We see that continuing to roll culminating in the march on washington in 1953. And then the gigantic, heavy, media drenched birmingham where king writes the eloquent letter from birmingham jail that you all read. But we are going to do today is take a step back. Whats happening between 1961 and 1964 . Created, we know they were involved in the freedom rides. But what are they doing as an institution . What is it that they are doing . Theyre are going to plan and execute one of the most toshes civil rights call it a demonstration would not do it justice. One of the most incredible civil rights events of the era and thats going to take place, they call it the mississippi summer project. Colloquially, it becomes known as freedom summer. We will see a large freedom summer in 1964 and they will do another freedom summer again in 1965. How do we get there . Why freedom summer . What leads sncc and field secretary bob moses to focus so much on mississippi . Why mississippi . Thats the focal point of the freedom summer efforts. What was sncc doing leading up to 1964 and that summer that changed everything . Freedom summer, the summer of 64 is going to be a watershed , moment in the Civil Rights Movement. Nothing will be the same after 1964. Everything is going to change. What leads them up to this point . After the freedom rides were over, the Kennedy Administration , particularly attorney general robert kennedy, really encouraged sncc to do something that would not be as confrontational as the freedom rides. They encouraged them to do Voter Registration. What i think the Kennedy Administration did not realize was there was nothing more frightening to the white than theists south va Voter Registration of African Americans. But there was a large motor registration drive going. You read the sources. You know that African Americans are outside of the system of the United States government. Think about it. Lets go back to James Madison and the lynching in the heartland. What was the lesson we took away from madisons lynching in the heartland . Nathan . If you try to go, you basically get sanctioned . Theres a tremendous amount of violence that surrounds the African American community. That was not particularly related to voting. What was that about . [inaudible] the rape of mary ball. Thats right. Once again, white supremacist spectert stoked by the of black men raping white women in all the changes going on the early 20th century to create this climate of fear. We know theres this widespread notion that Law Enforcement was not doing enough. Remember, what is White Supremacy like in the north and the south . Remember . Was it like to negotiate . We see this throughout madisons book, to negotiate segregation even in the northern states. Its not typically talked about. Its not typically talked about. Remember how difficult it is from community to community that the standards are different. Where do you eat . Where do you sleep . How are you going to be treated . Remember what happened to professional nba players . Bill russell was there. Go ahead, nathan. They were denied service even famousthey were so everyone knew them. They were given the keys to the city of marion and they were denied service for a hamburger. We know this is the reality america confronts. We know it affects both the north and south. Remember, in the north, African Americans can vote and thats a huge distinction. In the south, they could not. That is the symbol sncc decides to go after in mississippi. It was not just in mississippi. The Voter Education project was started in 1961 and was grant funded. It went through 1963. And a number of civil rights organizations were involved. The naacp and urban league, they are all involved in this. It came from an 870,000 grant. Typically, sncc does what it always did its staffed by young people. They went to one of the most dangerous, challenging places they could find. And in 1961, that was the state of mississippi. You can see sncc executive director james forman, a great picture of him sitting in a southern jail. Why mississippi . You know why mississippi because you read coming of age in mississippi. You know why mississippi. Mississippi is black, rural and poor. You can see the data. 68 of mississippi blacks lived in rural areas as opposed to 39 of blacks outside of mississippi. Nonwhite Family Income in mississippi was 1444. That was the lowest in the country. 86 of all nonwhite families in mississippi were below the federal poverty line. 86 of every nonwhite family was below the poverty line. You can see in 1960, mississippi lack years of education six , years. Only 7 completed high school for African Americans. Per blacki spent 21. 77 people. 81 per white people in 1964. The infant mortality rate was nearly 250 higher than the National Average for whites. 