Here at the farm. We were aware there had been at one time a substantial enslaved population. We knew a little bit about the family and their origins and their relocation here to maryland but what we didnt know was very much more than that about the family. We had very Little Information about the enslaved population and certainly one of the Key Research Questions with regard to the Archaeological Research was where were the 90 enslaved People Living. I had a graduate student working with me. Part of her Thesis Research focused specifically on the family occupation, trying to understand their origins and the context of their relocation to maryland. She managed to uncover a pretty obscure account written by a polish expatriot in the end of the 18th century. He was a diarist. He kept a travel memoir of all of his travels. He happened to travel on the georgetown road which we know today as maryland 55. At that time, it was further to the west. Closer than where it is today. He was traveling from georgetown to frederick in june, 1978 and happen to pass by this plantation and gave an account of it. He talks about a stone house with upper stories painted white. It is a building that still stands on the farm. He also referred to a row of wooden houses which we took as a reference to slave quarters. One of the things we uncovered and was referenced in the polish travelers account was there were several court cases brought against the family alleging mistreatment of the slaves. That was very surprising to us. I dont know of many instances in which that actually happened where charges were brought against people for mistreating their slaves in maryland and elsewhere. There was laws on the books that governed the treatment of enslaved people but they werent , enforced. One of the things we found between 1796 and 1806, there were at least eight instances in which the family or members of their household were accused of mistreating their slaves in different ways. Because of the way he describes the row of wooden houses with the upper stories painted white, it sounded like this row of houses was out in front of the primary building cluster, which is a pattern that is not typically seen in this area. Its much more common in the deep south or caribbean. It happened to be out in an agricultureal field that is 40 plus acres and was under active cultivation and have not been investigated ecologically. That was in 2003. We were coming to the end of the multiyear study and coming to the end of our funding for archaeology here so what we did was a systematic survey of the field. Amazingly we ended up uncovering , a large, dense, kind of linear deposit of late 18th, early 19th century of artifacts. Hardware, buttons, coins and actually the deposit of artifacts was so dense that even though we were metal detecting, we were also finding glassware and ceramics and all kinds of domestic materials. Based on the artifacts we were uncovering and the date range of them, i was fairly certain at that time we had identified the site of the slave quarters associated. We didnt have any funding for additional Archaeological Research. That funding actually came in, in fiscal year 2010. What we are looking at is what we call structure b or the second of the six structures that are laid out in a row. The way these buildings manifest themselves is what you see here is a foundation for an external stone chimney, very similar to the stone chimney you see on the secondary house there. Its kind of a cshaped mortar ed Stone Foundation for the chimney. You can see here, too, smaller stone piers which form to the what have formed the corners of the building. Onre would have been piers the corners and immediateary as intermediary tears as well. Thats what they would have laid the logs on to form the wooden structure. They probably were one story, story and a half buildings. They measured about 20 x 34 feet in dimensions with the external stone chimney on the south elevation. So, very simple, very expedient structures that could have been constructed quickly and with simple, easily affordable materials. They are all about the same dimensions. They are equal distance from one another. Each one of the hearth foundations are exactly 66 the apart, on the exact same as other structures on the farm. Literally within a couple of inches. So, its a very ordered landscape. These buildings were laid out in a very precise fashion, not haphazard at all. They form the row of houses mentioned in the travelers account. Our starting point was a shuttle test survey. It is exactly what it sounds like area its a hole the width of a shovel blade excavated. In our case, we excavated a hole about every 20 feet over the entire twothirds of an acre that make up this area. You know, in a test pit, all of that soil is screened. What you are looking for are artifact concentrations, soil changes, concentrations of stone, brick or mortar. Anything that suggests that some kind of cultural event going on below the ground surface. Another thing we did is we were fortunate enough to do remote sensing. We were able to have access to a surface penetrating radar device, which is able to see or identify archaeological features. It is particularly adept at identifying foundations or similartype features. During the course of the surface penetrating survey, we identified two additional hearth features. Where you see the blue flags is where one of the hearth features was. It appears to be the southern most structure. In this instance, it was