Mississippi. Mississippi. This class is about one hour and 10 minutes. Prof. Shrock they were going to continue our walk of the Civil Rights Movement in the mid1960s. We talked talked about the revival of the sit in movement and how that galvanizes the movement. It gets it really moving again by the late 1950s. Collegein, it was students who get that movement rolling in 1960 and 1951. To the point where there are tens of thousands of people involved. We see that rolls over into freedom rights of 1961. We sewe see that rolls over into freedom rights of 1961. We see that continuing, culminating on the march on washington movement, we know thy were involved with the freedom rights at the end. We know they are wedded to nonviolent direct action, but action, buthem do what makes them do it . They will plan and execute one of the most ambitious civil rights call it a demonstration would not do it justice. One of the most incredible civil rights events of the era. They call it the mississippi summer project, but locally, it becomes known as freedom summer. We will see a large freedom summer in 1964 and another one in 1955. 65 . Why freedom summer . What leads bob moses to focus so much on mississippi . Why mississippi . That is the focal point of the freedom summer effort. What was snick doing leading up to 1964 and that summer that changed everything . Freedom summer is going to be a watershed moment for the Civil Rights Movement. Nothing will be the same after 1964. Everything is going to change. What leads them up to this point . After the freedom rides were over, the Kennedy Administration, particularly attorney general robert kennedy, to do interpret encouraged sncc Voter Registration. What i think the Kennedy Administration didnt realize was the group was really nothing more threatening to the white supremacist south than the voting registration of africanamericans. There is a large Voter Registration going. You have read the sources. You know africanamericans are s system of the United States government. Think about it. Lets go back to james madison. What was the lesson we took away froms system of the United States government. Madisons lynching of the heartland . Nathan. [inaudible] prof. Shrock there is a tremendous amount of violence that surrounds the africanamerican community. What was that about . [inaudible] prof. Shrock the rape of mary ball, right. Once again, white supremacist theared its stoked by specter of black men raping white women and all the changes that is going on in the early 20th century. We know that in marion there was this widespread notion that Law Enforcement was not doing enough and the White Community needed to step up and police those racial boundaries, because remember what is White Supremacy like in the north and the south . We see this through madisons book. Negotiate segregation even in northern states. Not typically talked a bout. How difficult it is from that book we see from community to community, the standards are different. Where you eat, sleep. Our you going to be treated. What happened to the professional nba players when they came to marion in the mid1960s . bil bill russell was there. [inaudible] prof. Shrock they were given the keys to the city and went to get a hamburger that night and were denied service for a hamburger. We know this is the reality. We know the north and the south. In the north, africanamericans can vote. That is the distinction. In the south, they cannot and that is the symbol they decide to go after. It was not just mississippi. The Voter Registration project started in 1961. Through 1963. A number of organizations are involved. Sncc, ncaacp, the urban league are all involved. It came from a grant. Is staff by people your age, young people. They went to one of the most dangerous, most challenging places they could find, and in 1961, that was the state of mississippi. You can see the sncc executive director james forman, a great picture of him in a southern jail. Why mississippi . You know why because you read anne moody. You know why mississippi. Mississippi is black, rural and poor. You can see the data. 1960, 68 of Mississippi Blacks live in rural areas as opposed to 39 of blacks outside the city. Was mily white income 1444. The lowest in the country. Nonwhitel families and mississippi were below the federal poverty line. 86 of every nonwhite family was below the poverty line. You can see in 1960, Mississippi Black median education, six years. Only 7 completed high school for africanamericans. Forissippi spent 21. 70 81. 86 fors, white pupils. 250 for black families as opposed to those outside of mississippi. The university of mississippi theessor jane silber dubbed state the closed society due to its incredible and almost monolithic support of segregation and protection of a system that denied africanamericans the right to vote. The voting restrictions we keep talking about. You know the history of vigilante violence in mississippi. Think about anne moody. Jump back to comingofage mississippi. What are some examples from that book of the vigilante violence against African Americans in this period . Throw it out. Burning. S, house i think her friend jerry was beaten. Prof. Shrock he was supposedly making phone calls to white women. He was left unconscious on the side of the road. We dont actually know what happened to the family but we know the house was burned down. The rumor was it was white retribution for a black man sleeping with a white woman. A history of violence. What happened to anne moody when she started in the movement in 1961 and 1962 . Wasnt her family threatened . Prof. Shrock she could not go home. The sheriff knew she was