250 for black families as opposed to white families outside of mississippi. The university of mississippi history professor dubbed his state the closed society, primarily due to its incredible and almost monolithic support of segregation and the protection of a system that denied African Americans the right to vote. The voting restrictions we keep talking about over and over. Plus, you know the history of vigilante violence that is in mississippi. Think about and moody. Coming ofback to age in mississippi. What are some examples in that book . Nathan. [inaudible] i think her friend jerry was beaten. He was beaten because he was supposedly making phone calls to white women. They beat him unconscious and left him naked on the side of the road. That was a rumor. We dont know what happened to the family. We know the entire house was burnt down and everyone was killed. The rumor was that it was white retribution for a black man sleeping with a white woman. A history of violence. What happened to her when she started in the movement in 1961 and 1962 . Wasnt her family threatened . Her family is threatened. She could not go home. The sheriff knew that she was there. Mama wrote letter after letter, dont come home. History of violence. And of course, as nathan pointed out, the famous case. You looked at the material. You read the data. This becomes a national sensation. He whistled at a white woman, probably said, hey, baby, to her. It was rude. By midwestern standards, definitely rude. Mississippi, in the bob, and lifea till and in death. Thats why they choose mississippi. Theyre going to chip away at this benefits of White Supremacy. Look at the pictures. I just want to look at the pictures. Peoplethe most important when it comes to mississippi. Hes going to lead the effort in 1964. Sippi through a worlding to join with war ii vet, civil rights activists and theyre going to start planning a Voter Registration drive in mississippi. What does this picture tell you . Of world warran ii. Why is that important . Nathan . Why is that important . Because the veterans were the ones that were really going for whyge because they thought fight for change outside of the u. S. And come back . 100 right. Absolutely. World war ii speeds the pace of social change. We have these vets coming back who were not content to live in the jim crow south anymore. I love this picture because it illustrates that connection to case of two, that social change. Here we have an older activist joining with the younger timeist, late 20s at this , joining together to push for social change in the state of mississippi. We know this does not come easily. They start working well before the grant money comes. In fact, they start working to register voters in 1961. In 1961,ee joins moses a Mississippi State legislator confronted lee for his Voter Registration activity, shot him in the head in broad daylight, killed him in front of dozens of witnesses. As you have seen time and time segregationist south in the 1950s and 1960s, hearst was completely exonerated. The black witnesses to the event were still afraid they would be killed. Lewis allen would eventually tell his story to civil rights organizers who begged him to come forward. He was so scared, he was planning on leaving mississippi and he was murdered if the night before he left the state. Herbert lees widow at the funeral blamed bob moses for her husbands death. That might have stopped other people, but it doesnt ever stop sncc. They know the sacrifice of these people hopefully will lead to something. They officially open their Voter Registration in pike county and immediately the closed society response. On august 7, three days later shots were fired at someone trying to register to vote. As you know, because youve read comingofage in mississippi, the arrests began by law county t, intimidation from police. Threatening people trying to register to vote becomes the norm. Knight riders, shoot up and burned homes and offices that support the Voter Registration drive. Staffersc and blacks like willie peacock, and moody, and charles jones, suffered from stress and beatings. Remember and moody said she was under so much stress, her hair was falling out. She felt like someone was choking her all the time. In 1963, the Voter Education project continued funding for mississippi and you know this inause moody talked about it comingofage in mississippi, the check stop coming. Like voting in mississippi went from 5. 3 to 6. 7 . Thats what they got for two years of beatings and arrests, shootings and threats. As mentioned on page 113, the violence went unnoticed the nation and unhindered by the federal government. Nation,d by the unhindered by the federal government. Of tomgreat picture hayden getting beat up in mississippi, trying to register voters in 1961. Tom hayden who went on to become infamous as it member of students for democratic society. Theres a antiwar demonstrator during the vietnam war. So how does bob moses respond . This is where going to pick up. Page 157. To in the struggle for black mosesty, why does bob resurrect the council of federated organizations which becomes known as koba . It was created and becomes the Umbrella Group for freedom summer. Ominated by sncc , but its primarily a sncc operation. He was technically the codirector in this time. What is moses trying to accomplish . Caleb. D, how does he accomplish this . Nathan, go ahead. Im pretty sure it was a false Voting Campaign to see him many people actually want to vote but still couldnt anyway. Hammy people voted in the freedom election in 1963 . Just shout out the number. How many . 