and supplies at some point. okay? now, in january, in january, the federal government, the u.s. federal government tried to send a relief expedition down. the confederate forces fired on that ship and it turned around. so ever since january, anderson has been trying to hold out. and what he's saying is, guys, i don't know how much longer i can do this. we've got a serious problem. finally, in early april, lincoln decides he's got to resupply anderson. but here's lincoln's problem. he doesn't want to start this thing. he is hoping that everybody is going to kind of -- if you get wrapped up in the middle of a speech, right, you're at some sort of gathering and there's, like, the electricity of the crowd and there's this amazing speech and everybody is all excited. and, yeah, you're ready to go do it. and then you wake up the next morning, oh, god. yeah, you know, let's just talk about it, okay. it's just a little crazy, guys. i was kind of in the spirit there, but let's just chill out. a lot of these states are looking around like we've only got seven. i thought we were going to get more than seven? what happened? missouri was serious about it. they were going to come. what happened? we got seven. that's not a lot. we've got seven out of 33 states. we were hoping for more. so what they're going to have to do is try and figure out do we keep going? do we back up? i don't want to back up. i mean, that's just embarrassing, all right. and i really do believe in what we said. but i don't know if maybe we should have gone with a different option. okay. and so what lincoln is hoping is that enough confederate leaders are going to start to say, look, let's see if we can't come up with a compromise. he does not want to give them a crisis to rally behind. all right? when you're trying to talk a guy down from a fight, all right, you all are going to go to parties this weekend. all right. and it will happen. if it doesn't happen this weekend, it happened last weekend. you guys are going to want to get in a fight. all right? and hopefully, some of you are going to be like, seriously, back down. the way to stop the fight is not to sucker punch one of the guys in the face. all right. lincoln is saying don't do anything. everybody just chill out. okay. but he's got to provide some sort of support to major anderson. so on april 6th, april 6th, 1861, lincoln is going to send a message to the governor of south carolina and say look -- his last name is pickens, by the way, if you're curious. francis pickens. and lincoln is going to send him a message and say, look, we're sending a relief ship down. this is not an act of aggression. you've got fresh food, fresh water, medical supplies. we might put a couple guys in the fort, take a couple of sick guys out. this is just a relief expedition. we're not reinforcing the fort. this is not an act of aggression. the give no nor is looking at the situation and basically decides, i don't know, i'm going to pass this up the chain and see what everybody else says and they'd send a message today vis and his advisors. richardson davis and his advisors talk about this two days later. on the 8th of april, 1861. and they're debating it. some of them think, look, let the relief expedition in because we do not want to fire the first shot. the confederacy's whole argument is that we're not starting this thing. we don't want a war. we just want to go. we're not trying to overthrow the government felt we just want to break away. if they start this thing by firing on a federal installation that weakens their whole position. okay. the problem is you've got a u.s. fort inside federal territory, as far as they're concerned. and you can't let that situation continue. so you're going to have to come up with some sort of a solution. and they don't want to let the fort get resupplied. they do not want to let that relief expedition through. okay? so, on the 10th of april, two days later, on the 10th of april, the confederate government tells regard, no, we're going to have to demand a surrender. all right. now, bogagard who is he? great name, all right. we just don't name our kids that well anymore. p.g.t. regard making life simpler for students everywhere. all you have to remember is pgt regard. bo regard is the confederate commander on the ground. the confederate government is going to tell him, look, you're going to have to contact that fort out the harbor and tell them forget about it. you're going to have to surrender. here's the really weird situation. remember the guy i told you in the fort, the commander of the fort, major anderson? he was the artillery instructor at west point when bo regard was the student. my students always love this at the end of the semester. so bo regard sends his message to anderson. look. you're going to have to sir rond hr render the fort. look, sorry, but i've got orders. and you're in the wrong as far as bo regard is concerned. you're going to have to surrender the fort. anderson sends a message immediately back. he says, look, i can't. i'm arbaud orders to hold the fort at all costs. i will hold the fort at all costs. but i can't hold out much longer anyway. we are really low on food. we are really low on water. we're going to have to leave here soon anyway. so maybe we can come up with some sort of a compromise. let's not get a whole bunch of guys killed over nothing. bo regard gets the message. you can just imagine, all right, i wasn't expecting that. soon, how soon is soon? you're going to have to leave soon. all right. he sends the message back out to anderson and anderson says look, i'll tell you what, if i'm not relieved by noon on april 15th, i'll have to leave the fort. so did you get the chain of events there? lincoln sends a chain of messages to south carolina on the 6th. saying look, we're sending relief expedition down. this is just supplies. we need water, fresh food, medical supplies, basically that's all it is. the governor sends the message onto president davis and the confederate cabinet. he says, look, what do you want me to do about this? the confederate government says no, no, no, we can't have a relief expedition coming on. they tell the military commander on the ground, all right. the confederate commander to command the surrender of the