In just over 200 years we have become the greatest nation in the world. Most powerful economic, political, and humanitarian force in history. Ingenuity, hard work, and common sense torched a strength and spirit that has advanced the cause of humankind. The electric light bulb to the silicon chip to the first man on the moon and beyond, the unit states has led the way. We captured the energy of the sun and wind. We can replace almost every major organ in the human body, and we can minute to the molecules of life itself. Important breakthroughs in bioengineering, electronics, laser technology, Computer Tech knowledge he, fiberoptics. The list seems endless. Through our short history, we have consistently seized the challenges of her and turn them into reality. Theres one, most importantly yet unfulfilled, the dream of peace on earth. That same ingenuity they gave us lasers and organ transfer it has also given us the military transplants has given us military capabilities. Just one of our 37 strategic submarines carries more explosive power than was detonated in all of europe and japan during world war ii. We can continue to Research Test and build more destructive weapons. Is it time we direct the resources toward creating a future safe from the threat of Nuclear Devastation . The clearage gives us no choice. Unless we do we will become victims of our own genius trade where do we start . The first essential step is a comprehensive and verifiable a complete and total halt rush holt to nuclear explosion. Signs can create designs for new weapons come about without the opportunity to test them, they will not be produced are deployed. Without testing in the 1950s, there would be no Hydrogen Bomb. Without testing in the 60s, there were be no Nuclear Weapons so small that we could fit 14 of them in a note nosecone or carry one in her backpack. Without testing in the 70s there were be no neutron bomb which destroys all human life believes property undamaged. By stopping testing now, neither we nor the soviet union would be able to build Nuclear Powered lasers to extend our battlefields into space. A comprehensive ban is the most effective and verifiable first step in reducing an ever escalating new your arms worse. This doctor, Nobel Prize Winner and former chairman of the Atomic Energy commission we have to do something to reverse it. Im afraid that if we dont, Nuclear Weapons will be used. I saw one Hydrogen Bomb explosion. Its an awesome, terrible site. A test ban could give and probably would give a technological advantage to the United States by stopping testing now. Weve had more than 200 tests than the soviet union has had. We have developed a higher degree of sophistication in our weapons come in my opinion, then the soviet union. The reason i think that we should go in the direction of the competence of test ban is because it is so simple. All you do is stop testing. I havent found anybody who every u. S. President in recent history, eisenhower, kennedy, johnson, nixon, ford, carter, have sought to negotiate a test ban. A lot of names, terms for the treaty signed, found the message was not confusing. The spreading of nuclear arms must be stopped, the first step was and still is a test ban. President eisenhower in response to a soviet proposed moratorium on Nuclear Testing in 1958 wrote the soviet premier chris job history of khrushchev. We believe banning Nuclear Weapons test would be an important step to reducing international tensions. There was no testing of Nuclear Weapons for three years until the soviets resumed in 1961. Anxiety the growing danger of radioactive fallout can build a powerful National Movement which resulted in the 1963 Test Ban Treaty. It prohibited testing the atmosphere, outer space, and underwater. I now declare that the United States does not propose to conduct Nuclear Tests in the atmosphere, so long as other states are not do so. There is never been a test on the atmosphere or an and other side and spend. This treaty is not the millennium. It will not resolve all conflicts. If coming its support of their ambitions war. It will not reduce our need for our war allies or programs of assistance to others. But it is an important First Step Towards peace, towards reason. A step away from war. We legally committed ourselves to achieve a discontinuance of all test explosions of new weapons for all time, determined to continue negotiating to this end. Every president insist has done so in good faith until now. Johnson outlined a program to halt nuclear arms race, and submitted a draft for a nonproliferation treaty in 1965. President nixon signed the nonproliferation treaty, prohibiting the transfer to other countries of Nuclear Technology for military purposes. Besides the threshold Test Ban Treaty the limiting nuclear motions to an hundred 50 kilotons. President form signed the Peaceful Nuclear explosion treaty, extended. Its to peaceful testing. President