80,000 people voted. Thats a pretty clear producer demonstration that there are black people who want to vote. But bob moses learned a really important lesson when he was working during the freedom election. At first, bob moses was opposed to bringing in white volunteers but civil rights attorney suggested a white volunteers be some 60 students, mainly from yellen harbert, who were white or brought in. What does this do for the freedom election what is moses realized when those students for most elite university showed up . It brings National Attention to the movement, and what else . What does attention mean . Because who is there, who is paying attention . And the media. Africanamericans have been disappearing in mississippi for years. Nobody paid attention in the national rest. Herbert lees murder did not make the press. The national press. But when those students came down, bob moses saw the opportunity here. The press followed those students. Mind, withlessons in all of the levels of violence weve seen in mississippi that bob moses experienced for three years, moses decides that the way to try to crack mississippi was to 1000 white Young College student volunteers to work on Voter Registration and other civil rights activity in the summer of 1964. He proposes this plan, you can in 158159. He proposes this plan, how to snap ers and core Staff Members, how they respond fromally to this request moses to bring in 1000 white young volunteers . Response . Heir thats right. Do toould 1001 volunteers the beloved community that sncc had created . Dont get me wrong, you know snc. Were white people in it had been foundedc with both in membershiptes from the beginning but africanamericans had always been the majority. Foundeds were real because it does have a lasting impact. It does cause significant structural change. Initially the Staff Members vote no. But this illustrates the importance and the ability to convince his peers that bob moses had. He comes back and says im not interested in being in a movement that is not interracial. He really pushes for this. That dennis will be chosen as his codirector. Dave dennis, where have we seen he is in comingofage in mississippi. He was one of the core Staff Members who worked in mississippi with moody. Youve already seen him over and over again. That is dave, he becomes codirector. Get aaron henry to be the president. He had been associated with the Civil Rights Movement in mississippi for a long time. He was older, he was a pharmacist, he represented a different strata that bob moses was trying to connect with in the black community to make freedom summer successful. Out, they know the threat of violence to these young white people will bring Media Attention. This is what dave said. Thats cool, but that was in another sense speaking the language of the country. What weve trying to do was get a message over to the country that we spoke their language. We made sure we had the children of some powerful people in this country over there. We didnt plan on any of this violence but we just wanted the country to respond to what was going on. The presence of white volunteers would guarantee some federal protection. That was the hope. It turns out, it doesnt, as you know, youve read it. Get the attention of the federal government pretty dramatically. The amazing thing about all of this is, this is going on as a backdrop to some other tremendous events actually happening in the summer of 1964 and thats the signing of the 1964, which act of in the long run, coupled with what will, year later, the Voting Rights act of 1965, will fundamentally tear down the system and jim crow segregation and voting restrictions that was in the south. But when youre in the middle of the movement, you dont see its impact. Do you think the past civil may civil of 1964 rights workers in mississippi one out safer . It didnt change anything. Getting beaten, still getting threatened. Thats the amazing backdrop of whats happening throughout freedom summer. They know that bringing 1000 white volunteers is going to bring the media and they were 100 right. Prepareoes mississippi for this invasion . Check out the bottom of page 159 and 160. What does mississippi do, how to make it ready for this invasion by outside agitators . Jessica, lets jump over to the other side. They set up a makeshift prison at the local fairgrounds. Thats right. They get ready. State legislature doubles a highway patrol. You see resurgence of the mississippi kkk. We know there were more than 60 crosses burned. Im sorry, crosses were burned more than 60 counties. Jackson expands their police force by a third, converts fairgrounds into a prison. They purchased extra shotguns, tear gas. They purchased a six ton armored vehicle. It is not actually a tank, but when you see the volunteers, you are going to realize the amount of overkill we are talking about. The people invading mississippi were people just like you. But mississippi was preparing as if a record of cuban communists were landing in mississippi in the summer of 1964. [indiscernible] joel oh no, they were aware. Everyone was well aware of what was happening. The federal government was busy wishing it would not occur. J. Edgar hoover was busy assuring the Civil Rights Movement we are not going to wet nurse a bunch of civil rights activists. J. Edgar hoover was pretty dubious about the Civil Rights Movement anyway, and as we talked about before, he was busy trying to undermine Martin Luther king jr. By bugging his room, sending out letters to prominent centers and congressman senators and congressmen that he was a communist. They try to discredit kang, and they will not do any kind of job protected Civil Rights Movements. For the Civil Rights Movement in mississippi, violence escalates, even leading up to predict summer to freedom summer. There are beatings, shootings, threats. Not to mention the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission is busy at work. This was created by the state legislature of mississippi. I dont know what to compare