forboded. regard contacts his old friend. major anderson says you need to surrender the forces chatty anderson says nope, i can't, i'm under strict orders to hold out at all costs. but i'm going to have to leave soon anyway. but i can't just surrender when you ask me to right now. bo regard writes back, he says i always imagined three guys running these messages back and forth. anyway, i always think about these things. so bo regard sends the message back. agai how soon are you going to have to leave the fort. what are we talking about here? anderson says look, noon on the 15th. if i'm not relieved by noon on the 15th, i'm going to have to leave anyway. bo regard says no, that federal ship is going to be there before the 15th, which means we're going to be right back in this purgatory. this is going to have to come to a head. so bo regard sends a message back saying that's not going to work. you're going to have to surrender the fort. anderson sends a message back saying i can't. as long as i can hold out, i am under orders to hold out. and, so, at 4:30 in the morning, on the 12th of ail, 1861, confederate forces inside cha s charleston open fire. that is the shot that starts the american civil war. okay. in four years, you're going to have 620,000 americans dead. that doesn't include wounded. okay. that's just dead. 620,000 in four years, north and south. and, again, remember, we know that. nobody else knows that now. what a lot of sides are hoping, there's worries that this might be longer than they think it will be. a lot of folks are hoping this is going to be over quick. one, big fight. southerners have convinced the north. the north is just a bunch of guys, these clerks who work in, you know, factories. they don't hunt, they don't fish, they can't survive in the out doors. we're going to punch them in the face a couple times, they'll run home to momma, it's all done. northerners are looking at southerners, yeah, you guys got drunk and this time you decide to break up the country. way to go, geniuses, thanks a lot. and both sides are figuring it's going to take one fight, we're going to settle this thing once and for all. okay. now, when confederate forces, in charleston, open fire on fort sumpter, that convinces lincoln, okay, i need to do something. and you can -- you need to understand, lincoln has been under a heck of a lot of pressure, all right. a lot of northerners who want this war who are saying, look, we have tried compromise, we have tried everything. all right. a lot of them -- there's a great line in one of the northern newspapers that lincoln stands like -- between two bails of hay wondering what to do. he's under all sorts of pressure. you know, come on, do something, man. we didn't elect you to just sit there and stare. the last couple presidents did that. but he's desperately trying to find some sort of a peaceful solution. once confederates opened fire, u.s. military trps, u.s. military insulation, that's not going to work. so lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers. war starts on the 12th. it's three days later. 15th of april, lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers. if you're a tiny state, not a huge population like vermont, you're not going to have to come up with as many guys as new york or virginia. but everybody is going to have to put a portion in to that 75,000. virginia is going to have to help give to that 75,000. tennessee is going to have to contribute to that 75,000 and go invade mississippi. right across the border. and you've got a lot of family and you've got a lot of shared experiences. and what's going to happen is four more states are going to say i can't invade and attack fellow southerners. we can't do it. it's not in us and you newlywed force us to do it. the federal government is overstepping their bounds when they try and force us to do this. okay. and so what's going to happen, through this one, again, see these grey states here? what's going to happen is those grey states are those upper south states. the last four that will join the confederacy. arkansas, tennessee and north carolina and virginia. they leave in response to that call for 75,0000. they do not leave because of lincoln, specifically. okay. virginia met and voted. virginia leaders voted on whether or not they wanted to succeed and they said no, we stay. they vote to leave. that's why the upper south goes. we will not march on fellow southerners in the union. all right. we weren't going to leave because of the election. we were going to stay and try to work within the democratic process. but you cannot force virginians to invade and march on south carolinans. they say we won't march. we're not going to do it. and that's how you get those last four states. remember that. that's classic material for a section where you're thinking about cause and effect. it's classic material to include in the essay. the other thing i want you to remember, about those -- what is that green? teal? whatever color that is. all right. those are slave states that stay in the union. missouri, kentucky, maryland, delaware, slave states that stay in the union. everyone has in the back of their heads, the free states stay in the union. no, no. his whole presidency, he's going to have to worry about more states going into the confederacy. all right. and any position he takes against slavery. he's going to have to were rio about losing those slave states. and potentially more. so this is going to be a constant thing he's going to have to think about. the other thing i want you thinking about, look at these areas for succession and against succession. there are pockets in mississiul sclerosis mississippi, particularly in poor areas and along the river systems where they fear they're going to be on the route of invasion. county of the north is going to be not necessarily prounion, but they're not so sure about the confederacy. there are pockets all over where you're going to have these sections that, again, are not necessarily pro-lincoln. they're not abolitionist iss but they're not so sure they're con federalists. so even as the confederacy is formed, even as more states are joined at the confederacy. jefferson davis is also going to have to balance the fact that you're going to have these divisions. he's going to be constantly worrying about governing sections of his own country, okay. now, last but not least, okay, lincoln, what did i tell you? 15th of april, lincoln calls for the 75,000 volunteers. 