the first thing fully exposed. We started expanding out. Once we knew we werent dealing with a continuous Stone Foundation but rather a chimney feature, we wondered how they constructed them. We uncovered the stone piers that formed the corners of the building. Thats the point where you start to be able to, to some degree understand and interpret how the buildings were constructed. Then its a question of investing the time and energy to chase it and try to uncover the whole thing. All of the funding for this project came from a program thats called the Cultural Resource preservation program. We were fortunate, the secretary of the interior has created a new Funding Source called the youth intake program. Its a competitive Funding Source aimed at getting young people interested and connected with the National Parks and providing them with on the job training that might help them consider a career in the parks service. I was able to apply for and awarded the yip funding that allowed me to hire the student interns involved in the project. This is jordan riccio, a graduate student at american university. And this is alex brueggeman. He is a senior at howard university. Im of haitian decent which is why i wanted to do this project. It is an extremely unique place. You dont really think of a french immigrant family coming here bringing haitian slaves with them. So, i was incredibly moved by the story and it turned out to be really great. I got involved in the project through american yumpbt. American university. I heard about the project and applied and met with joy and was able to come here. I found it to be a very fantastic program, especially to learn more about the trade of archaeology and the methodologies involved. I learned a lot about many, many things. Especially shovel test kits. It was a crash course in archaeology. You learn priceless information, you learn the trade, how its done and you learn how to really look at the world and history in a different light. Personally, i found a lot of brick and mortar. There was a lot of interesting artifacts found on sight. I was mainly the person digging in the units. Like jordan said, a lot of it was bricks and mortar. We also found the coins and a horse bit over there. A lot of animal bones which kind of led us to realize what they were eating. We found a lot of glassware and a lot of one bead. One tiny bead. Its a tiny, tiny bead, but its very beautiful. This was the basement of the circa 1830 one of the Historic Structures at the park. This is where we do a lot of our Onsite Laboratory work. The acid free boxes are the artifacts from this years field season. All boxed up and washed and rebagged and ready to be cataloged and analyzed. We have pulled out kind of a handful of artifacts that are somewhat representative of the kinds of objects we have been uncovering. Everything from things like different kinds of coins. This is a u. S. Large cent. These are actually spanish. They are silver spanish coins. A lot of different kinds of buttons. This is a finely made shell button and probably the most common kind of button we find are the onepiece flat buttons. These are very common in the 18th and early 19th century. That one still has a little bit of silver visible on it. Other kinds of personal items. This is a clay marble so its probably a toy. Also, a lot of architectural debris. Obviously, this is a complete handmade brick. Also hand rot nails mostly. We find a lot of nails, other kinds of architectural hardware, mortar, brick fragments, architectural debris. Glassware and ceramics. This is a nice olive wine bottleneck. This is the thinnest part and the lip. A wide variety of ceramics. Everything from the more utilitarian, locally produced redwares or stonewares to more refined english made porcelains and handpainted pearlwares produced in england and elsewhere. Also, tobacco pipe fragments in large quantities. Food remains, bones. This is a tooth, probably from a cow. A lot of food remains. Oyster shells. Even freshwater mussel shells. Those kinds of things. This is the information. It is obviously critical for us to be able to know where these objects came from, their context. So, everything is kept separate either by excavation unit, strata, all those kinds of details. That is part of the internal recordkeeping and thats part of our analysis and understanding of the data. Thats a big part of archaeology. People think of archaeology as focusing on the fieldwork. Thats a small piece of it. The really important work happens in the analysis of the data and the interpretation. Theres a lot of information. Obviously everything from information about construction details or the architecture of the site. A lot of the objects are highly dateable. The coins are the most obvious ones. But also things like buttons and glasswares and ceramics. All of these things were popular at specific moments in history. Technological changes that happen over time provide dates for a site. Thats very important information. Access to consumer goods. We are interested in the kinds of things that these people had and used for their daily life. One question might be these english tablewares. Where do those come from . Were they handmedowns for their own use. Did they have ways to make a little bit of money on their own and be able to acquire and purchase these kind of consumer goods on their own. These are all the questions and things we are interested in. All of that helps us get at what the daytoday lives of these people were like. All