to. It was Something Like mississippis version of the kgb. They worked to undermine Civil Rights Movements by having paid informants. The called an informant x and y, and they said that information the whole summer. They tapped phones throughout the city. When civil rights workers they tapped phones throughout the city. When civil rights workers were concerned their phones were tapped, they were. They werent paranoid. Youre not paranoid if someone is actually update you, thats just cautious. The Sovereignty Commission in this newspaper editors to plant false stories and not run true wins. Remember, is a closed society. Remember, it is a closed society. So cofo will bring more than 1000 primarily white volunteers into mississippi that summer. In order to get ready, as you can see here on page 160 and the second paragraph, there are going to have training. June 15, about 1 3 of the volunteers are going to show up. There are two week long Training Sessions. There are about 550 students that get trained at those sessions. A little over half of the total number. They are going to be trained in oxford, ohio, in a small, private Womens College called western college for women. A small western college for women. It is now western campus, part of miami university. If you go to oxford, you can still go over there. These buildings are still there, part of the training was in peabody hall. They have an archive if you would like to Research Freedom summer. I was excited, i wanted to see the commitment western college had for the Civil Rights Movement. It tried to do the training at maria college, so sncc and cofo needed another face to train. I was hoping western college for my alma mater. I hope to there would be philosophical connection and support for the Civil Rights Movement. But the archives that show it was an economic exchange. Unlike many private schools, they needed rental money for the space. It was an economic decision made here to rent space to cofo for the Training Session that would occur here at western college. Go to the text here. When you are looking at this, what kind of volunteers are going to show up for this training . What is the demographic. This gives us a Little Information here. Caleb . Young, liberal whites at toptier universities. Joel that is right. We are primarily getting more liberal students. At vast majority are white, many coming from the northeast, the west coast, the midwest, from elite, public and private institutions. The volunteers, 90 of them are white. Most are middleclass. In fact, if we look at Douglas Adams fantastic book, freedom summer, he did a study of the volunteers, a fantastic book. If you want to dig into freedom summer, you need to dig into doug mcadams. They came from wealthier families than is typical in the United States. Families that made more than the average family, relatively privileged backgrounds. Primarily white, primarily middleclass. 62 are men, 38 are women. And their average age was 21. The youngest volunteer was 19. Anybody here younger than 19 . These people are you. Just like you, in many ways. The training, 550 volunteers trained in the two oneweek sessions. The first week was focused on Voter Registration. The second week, they had a simple goals. They wanted to create Freedom Houses over the state of mississippi. We know cofo and sncc already did this. Anne moody was in Freedom Houses, but they were dangerous places to be. If you were there a long time, the odds someone would come by and issued the house or burn it down are very high. What happened when anne moody and her friends were at that Freedom House in canton . Who comes calling . White guys in a truck with guns. Joel a relatively large group of a drunk white guys in a truck with guns. Luckily they did not have dogs. Because anne moody and her friends hid in the tall grass behind the house. Who knows what might have happened that night. Freedom houses, moses thought of them as the civil rights equivalent of the peace corps. We will sit down these bastions of civil rights activity in the middle of the segregationist, rural mississippi south, and from there, we will move our activities out. We will register voters, set up schools with a call Freedom Schools, they are going to organize direct action protests, Community Centers. All of these things will happen as these volunteers move into the city. But what are the tactics of sncc . They maintain their commitment to nonviolence, direct action. You know many of those staffers are beginning to question, remember anne moody after the bombing . Nonviolence might be out. They continue to use it for the summer of 1964, but you can only be threatened and beaten and jailed and to see People Killed for so long before you begin to question the validity of the tactic. So what is the training . This is a great picture from the Training Session. What are they doing . You know what theyre doing, right . Caleb . As he just said, they are practicing nonviolence. But what do you do when you practice nonviolence . You try not to hit back. Joel that is right, and look at what they are doing. How do you protect yourself . When you are surrounded by a crowd, how do you protect yourself . Look at what is happening on the ground. You curl up and protect your face and head. Joel that is right. Look at this, on the ground, knees tucked, arms over your head, protect your next, head, face, chest. Women, they will try to stomp on your breasts, kicking men and women in the genitals, you have to