19th of april, lincoln calls for the u.s. navy. that's one he kind of de facto recognizes the union, my future lawyer in the class. you can't blockade your own country. so by doing that, he actually recognizes the existence of those southern states as a foreign country. he was actually furious about that one that hisorrect him befd that. but, all right, 19th of april, 1861, lincoln says the u.s. navy is going to blockade all of those southern ports. nothing goes in, nothing goes out. any of that money from cotton, any money from trade, we're not going to let those countries benefit. weapons, money, anything. the idea is we're going to cut the south off. that's when you're going to see more and more of these divisions. when that upper south will not contribute to the 75,000. and where a lot of people are going to have to decide who they are going to side with. robert e. lee, the guy in the bottom left-hand corner of the slide, hopefully, most of you all recognize him. he's got a big decision. he's one of the most well-respected commanders in the entire u.s. army. he's a graduate of west point. he's been superintendent of west point. he's a hero of the mexican war. okay. you guys know arlington national cemetery? that was his wife's family's home. all right. she is tied by family to martha washington, robert e. lee's father rode under george washington during the american revolution. huge ties in his family to the founders of the country. and lee's kind of split. there's this very famous quote that i wanted you all to see where he talks about i cannot raise my hand against my home, my children. all right. and a lot of folks have argued that lee, by nature, was a virginian. more than anything else, americans during this time period tend to identify themselves more as mississippians. more as new yorkers. more as virginians. or they define themselves by their state first and then their nation. and that lee, once virginia goes, okay, yes, he has a national view. particularly as a man who served in the army of station down in texas. he has not spent his whole life in virginia, all right. but he says, you know, when it comes down to it, that lee very much viewed himself as a virginian. part of it has to do with, too, though, that lee is a slave holder. he has been for a long time. yes, he did emancipate a large number of slaves. he emancipates more slaves than he inheartrits from his wife's family. very much argued about the role and responsibility of southern white males within the community. and that the basic social and racial organization of the south was how it should be. okay. remember when field scott, we talked about the mexican war, the landing of vera cruz, all of that? winfield scott calls robert e. lee and says, look, i want you to take command of these forces that we're organizing. the u.s. forces. and then lee thinks about it and says i cannot march on fellow southerners. he goes home, resigns his commission in the u.s. army and we will later resign to the army of northern virginia and to the forces. that's the situation by the time we're in late. really, once you have the succession of all the upper south, by the time we're in june, late may, june, 1865. and when you all get back on monday is when we'll pick up with the start of the war. now, if you want to go ahead, you can open up the mike if you want to record any of the questions. you are all going to freeze at this point, though. oh, don't make me talk on television. all right? but do you have any questions? about lee? maria, go for it. >> fort sumpter was held? >> it's a u.s. military installation. it would be like, i don't know, fort la hood in texas. you've got a u.s. fort in the middle of this country. >> well, it's all the united states, right? i mean, the question is, all right, fort sumpter is in south carolina. but it's the north, you know. what's going on? you're just waiting until all of the questions are done. all right. oh, you just send the sheet around. sorry, ma'am. everybody see south carolina on the map? do you not see south carolina on the map? here, it's right here. here's south carolina. all right? so, we have got a u.s. fort in south carolina. it's all part of the united states. south carolina succeeds. but you've got a u.s. military installation there. so what do you do with it? if you're the north, you're like no way, we're not letting go. we're not leaving that fort. you can't tell us the leave. south carolina is saying we're not part of the united states anymore. i mean, you might as well have a u.s. military installation in mexico. it's just not going to happen. you're not allowed to do that without our permission, okay. and so what's happening is the guys in the u.s. army who are stationed at fort sumpter are saying no, no, no, we stay. in some cases, you'll get forts, like in texas, where everybody kind of goes home. if you're from the north, you can go home. if you're from the south, you're going to stay here and a whole bunch of weapons in this fort, we 'just going to confiscate. it comes to a head in certain spots, though. florida came to a head and it really comes to a head in charleston harbor at fort sumpter and that becomes the sticking pointment and that becomes that crisis point of who goes where are. does that answer it? okay. >> why did they fire on it and just keep the ship -- >> all you have to do is keep the ship. but what if you don't keep the ship away, okay, number one. so theoretically, you're going to start with that. but what if you fail to do that. if the ship resupplies them, okay, they're going to be here and we're just going to be stuck in this purgatory. but, number 2, are you an independent nation or not? at some point, they're saying, look, we're not saying we're going to go invade washington city and overthrow the u.s. government. but i am saying that you can't have a fort inside my country. and you're going to have to respect that. and there's some -- just like there were northerners putting pressure on lincoln, are we going to go to war or what? are you