of the artifacts will be cataloged. It is a system of recording attributes dates, manufacture, material types. All of that information is data entered into a data base. Then well start analyzing the data and look at patterns within that data, trying to Say Something about what these artifacts mean within the larger context of the history. Thats all the information well be working on over the course of the wintertime. There are a lot of established and known reference materials that historical archaeologists use for dating items not just ceramics but glasswares and other objects. Dislike nowadays technology nowadays Like Technology changes over time. , oftentimes, Technology Changes down to a certain date. Like a modern day example is not too long ago, sony stopped making the walkman. You know, i think they first started making walkmans in 1979. First you had the big clunky ones and then the ones you can put the cd in. Its technology that changed over time. You can identify and research how that technology changed over time. They stopped making the walkman in the u. S. In 2010 so you have a 1979 to 2010 period of use. That doesnt mean nobody is using them anymore but you are going to have a period of time in which the popularity of the walkman peaked. It is a similar thing with other kinds of objects. All of the artifacts from the National Park service go to a central facility called the Museum Resource center. Its just down the road in landover, maryland. Two days a week, we are doing cataloging and lab work in that facility which is closer to washington which allows more students to be involved in the process on a volunteer basis. Thats where all the artifacts go into permanent storage. We would like to eventually be able to develop permanent exhibits that will focus on this aspect of the parks history. We would select some of these artifacts to be incorporated into those exhibit displays as well. We can access them usually sometimes for black History Month for example well do a , temporary exhibit at the Visitor Center that will focus on some aspect of African American history here at the park. So, this year, well probably develop a temporary exhibit that will feature some of the artifacts well have at the visitors center. How did you get involved in this work . I wanted to be an archaeologist for as long as i can remember, since i was a little kid. My family has a second home out in new mexico and i spent a lot of time over the summer at different points in my life out there. We used to go out and pick up artifacts. There is archaeological sites all over there. I was fortunate that my parents were supportive of my archaeology habit. I went to archaeology camp as a kid. It always stayed with me. A lot of people will say when they find out im an archaeologist, they say i wanted to be an archaeologist when i was a kid. I never outgrew that. When i got to college, i chose to major in anthropology and pursue a career in archaeology. I have been fortunate i have been able to do that. Here in the park service, even though my training is in archaeology, i am the Cultural Resource manager for the park. Im also responsible for all the Historic Preservation work that goes on in the park as well. All the Historic Buildings are part of what i focus on as well. What are some of the myths about archaeology that are out there . People always ask me if i have been to egypt. Probably the question i get the most, people mix up archaeology and paleontology. They ask if i dig up dinosaurs. Thats a completely different field of study. People always ask what is the most interesting thing you have ever found. Its difficult to distill it down to one object. At the end of the day, its not about the objects themselves, its about the story and interpretation of the object. For me, it doesnt just come down to what is the most interesting thing you have found. I have had the opportunity to work on a number of interesting projects and certainly this story and the slave village is the most important and interesting project that i have had the opportunity to be involved with in my career. If a young person out there thinks they want to be an archaeologist, what advice would you give them . I would advise them to stick with it. Hang in there. You can get a job doing this. Its not the easiest thing. I would advise them to make sure they go to a good college. They are going to want to pursue an advanced degree, not just undergraduate degree. And you know, just hang in there and give it a shot. The National Park service is a great agency. There are a lot of opportunity in the National Park service to do this work and other preservation work. I always urge folks to consider the National Park service. If somebody is out there working and find a fragment or coin, describe the scene. Is it sifting or digging at the actual location or how do they find these things . A little bit of both. All of the dirt that comes out of the ground goes through a screen. We screen everything we dig up. Sometimes, you know, as you are excavating and using trowel or whatever, you uncover things. Other times, you will find them in the screen. You know, its something that is very exciting for people. We work with a lot of volunteers. Obviously, over the summer we have history camps or have student groups come help us with the screening. Theres really that excitement and moment of discovery. A lot of the interns, i think that thrill of discovery is what keeps you going in the course of another 110 degree day out