hook your limbs together. Look at those crazy outside agitators. Dont they look awful . All those welldressed, polite students watching this nonviolent demonstration. Suddenly, there are all of these black, mainly black, Staff Members telling them about the beatings, the shootings. And they say, this is what you have to do when the mob comes for you. Remember Bob Filner Zellner tried to pull his eyeball in out. Those are the stories being told. They all look kind of happy. Do you think they understood exactly what they were getting into . Joel not at all. And that is what angered the Staff Members and they responded very aggressively. In fact some of the volunteers were taken aback at how aggressive the Staff Members were with them, and they got angry. One night they had what we would call a come to jesus meeting, where they try to hash out the differences because they could not understand the level of hate and violence they were going to encounter from the worst that mississippi had to offer. Lets once against say again essay, mississippi would go to one of the most remarkable changes any state would go through in the years since this occurred. More black politicians are elected out of mississippi than any other state. But we have to be honest about the situation in mississippi in 1954. You had a question . On many of the volunteers and that showed up were blacks from the north . Joel very few. 90 of the volunteers were white. About 10 were black. It was a small percentage. They did that on purpose. They wanted white, elite kids with white, elite parents at home putting pressure on the federal government to do something to protect them. All the staffers you talked about that would put the new people through this stuff, had they been doing this for a while . Joel absolutely. Almost all of them are like anne moody. This is where anne moody is by 1964. She is already a little jaded. Remember how her book ended . It ended just as freedom summer was starting and everyone was excited, we are going to change the world, right anne moody . Her last words were, i really wonder. So yes, all of anne moodys books and all the terrible things that happened to her happened right before here. A person like anne was not there, but they are coming to teach these white people that look like they are clapping and smiling while this is going on. It is a very difficult thing to help them understand the reality of what is going to happen. Here is just another shot at where they are trying to work on this. You can see they are trying to demonstrate. How do you protect yourself when the mob comes . This is dory lander. I love that picture, so i included it. Remember nick, men, women, black, white, an organization devoted to this tactic at this point. Here is another great shot from the training. We can see a sncc staff member. Here is james forman. And, all volunteer you probably do not recognize. That is Andrew Goodman. Andrew goodman is going to become very, very important in about five minutes when we talk about what is going to happen to the volunteers in mississippi. He is a volunteer from new york. Music, very important to the civil rights music. We talked about it a lot, but have not heard a lot. We will spend a day listening to civil rights music to read we will have almost a whole class session devoted to civil rights tunes. I may force you to sing along a little bit. Is there a problem with that . Music was very important to the Civil Rights Movement. Here is a great picture of staunton lynn, very famous historian and lawyer, worked for leftist causes, heavily involved in the Civil Rights Movement. His parents did the famous study of muncie, indiana and middletown. He was their child. This is then the second week of working with those Freedom School teachers headed to mississippi in the second week. Really interesting. John doerr, the assistant attorney general, came and spoke to the volunteers. There he is right there. Do you recognize him . Where is he from . That is right, he was working with the kennedys. You remember what happened in jackson the funeral happens, we have what looks to be a riot forming. Who are the people that helped stop that riot . John doerr doar. We saw a picture of him walking down the road in his shirt sleeves, in between the mississippi Law Enforcement with batons, and a lot of angry black people. Who is with them . We have people who are here, getting ready to stop this massive riots and they did. And john doerr doar shows up. What will you do they were worried about getting killed. Johns response, nothing. There is no federal police force. The responsibility for protection is the local police, that is just the proof. The fbi is not a police agency. They do not have the authority. Federalism, the separation of powers. It is the duty of the state of mississippi and those counties and cities to protect them. The volunteers do not like this and they do boo. They say we do not do that, do not boo him. What effect does that have on you as a white volunteer when they tell you there is no federal protection . Not going to happen. I feel like i would not want to do it anymore. Joel right. People could die here. The amazing thing is, most people do not go home, the vast majority continue on. The vast majority. Right before they leave, everybody gets together and they do what they always do in the Civil Rights Movement. They sing some songs and that link some arms. I want you to look at these pictures. Look. I am just telling you, the