carter passed for it complains of test ban for the United Nations in 1977. Formal negotiations resumed shortly thereafter. In 1982, this administration put a halt to our historical commitment to negotiate a copperheads of test ban. Test ban. Ensive defense secretary Caspar Weinberger explains why. The ramification of our treaty is not warranted, then it cannot be verified effectively, and if we cease Nuclear Testing by a moratorium or congressional mandate or treaty, that would injure our security interests. Paul warnke disagrees. Stopping testing would make us more secure. They say, what is security in a nuclearage . To have a retaliatory deterrence, forces that could survive any sort of strike by anybody else. And, still be in the position to wreak unacceptable devastation on the other side. We have that in spades. We have that on both sides, took 3 4 of their Nuclear Weapons what we gain by testing what do we gain by testing . The illusion that you could fight a nuclear war. We are at a point in u. S. Soviet relations were we can and do clear explosions. The soviet union declared a moratorium on Nuclear Weapons test as of august 6, 1985. The anniversary of hiroshima. They stopped testing and pledged to not do it as long as we did. In spite of this pledge the United States continued testing even after the soviets stop. Notice of its have announced that they will resume testing because we have not stopped. The first secretary Caspar Weinberger the defense secretary continued testing is essential. Cap are hints of test ban would undermine the credibility of our deterrent our opponents would know we are not allowed to test. We would not be able to verify whether they were cheering to it or not adhering to it or not. We think in every way that of the competence of test ban would have the opposite effect. Quite frankly i would like to see both sides lose confidence. It will be a deterrent in terms of first use. We cannot extort ignore the soviet union. But will more weapons make us more secure . Albert einstein said, the atomic change age tanked everything except the way we think. We still ask the stoneage question is first and who is second. In the atomic age, at some point, the concept of of who is first and second goes to pieces. Deputy director of the senate for defense information fishing from a strategic weapons planner at the pentagon things we have more than enough firepower. As for protecting ourselves look at the strength we already have. Our military forces are prepared to fight any enemy at a time anyplace we might be attacked. With the planning, arming, training for nuclear war for the soviets for four years since most of us can remember. Make no mistake, any war between the United States and soviet union will go down as nuclear war, without winners. As a result of 40 years of Nuclear Testing, we could have stuck explode 11,500 Nuclear Weapons on the soviet union, and they can explode 900 9500 weapons on us. Right now we have over 1000 landbased missiles and silos ready to deliver thousands of Nuclear Warheads on any country in the northern hemisphere, beginning 30 minute minutes from right now. Most powerful to turn the Ballistic Missile nuclear submarine. Roughly 37 strategic submarines is hidden in the worlds oceans right now and one u. S. Summary there are at least 100 extinct Nuclear Warheads aimed at soviet targets. One hbomb for every city in the soviet union with a population of over 250,000. In and virtually every field of you and and virtually every field of military technology, america is years ahead of any other nation. For Machine Intelligence to telecommunications, we have more than enough monetary force, weapons, to defend our land, lives, and to help at the same time. Under no circumstances, even a Surprise Nuclear attack, would we lose the ability to launch a devastating retaliatory strike with at least 5000 Nuclear Weapons. To hit with so much strength, youve been warned over the years about a weapons gap between us and the soviet union, about the possibility that soviets might have more bombers or missiles than we do. Overall, the United States is a larger and more reliable Nuclear Arsenal than the soviet union. In intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, the soviets have an advantage. I submarine launched Ballistic Missiles, the u. S. Is in front. On longrange bombers, we are way ahead. The United States has 2000 more strategic Nuclear Weapons and the soviet union. Admiral Jean Larocque suggests, the pentagon has such warnings to continue the arms building. They want to suggest that there is a cap and the size of our forces and the soviet forces. This suggests that if we can explode more Nuclear Weapons, we can close that gap. This whole business is as phony as a three dollar bill. Many Congress Members i agree that increased spending will not make us more secure. Jim leach, cosponsor of the House Resolution for a conference of