there. You know, a lot of people tell me the part of what connects them with archaeology is knowing they are the first person to touch this object in the past 200 years or whatever the case may be. You know, i think its part of that tangible connection to the past that people get excited about. We are hoping, at this point, we dont have funding for any additional field work. It is unfortunate because i feel we have just sort of scratched the surface out here. Theres a lot more information potential at the sight. Its very unique for this area, the midatlantic region. You dont typically see slavery being practiced on the scale it was being practiced here. 90 slaves is roughly ten times the number of enslaved individuals you would expect to be living here. That is an extremely unusual circumstance for this area. Well, you know, like i said, there are about 20 x 34 feet. Thats just under 700 square feet of living space. If there were only six structures total, one can assume there were as many as 12 or 15 People Living in each of these filing houses. Dwelling houses. It probably sounds like a lot. I would guess or assume that these may have been extended family units, for example living , together. Multiple generations of families. Like i say, these are pretty utilitarian, simple, expediently constructed buildings. They probably were constructed about the same time as the secondary house. It was probably the familys First Business to get the buildings constructed and get these people housed so they could start working the land and be productive and generate income for the family. There are not a lot of instances out there where you have a complete collection of multiple dwelling houses preserved in an archaeological context. Theres a great deal of Research Potential here in understanding more about the context and study of slavery in general. There are not that many National ParkService Units that have this kind of resource preserve. We are fortunate that as a result of this land being set aside we also have these other stories and other resource that resources that are preserved as well. Even though the plantation was long gone by 1864 when the battle of monocacy was fought, the story of the enslaved people and the family is a great platform to talk about slavery as a causative aspect of the civil war. At the park level, we are going to work on developing new sperp new interpretive programs and projects that will talk about the history of this site and project and sort of start to look at africanamerican experiences here at the monocacy battle here. Battlefield here in general. We will work on webbased that will help tell the story and present this information to the public. In the longer term, what we would like to have are actually separate permanent exhibits that focus on the broader Historic Context of the battle and civil war. Obviously slavery and plantation , life would be a big part of that discussion. Down the road, again, funding dependent that is something we would like to have. Should we be fortunate enough to get additional funding to do more fieldwork, thats certainly the goal. If not, well just do the best we can with the resources we have and, you know, obviously, you know, almost 400 units of the National Park service out there. Everybody has Research Needs and Compliance Needs so theres never enough money to go around. We were, just like any federal funding process, we had to wait our turn. I think alex mentioned to me, living in washington, d. C. , you think of the National Park service and think of monuments or mountains. I think one of the things that was helpful with this project is it helped these students get a sense of diversity of the resources the park service preserves and get them a little bit interested in a career in the park service or archaeology. Hopefully, if they go on to, you know, do Something Else for a career or work for a different agency, hopefully, they will look back on this experience and sort of think of the National Parks in a different way and be more engaged and interested in the stewardship aspect of what the National Parks do. This program was recorded in november of 2010. To learn more about a slave. Gov. Ge, log on to nps follow the link to best farm slave village. Each week during the 2016 election, we bring you archival coverage of president ial races. 1976, the second debate between incumbent president gerald ford and former georgia governor jimmy carter. The debate focused on Foreign Policy and offense issues. It also covered u. S. And soviet relations. The credibility of the u. S. In the wake of vietnam and watergate and the size of the defense budget. President jimmy carter defeated president ford in the general election, winning 50 of the popular vote to mr. Fords 48 . The league of women voters sponsored this debate. It is about 90 minutes. Ms. Frederick good evening. Im Pauline Frederick of npr, moderator of this second of the historic debates of the 1976 campaign between gerald r. Ford of michigan, republican candidate for president , and jimmy carter of georgia, democratic candidate for president. Thank you, president ford and thank you, governor carter, for being with us tonight. This debate takes place before an audience in the palace of fine arts theater in san francisco. An estimated 100 million americans are watching on television as well. San francisco was the site of the signing of the United Nations charter, 31 years ago. Thus, it is an appropriate place to hold this debate, the subject