moment where you have black and white together with their arms linked, singing songs, is a rare moment in america, 1964. This may not look strange to you in 2016, but in 1964, this was. You have read all the sources. You have read about the lynchings, you know how rare this is. This really is a declaration of the intent of the Civil Rights Movement, integration. Ok. Check out page 161. Less than 24 hours after the first group left for oxford, ohio, three people disappeared in mississippi. The second wave of volunteers is there in oxford ohio at western college for women, and they heard the news. Core staff member Michael Nikki schwerner, james chaney, and volunteer Andrew Goodman disappeared. They went to investigate the burning of a church in mississippi. They were not seen again. What happens to schwerner, cha and goodmanney, chaney and goodman less than 24 hours after they left mississippi . [indiscernible] they were found it at eight deserted road. Joel they were murdered 24 hours after leaving oxford, ohio. Nobody in ohio knows that, no one in mississippi knows that. People in mississippi said they ran off, they are in new orleans or atlanta having a good time, no one in mississippi would kill them. Nathan . If they are not back by 4 00 p. M. , they should check all the jails and sheriffs office, police station, hospital. Joel right, Standard Operating Procedure in mississippi. If you are not backed by 4 00, are they in the hospital, are they in the ditch somewhere . Check with everyone and make sure they are safe. They know being out in the dark in rural mississippi, it is a dangerous place to be. What does bob moses tell everyone in oxford, ohio who is there . It is the second training group, the school teachers. Go ahead, caleb. Kids are dead. Joel kids are dead. Once again, we are confronted with the ugly reality of mississippi. I find it interesting they say the two white guys were only shot, while chaney was beaten and then shot multiple times. Joel that is right, he was beaten. You will note if you look at the bottom of page 163, Michael Schwerners wife said, we know this search is because my husband and Andrew Goodman are white. If only chaney was involved, nothing would have been done. They have been murders in mississippi for years and nothing had been done. But now something was being done. A sort of cynical position that aims you more, that violence to whites would bring Media Attention actually proves to be true. Freedom summer goes on. It continues. The wave of volunteers headed to mississippi, they do what they were there to do. These are just some fantastic pictures. I love the symmetry of the volunteers sitting on top of a mailbox, writing a letter. We have a cofo youth coordinator, doug smith, gracie hawthorne, and a volunteer. He is writing a letter home. This was a great piece that was put out by cofo during this period and sent out to people they were working with about what they would be doing. This piece of literature is perfect. You can see here they are talking about setting up Freedom Schools, Voter Registration, Community Centers. And these will be schools where High School Students will be able to talk about things they cannot talk about a regular high school. They will learn about civil rights. You already know what high school is like in mississippi because you read anne moodys coming of age in mississippi. Dear member what happened to mrs. Rice . She probably got fired. Joel she probably got fired, that is what happens when you talk about the Civil Rights Movement too much. They are going to set up Freedom Schools, work on Voter Registration. If we were all voting, things would be better in mississippi. We would have enough food, more jobs, better schools, better houses, paved sidewalks. Because they would be able to participate in the democratic process, that really makes america what it is. And Community Centers, a place where everyone can do many different things. It will be for adults primarily and offer many chances for them to learn things that help them live better. Job training, classes for people who cannot read. Classes on child care, health programs, Adult Education and negro history classes. That is what Community Centers are for. They are creating institutions to combat the endemic, deeply held twice a premises to belief. Institutions will help them confronted that system, that closed society. Voter registration is key. One of the things they really focus on. Volunteers go out and they are working with many of the sharecroppers, to talk to the Africanamerican Community and try to get them to vote. Direct action and ministrations were really important. Check out this picture. There they are coming having a demonstration on Voter Registration. And what is happening with our friends here . Who is this . It could be a postman, but there is evidence it is not. Look really closely. He has a gun. You know a lot of postman that carry guns . So what is this, probably . Probably a police officer. So what is he doing . He is taking a picture. Why would a policeman take a picture of a civil rights demonstration . Think back to anne moody, now. Caleb. [indiscernible] joel so they know who it is who is demonstrating. They want a record of it. Remember when police took annes picture. Notice what the black folks are doing when the cop takes the picture . They are all looking away. Everyone is turning to the side. This is a way that police often try to intimidate black americans who are trying to