Test Ban Treaty. As a republican member of congress, ive become increasingly impressed at how many conservative americans, particularly of republican families, are now saying that common sense, business sense dictates greater concern about the Defense Budget command greater concern about arms control itself. The test ban symbolizes its all. Its the logic of our times. If you cant have a test ban, you cant have significant arms control. You are saying he will give up on the issue of nuclear proliferation. The fact is, we can have a test ban. Its within our reach and a time sensitive way. It can be done soon. House majority leader jim wright. Said there and say oh no, we will not agree to stop testing new Nuclear Weapons even if the soviets are willing to do so come on firtash until first they they say, we will not agree to Something Else until you agree to this. What been a progress made. All of our tomorrows will be as all of our yesterdays. A majority of both houses of congress voted for resumption of comprehensive test ban talk. By the year 2000, experts say as many as 15 countries could have the technology to develop Nuclear Weapons. Nuclear proliferation must be stopped. Today only five nations, the United States, the soviet union, great rates and france, and china, have Nuclear Weapons ready for use in war. But he was government studies have identified a number of other nations which are actively attempting to develop their own weapons. They cannot build them without testing. Paul warnke, former arms negotiator. Any proliferation of Nuclear Weapons increases the chances that these weapons could get into the hands of some national groups. I dont want to see anybody get into the Nuclear Weapons business. People ought to be getting out of it rather than into it. Will a test ban work . How do we know soviets wont cheat . As a test ban verifiable . Admiral Jean Larocque. As a militaryman, i know the importance of accurate verification techniques and equipment. I know also from my experience and from the Technology Available today, theres no way for the soviet union to cheat when it comes to exploding Nuclear Weapons. Equipment we have failed all for detecting explosions today scattered all around the world, is it simply, too good. Besides agreeing to having all these typographic stations on their soil, the soviets have also agreed to allow us onsite inspections. The question is, how can we certain the soviets wont cheat . The way we will be certain, is by deployment of a designed this seismic metric within and surrounding the soviet union. The network will require Something Like 25 stations within the soviet union, 15 or so surrounding it. The event, earthquake or expulsion takes place at a particular site. This generates a set of seismic waves, shockwaves. That are attached as a received and recorded by seismic stations. If an explosion should occur within the soviet union it would be recorded at numerous stations. The signals would be detected, analyzed, and preparatory scooby notified that the soviets conducted a nuclear explosion. The soviets excepted our previous provisions, with respect to verification. The Reagan Administration has suggested that they want more. The soviet union has said, ok. Lets negotiate further provisions. In my opinion, the soviet union badly wants a comprehensive test ban. If we had a simultaneous testban and the soviets did resume testing, we could resume immediately ourselves. In the meantime, we would have gained the goodwill of so many countries throughout the world. So i dont see that we have anything to lose by a comprehensive test ban, and everything to gain. Have isnt enough enough . More and more dangerous Nuclear Weapons of both sides makes us less secure. Do we need a weapons system that will bypass all human intelligence . Putting decisions in the hands of computers makes accidents even more possible under crisis conditions through testing and deploying new weapons is not the answer. Leaders representing six nations, from five continents, appealed to president reagan and sewed soviet leader gorbachev to refrain from further Nuclear Testing. They offered to assist in monitoring compliance for the test ban. The American People are showing the same concern here at home. What we are in this country is a movement pushing from the bottomup, to tons of it from tells americans washington. The testbeen moved succeeded in 1963. Certain i working mothers of ingraham. One of the women who started that movement in 1961 percent more wilson of the warning strike for peace. 