there. Mom wrote letter after letter, do not come home. History of violence. As nathan pointed out, the famous case of till. You read the data. This becomes a national sensation. Emmitt till visiting whistled at a what ite woman. He was rude. By southern standards, by midwestern standards, definitely rude. The 1950s in delivers a death sentence. Till in life and in death. That is why sncc chooses mississippi. Heey will chip away th White Supremacy. Look at the pictures. I just want you to look at the pictures. We have bob moses, 60yearold secretary, one of the most important people to come to mississippi. Bob will lead efforts in mississippi through 1964. Amziegoing to join with veteran, andwar ii they are going to start planning a Voter Registration drive in 1961. What does this picture tell you . In world warran ii. Why is that important . Nathan . Why is that important . Veterans were the ones that were really going for thoughte because they why fight for change outside of the u. S. And then come back and still be . Prof. Shrock absolutely right. World war ii was the pace of social change. We had some vets coming back that were not content to live in the jim crow south anymore. Moore was one of them. That connection to world war ii, social change. Here we have an older activist joining with a younger activist. He was in the late 20s at the time. For join together to push social change in the state of mississippi. We know this does not come easily. They start working well before the grant money comes. In fact, they start working to register voters in 1961. Erbert lee joins moses september 25, 1961, Mississippi State legislator e. H. Hurst confronted lee, shot him in the head in brought a light, killed him in front of dozens of witnesses. As you have seen time and time again, in the segregationist south in the 1950s and 1960s, hurst completely exonerated. Black witnesses to the event were so afraid they were going to be killed, they lied. Lewis allen what eventually tell his story to organizers who backeegged him to come forward. He was so scared, he was planning on leaving mississippi and he was murdered the night before he left the state. Herbert lees widow at the funeral blamed bob moses for her husbands death. That might have stopped other people, but it does not ever stop sncc. They know the sacrifices of these people will hopefully lead to something. They officially opened their Voter Registration School August 7, 1962. Closed societye response. 7, threeed on august days later, shots were fired when somebody tried to register to vote. As you know, because you read anne moody, the arrests begin by Law Enforcement beatings, intimidation from officials, police. White crowds threatening them, beating people trying to register to vote becomes the norm. Night riders attack Freedom Houses. Andt up and burn offices homes that support the Voter Registration drive. Andstaffers, who are white black, suffered from stress and and beatings. What anne moody said . She couldnt sleep, her hair was falling out. 1963, the Voter Registration project did not continue funding because theppi checks stop coming. Went voting in mississippi from 5. 3 to 6. 7 that is it. That is what they got for two years of beatings and arrests, shootings and threats. Page 113, the struggle for black equality, this violence went unnoticed by the nation and unhindered by the federal government. Unnoticed by the nation. Unhindered by the federal government. Hayden picture of tom getting beat up in mississippi, trying to register voters. He went on to become famous infamous as a member of students for a democratic society. Demonstrating during the vietnam war. Does bob moses respond . This is where we are going to pick up. Page 157. To sitkoff, the struggle for black equality. Resurrect theoses council of federated organizations . This. Ould know cofo was created and becomes the Umbrella Group for freedom summer. It is dominated by sncc. Sncc provide all the staffing for it. Core is involved and the naacp is, but it is primarily a sncc operation. White is bob moses bring it back . The main director but effectively the codirector. Is technically the codirector. What is moses trying to accomplish . Go ahead, caleb. Proving that blacks do want to vote. Prof. Shrock that is right. How does he accomplish this . Nathan, go ahead. Im pretty sure it was a false Voting Campaign to find out how many people wanted to vote but couldnt anyway. Prof. Shrock how many people voted in the freedom election of 1963 . Just shout out the number. How many . Voted. People that is a clear demonstration that there are people in mississippi that want to vote. But, bob moses learned a really important lesson when he was working during the freedom election. Opposed, bob moses was to bringing in white volunteers, but civil rights attorney suggested the white volunteers be brought in. Some 60 students from yale and harvard who were white were brought in. What does this do for freedom election . Happenes moses realize when those students from elite University Show up . It brings National Attention to the movement. What else . What does attention mean . Right, because who is there . Who is paying attention . Right. The media. Mississippiicans in for years. Nobody paid attention in the national press. It was very frustrating for the Civil Rights Movement. Lees death did not make the national press. When those students came down, bob moses saw the opportunity here. The press followed those students. With these lessons in mind, with all of the levels of violence we have seen in mississippi already that bob moses experiences for three years, moses decides that the way to craft mississippi