vote. Freedom schools, just a great shot. Look at the books, the kids that are engaged in reading. There is a volunteer. This is one of the Freedom Houses in rural mississippi. They put them wherever they could put them. But as you can imagine, in spite of the media blitz in mississippi, violence ensued. You know what happened, you knew it was inevitable, and it is going to happen. Here is a actor of someone new is a volunteer. He was not one of the youthful volunteers, there were a number of ministers and rabbis that came to help and this is rabbi lowenthal, he was beaten with a tire iron. I really wish i had this picture in color, because the blood soaked the entire front of his shirt there. Largescale violence ensued, despite Massive Media coverage of all this happening. With the disappearance of schwer ner, chany and goodman, the media descends upon mississippi but it does not protect them. 80 volunteers beaten, over 1000 arrested. 67 churches, homes, businesses burned or bombed. This is just one state in one summer. Shots were fired at 30 people and we know there were six known murders, six. People were dying. People are dying so people can vote. People are dying so that people can eat in a restaurant. People are dying to do things that we so take for granted. Think about the things they want to do and look at the level of violence that is leveled against them. During the search for schwerner, chaney and goodman, and there was pressure, president lyndon johnson, hoover, and there was a massive hunt for them that when all summer long. The fbi worked sources and sources and sources. In case you ever saw Mississippi Burning, ignore that because it is inaccurate. The fbi figured it out through good oldfashioned police work. There was no mafioso threatening people with guns. They eventually find a source and the Police Highway patrol meant that gives them the information that leads them there. Guess what they find when they are dragging rivers in mississippi . They found eight other bodies of black people. Eight. Not one or 2, 8. And identified 3, 1 was a 14yearold. They found his body, he was wearing a core tshirt. They found charles moore, hezekiah dean, and five other bodies were never identified. Nathan . Didnt civil rights activists keep identification on them in case they were found . Joel yes, they did, they try to do that. But if you get thrown in a river, those things often disappear. There had been no National Outcry or search for any of these missing civil rights people or those missing eight people. This tells us read a schwerner was right. The national Media Attention came with the death of white people. That is what america was like in 1954 and that is the reality. We have six known murders. One of the most interesting stories involves sydni tortilla Sidney Poitier. There are number of great details. It is fantastic. Harry belafonte was a famous singer. He was also a civil rights activist. Sidney poitier was a famous actor. They had raised 60,000, but he did not trust Wire Transfer to mississippi. He decided to take 60,000 in cash to a bag and fly out to greenwood, mississippi and deliver the money in person. He convinces Sidney Poitier to go with him. They were both very nervous about this because they knew what was going on in mississippi. But they fly down there and are met at the airport. They were met by james forman. And, three cars full of civil rights activists. They are put in the center car to protect them. And they take off. Three cars in a caravan. Belafonte and poitier see there are other cars following them and they thought they were protected. But no, that was the klan, which it chased them to the city of greenwood. Protecting the cars were protecting sidney Sidney Poitier and harry belafonte, the whole way. The klan did not give up until they got to greenwood. Poitier and belafonte delivered the money, and they were guarded by men with shotguns. The next morning they flew immediately back to safety. I tell you this little anecdote to show, freedom summer is not happening in pittsburgh. There are things that are connected to the bigger elements to 1964. It is the story of 1964. Anybody ever heard of freedom summer before you took this class . Quite a few of you. Did you hear about it from my other class . Who heard about it from my other class . But freedom summer was a huge his story in 1964. But it is not as wellknown because what will happen after 1964 . Vietnam comes and blows everything away when it comes to our thinking of the 1960s. But that will really not start for another few years. Freedom summer is very much connected to what is happening nationally and what is going on throughout the country. Back to schwerner, chaney, and goodman. We know the police were involved in this. That is the county sheriff. We know these people were arrested, we know the police were complicit. They were pulled over on their way out of town and night. We know the klan grabs them, the local White Knights of the ku klux klan. We knew it took a 44 day fbi search to find them. The state of mississippi refused , and the county refused to process it. So federal prosecutor, our friend john doar charged 18 men, including a sheriff deputy share, with denying the sncc activists of their rights. After years of challenges, seven men were found guilty in october 20, 1967. Deputy sheriff cecil price, kkk imperial wizard sam bowers, alton wayne roberts, jimmy snowden, billey wayne posey. The last person convicted in this case was 2005. Yes, your