duke of kent to the princess of greece and he wrote that churchill looked deeply moved. At one point, he even seemed to wipe his eyes with a hanky. I remember how churchill shed in 1935 wroteeral the captain. On the 11th of december, 1936, the day after his abdication. As i saw mr. Churchill off, there were tears in his eyes, but they were ecumenically royalist tears. During the coronation of george six months later, at the moment the queen consul was crowned, churchill, eyes full of tears, turned to clementina and said, you are right, i see now that the other one would not have done. During the munich crisis, there was a dinner at the savoy, where it was discovered that neither would join him in signing a telegram to neville chamberlain, munich at the time adjuring him to make no further ,concessions. The lady recalled that the telegram was not dispatched and one by one, our friends went out defeated. Winston remains, sitting in his chair, immobile, frozen and i saw tears in his eyes. I could feel the iron entering his soul, his last attempt to salvage what was honor and i spoke with bitterness to those who would refuse to put their names to the principles and policies which they professed and he spoke what are they made of . , the day is not far off when it will not be signatures we have to give but the lives of millions. Can we survive . It will be hard to do so and there is no courage anywhere. Three days later, alfred resigned and churchill cried again. In 1940, when he was told he would get a million rifles from the usa, he was moved to tears. On the 13th of may, 1940, on the same day, george recorded the [indiscernible] he makes a moving speech telling winston how fond he is of him. Winston cries and wiped his eyes. More georges secretary recorded winstons eyes filled with tears , as he buried his eyes in his left hand and wiped his face. On the fourth of july, 1940, churchill cried after the house of commons applauded his decision to sink the french fleet. When churchill finished his speech, the whole house, irrespective of party affiliation, jumped to their seats and applauded him for several minutes, loud, powerful and large ovation. He was sitting on the treasury bench, the tension draining from his body, churchill lowered his head and the tears ran down his cheeks. It was a strong and stirring scene. At last, have a real leader, echoed through the lobbies. He recorded at that occasion, winston left the house visibly affected. I heard him say, this is heartbreaking for me. Visiting an air raid shelter where 40 people have been killed 1940 the first big raid in churchill in the words of , a letter from the secretary to the war cabinet broke down , completely at his welcome. You see, he cares, and he really cares, a woman calls out. He is crying. Two months later, another mp and the pps to lord halifax wrote that winston had the decency to cry as soon as he stood by the coffin. January 1941, hopkins recited where you go, i will go. One of those present, the American Ambassador wrote in his memoirs how it was hard for Winston Churchill to recall the incident without being overcome with emotion. Next month, Lady Diana Cooper wrote to her son that churchill is to say occasionally, we had two lovely films after dinner. One was called escape and the other was a comedy called quite wedding. They were several short reels from the ministry. Her husband was the minister at for information at that point in the churchill government. Winston managed to cry through all of them, she wrote including , the comedy. [laughter] the months after that in march 1921, there were tears in churchills eyes when he met the japanese ambassador. When he asked large george y, he said with a smile, tears in his eyes . What happens to winston. He is a very emotional man. Now he has tears because he wants to crush hitler and a year from now, he may have tear from now, he may have tears because of the war. Elizabeth nels joined the number 10 typing team taking dictation from the Prime Minister sometimes his voice becomes thick with emotion and a tear would run down his cheek. The next month, he cried when visiting the house of commons and did not make an attempt to wipe away the tears. In june 1941, colonel george met churchill in london. His account of the sufferings in france reduced churchill to tears. The permanent undersecretary at the Foreign Office noticed the watching also while the hamilton woman, the great Laurence Olivier movie about nelson. In that same month on the 10th of august, while singing, it was noticed that churchill was affected emotionally. That november, it was written to tom about the bombing of cities and the way it affected churchill personally. And particularly, he wrote to the Prime Ministers extreme sensitiveness to suffering. His eyes filled up with tears and talked about the suffering of the jews in germany. He looked at the blitzed houses and said, poor homes. It is a side of his character not always appreciated. The fact that some people mentioned it shows in and of itself how unusual it was for men to cry in public in those days. Even something as mundane as a lobbyist journalist in 1922, 1942 could set off churchills waterworks. Major general john kennedy recalls on that particular day with tears, it brought him applause. On the 16th of october, 1942, he was moved to tears by a speech. The Prime Minister of south africa. The next month, he cried again during the march in the 51st division and again in tripoli. Colonel ian jacob, the secretary the cabinet recalled. The sun shone down in a cloudless sky and the union jack floated up on the upper part of the ruined castle, outlined in the archway. All around the veterans of the army, expanding the last of mussolinis empire. No wonder the tears rolled down his cheek as he took the salute of one of our finest divisions. The bitter moment in the white house when it fell was swallowed up in the joy of the morning in tripoli. When admiral cunningham took the Prime Minister to visit the submarine crews in june 1943, churchill made a delightful speech. He came away with tears running down his cheeks. Churchill talked about walking in the valley of the shadow of death, and in that affect the morale of submarine crews that it did not affect day. That november during the conference, one day after lunch with the president , he asked his daughter sarah to arrange for cry to go to the pyramids to see if we could get close enough to take fdr there. When it was found possible to , my fatherlose pounded into the room and said that he must simply go to see this links on the impairments. Churchill turned abruptly away and said, we will wait for you