going to do something about this or what? we broke away from the united states. we're not trying to steal anything, but you all need to leave. so you've got a khans for it to come to a head. and there's all sorts of pressure on davis saying we're going to have to take a stand and one point. maybe, if we do, it will consolidate some of that support. some folks who aren't necessarily sure that that was the smartest thing to do. maybe we'll consolidate that support and we can keep them. get it? okay. >> in alabama, why was there such a large, concentrated area against the -- >> you get a lot of these areas, what you're going to see -- i'm hitting four buttons as once. any time -- you see where you get a border between these states is where you're going to get a lot of trade back and forth. all right. it's usually if you have a lot of trade across the river systems. it's also going to be your more impoverished areas where you have people who feel like they don't necessarily have a whole lot of say in this and are not so sure they trust these wealthy planners in what they're trying to do. the way is succession process works, a lot of historians argue there were wealthy planners who were just like whoa, everybody just chill out. but there were these guys with this new wealth. they were breaking out of that middle class that we're saying no, no, no, we need to do this. and if we do this, this is when i'm going to rise to the top. and then you have a whole lot of poor whites who are saying, crap, you guys are going to do this and you're going to stay home and make a whole lot of money and i'm going to go out and die. and i'm not so sure about that. now, you have a huge portion of the white male south that overwhelmingly supports this war, absolutely. but you have pockets, very isolated rural pockets is usually what it was. or they were on the board i and had ties to folks who hasn't succeeded. or you'll run into other sections, this big german section in texas is where that block is that are pro-union. when i say pro-union, they're not necessarily in favor of lincoln and abolitionists as much as they're not convinced of confederacy. and that's where you're going to see some breaks. okay. so sometimes it's your very wealthy white southerners. the guy who is want constitutional union who are like this war is going to be a bunch of construction. sam houston gets kicked out of his leadership in texas. they flat out tell him to go home because he was pro-union the whole time. he was like, look, guys, i've been president of a country that's small and brand new. he's your classic 19th century expansionist. he's like go get cuba and mexico and somebody up there go take canada. you get more. you don't break away. are you guys nuts? all right? so you had those unionists for a variety of reasons. if you've ever -- there's a great book called the free state of jones that looks at what jones county does during this war. and, again, not necessarily pro-union as much as they are anticonfederate and anticonfederate government and what they view are these wealthy, elite confederates. now, if there's anymore questions, i want to let the folks who have 12:00 classes go and let the next class in. if you have anymore questions, come on down. thank you and we will see you monday. for 48 hours, we feature people and events that help document the story of our nation. join us on sundays at 1:00 p.m. for classroom lectures from across the country on different topics and eras of american history. next weekend, a look at north vietnamese strategy with the vietnam war. for more information about american history tv, including our complete schedule, visit our web site at cspan.org/history. >> if you had said in 2006 that the world would be begging for the united states to use force again in the middle east within three and a half years, everybody would have said you were crazy. >> robert kagan is not only an advisor to the romney campaign, but serves on secretary clinton's advisory board. >> what i've been writing for years, actually, is that there's a lot of continuity in american foreign policy. more than we expect. a lot of broad consensus. and i think what you're seeing here is the kind of consensus that exists in the foreign policy community and probably there is a lot of overlap between the two parties. >> more with robert kagan on foreign policy and his latest the world america made sunday night at 8:00 eastern on cspan's q&a. >> all weekend long, american history tv joins our comcast cable partners in sri pohrevepo louisiana. shreveport, founded in 1836, has a population of about 200,000 people and is located about 250 miles northwest of baton rouge. you're watching american history tv on c-span3. >> we are standing in oakland cemetery, which was the original city cemetery that dates back to 1847. and it was the primary city cemetery until about 1895 or so. one of the reasons that 1873 is so important to this region and to this city is that the great yellow fever epidemic decimated the city and really changed the course of the history of north louisiana. and this city in particular. within two weeks, we lost a quarter of the population to the city inside the city limits. 800 to 1,000 people are in this cemetery. if you pan over and you look at the top of that hill, that's the yellow fever mound. a common trench with 824 people confirmed in it. and then there are other folks who died and were either moved or put in here. it killed almost all the doctors, all the nursings. it killed many, many prominent people in this city. and it was devastating. the city was quarantined by railroad and by river. nothing was allowed to come in and go out. and money was raised, large amounts from new york, washington, from new orleanss, from shi can combo. and it was -- it was a national event. now, nationally, reconstruction is going to last for another four years. but in shreveport and in northwest louisiana, shreveport is lucky, in a way, because of this, because reconstruction ends. the army leaves to save itself. and so redemption, as it was called, begins here. in this state. and local rule returns at that time. it ends up returning, but it's going to take a while. during reconstruction in 1872 to clear the great log jam, the great raft.