lifetime. When a grand jury convicted edgar of three counts of murder, he was sentenced to three consecutive twentyyear terms. He was 80 years old. There will be no more prosecutions from the Mississippi Burning case. Just this summer, june, 2016, the cemetery there, the Mississippi Attorney general and the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department declared that the evidence has been degraded by memory and time. There are no more individuals that we can make a case on at this point and they have close to the investigation into the murders of schwerner, chaney, and goodman. So what are the results of freedom summer . What happened . The Civil Rights Movement will never be the same. Sncc will never be the same. Mississippi will never be the same. Sncc leaves freedom summer more radicalized than ever. Another summer of nonviolence, another summer of murders. At what point you begin to say, enough is enough . At what point do you turn to armed selfdefense, which is a strong, strong element in American History . Sncc staffers the nonviolence during freedom summer, and many begin to carry guns. This happened before, remember anne moody . They armed themselves to protect themselves from the knight riders. There is also glowing conflict in sncc between black and white members, particularly after 1000 white volunteers came in. What they feared would happen would happen. You have all these white volunteers, from privileged backgrounds, with excellent educations, rolling into mississippi, working with africanamericans who frankly, have had very poor educations by design, by the state of mississippi. It is not that ones a native intelligence is better than the other, it is not that one is naturally better at things than the other, it is that some of the volunteers were better at certain things that they needed to have done for the people they were working with, and this causes friction. A lot of the africanamerican Staff Members said we need to develop mississippi to pull themselves out of this. We cannot be saved by white outsiders. This clash will continue. It will snowball. And in the not so distant future, sncc will expel all of its white members. Not there quite yet, but we are on the way. Natural attention is drawn to the racism of mississippi. And, to the violence of africanamericans. That is one of the good things that comes out of this. The Civil Rights Movement, as we talked about, needed those white racist to respond violently to emotionally and ethically and morally connect with the rest of White America to force change, to force the federal government to act. And they do so. Another positive thing, it generates a strong Civil Rights Movement in mississippi. They said, there was not much of eight Civil Rights Movement in mississippi before. There was a broad one after the summer of 1964. And as doug mcadams points out, the volunteers will emerge from mississippi profoundly radicalized in both personal and political terms. Profoundly radicalized. And these are young People Living out into america in the mid1960s. It is not an accident that all of these social protest movements will start after 1964 in the United States. It is a Training Ground for generation of young student leaders. Mario savio led the Free Speech Movement at berkeley, that was not an accident. When you are trained to radically think differently about peoples rights and their worth, you take that with you for the rest of your life. Tom hayden, abbie hoffman, and many others, are all going to spend time in mississippi. They are all going to learn that the america they were raised with in the 1950s they were little kids in the 1950s. They were told all these platitudes about america. And they learned in the most terrible way, that those platitudes were not true for a broad segment of america. And they would rise up and challenge them. Thank you for coming, everybody. I will see everybody next week. And we will talk tuesday about the class. We will not have it tuesday, we will delay it a bit. Thank you for coming, i will see you next week. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2017] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] interested in American History tv . Visit our website, stor. Span. Org hi watch collegey lectures, museum tours, archival films and more. The Los Angeles Times has been putting on the festival of books for more than 20 years and it has become an institution that is part of the community. And it is a way that we can celebrate with the readers of the paper and with the city as a whole, the very notion of reading. Today, we the idea of there being something called fake news is out there, i think that books help us celebrate the way that words and facts are grounded in storytelling and in history. Watcher live coverage of the Los Angeles Times festival of books all weekend april 22 and 23rd on book tv on cspan2. Next, university of virginia president ial scholar Barbara Perry discusses the traits that president ,t including selfconfidence, emotional intelligence, and the ability to learn from mistakes. She uses george washington, abraham lincoln, and fdr as examples of how great president cultivated their leadership skills and one popular support. Themcconnell center at university of louisville in kentucky hosted this hour and 10 minute event. Good evening ladies and ultimate, thank you all for coming out to be with us tonight. I would also like to thank those who are watching on cspan who are tuning in