20 years ago i was a young mother with a job. I never done anything political except for the pta. I get very worried about the Nuclear Testing, the possibility of war. I was also indignant. I was only, a mere woman. Nobody had asked i opinion about anything. Called some of my friends, working mothers like myself. We gathered in my living room one evening because, to my great surprise, they were upset is as upset as i was which has never happened. We agreed that it was time womens voices were heard, we must not leave everything to men. Six weeks after that first meeting, a busy time it was, we relearning everything for the first time of course, to operate the shootings we learned how to deal with the press your fearless. We had never done it before and were discovering our skills for the first time. We were so excited. If we have had good advice we mightve been scared to death and would have never pulled it off. It only took that long, six weeks, for. 5 million women to get on the streets and demonstrate dish in front of their state capitals or city hall or whatever they have, and to say they wanted a Test Ban Treaty. We made an impression. He did eventually get a partial Test Ban Treaty. President kennedys science adviser at the time give a great deal of credit to women. Id like to remember that, its been a very frustrating tencent been. But it makes me believe that if we keep on, we can be effective a second time, and third, and eventually bring about nance to the nuclear arms race. The commitment demonstrated by the 1961 test ban movement is even more critical today. What is needed at this rate is for the electorate to get mad, to understand that it bears the ultimate responsibility for our national policies. Test ban is a good idea, it should be part of any sort of end to the nuclear arms race. I remember the war broke out the second floor, somebody stops beyond the speech. They said, i suppose you are going to set up shop. I said, you ever say to a doctor, when an epidemic breaks out are you going to set up shop . No, you add to it and work harder. Thats where we are. I am not discouraged, i am frightened. When enough is enough no american would suggest that it would eat patriotic to remain in a position of weakness. But no patriotic american can consider that the wisest policy for this country is to continue an allout arms race. With get to back off from the the first logical step is an enforceable joint u. S. Soviet moratorium on Nuclear Testing. Patriotism means you love your country and want to see it continue. If theres a nuclear war, our civilization, country, want to continue. The height of patriotism to be in favor of getting rid of Nuclear Weapons. The nice thing about a test ban this it is achievable, simple, within a it before. Everybody understands it. Its winnable. The earlier test ban movement was successful. President kennedy signed an agreement limiting Nuclear Testing. Today, there is a test ban movement again and the halls of congress. Among citizens of the world as well. This movement will be successful, from president reagan respond and signed an agreement to stop nuclear explosions. Present our once said, i like to believe that people will do more to promote peace and government. Think people want peace so much, that one of these days, governments had better get out of the way and let them have it. Right now, commit yourself to a comprehensive test ban. Read personal letter urging president reagan to put the ban on the agenda for his summit meeting. Ask the president to place the test ban on the negotiating table. Unless we act, and a must for president acts, we cant achieve a verifiable and comprehensive nuclear test ban. We must take a step towards reason, away from war. Youre watching American History tv. 48 hours of programming on American History every week on cspan3. Follow us on twitter at cspan history. Keep up with the latest history news. Tonight, on afterwards, pulitzer prizewinning journalist Helene Cooper discusses the life and presidency of the first elected female president. Female president. When did you first meet madame president . I knew about her all my life. She was the minister of finance. I was 13 or 14. Of course i knew who the minister of finance was. She knew my parents. Of. Was somebody i had heard she was always criticizing the same government that she worked for. In 1985, when she was arrested and thrown into jail, i heard all about that. She became a political icon. Atwatch afterwards tonight 9 00 p. M. Eastern on cspan2s look to the. On march 30 1981, ronald survived anve at assassination attempt. We will hear from secret service and fbi agents involved in protecting the president that day. Prosecuting the wouldbe assassin, john we junior. They recall of vacuuming the president from the hotel and the details of subsequent changes in the secret Services Security protocols. The National Law Enforcement museum hosted his 90 minute event at the same ladies and gentlemen, welcome. Flight. Is crank and the president and ceo of the National Law Enforcement officers memorial fund. Tonight on behalf of the board of directors, we are pleased to present our 16 witness to history program. This is a series of programs we invite the actual participants of historical Law Enforcement events to tell us their stories