was the bring young, student volunteers to work on Voter Registration and other Civil Rights Activities in the summer of 1964. He proposes this plan. To cofo. How do the members of cofo, primarily sncc and core that members, how do they respond initially to this request from 1000 younging in white volunteers . Caleb, what was their response . That is right. Volunteers1000 white to the beloved community sncc created . You know there are white people in sncc. Casey hayden was there. Bob zellner was there. Sncc had been founded with both blacks and whites in membership. Africanamericans had always been the majority. There was concern of bringing in this many white volunteers to come out and their fears were will founded because it has a Lasting Impact with significant structural change. Initially, the Staff Members vote no. This illustrates the important and the ability to bob moses had. He says he is notvote no. This interested in being a move being in a movement that is not bir interracial. Dave dennis will be chosen as his codirector. Where have we seen dave dennis . Nathan, where have we seen dave dennis . hes in coming of age in mississippi. He was one of the core Staff Members in mississippi with anne moody. That is the dave she refers to constantly. Dave dennis played a very Important Role and you have seen thehim already. He becomes codirector. They also get aaron henry to be the president. Henry had been associated with the Civil Rights Movement in mississippi for a long time. He was older, he was a pharmacist. He really represented a different strata that bob moses tried to connect with to make freedom summer successful. Listen to what dave dennis said. It is on 159 in the middle of the second paragraph. Know that the threat of violence to these young people will bring Media Attention. Thats cold, but that was also in another sense speaking the language of the country. What we were trying to do was get a message over to the country so we spoke their language. We made sure we have the children of some very powerful people in this country over there. We didnt plan on any of this violence, but we wanted the country to respond to what was on. Nathan . White presence of would guarantee federal protection . Prof. Shrock that was the hope. It turns out it doesnt. But, it does get the attention of the federal government dramatically. Would guarantee federal protection . Prof. Shrock that was the hope. The amazing thing about all of this is as this is going on, some other tremendous event that is happening in summer of 1964 and that is the signing of the Civil Rights Act, which in the what willcoupled with come a year later, the Voting Rights act, will fundamentally tear down jim crow segregation and voting restrictions in the south. But, when you are in the middle of the movement, you dont see its impact. Do you think the passage of the Civil Rights Act made civil rights workers feel safer . It didnt change anything. They are still getting threatened. That is the amazing backdrop of what is happening throughout freedom summer. But they know that bringing 1000 white volunteers is going to bring the media. They were 100 right. How does mississippi prepare for this invasion . Check out the bottom of page 159 and 160. What does mississippi do . How do they get ready for this invasion by outside agitators . Lets jump over to the other side. Up a makeshift prison. Prof. Shrock that is right. They get ready. The state legislature doubles the highway patrol. A resurgence of the mississippi kkk. We know there were more than 60 crosses burned crosses were burned in more than 60 counties. Their policeds force by a third, they purchase extra shotguns, tear gas. A six ton armored vehicle. It is not actually a tank, but when you see the volunteers heading to mississippi, you will realize the amount of overkill. The people invading mississippi were people just like you. Ifssissippi was preparing as a horde of cuban communists were landing in mississippi. [inaudible] prof. Shrock they were aware. Everybody was well aware of what was happening. The federal government was busy it did not occur. J. Edgar hoover was busy assuring the Civil Rights Movement will not he was it did not occur. Dubious about the Civil Rights Movement anyway. He was busy trying to undermine Martin Luther king, jr. By bu gging his rooms and sending out letters to prominent senators that he was a communist. The fbi was consul he trying to discredit king. They will not do the job to protect the Civil Rights Act. As you can well imagine, the Civil Rights Movement in mississippis violenceprotect t. Escalates even leading up to freedom summer. No volunteers yet and violence escalates. Beatings, shootings, threats. Not to mention the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission is busy at work. This was created by the state legislature of mississippi i dont know what to compare it to it was like mississippis version of the kgb. Undermind dtod to Civil Rights Movement they had informants inside. X and y fed them information the whole summer. We know they had them there. They kept phones throughout mississippi. When civil rights workers were concerned the phones were tapped they were tapped. You are not paranoid if somebody is really out to get you. Commissiongnty newspaper editors to plant false stories and not true ones. Remember, it is a closed society. So he prepares. Were going to bring more than 1000 primarily white volunteers into mississippi that summer, but in order to get ready, as you can see around page 160, in the second paragraph, they will have training. 15, about 1 3 of the volunteers are going to show up. Two oneweek long Training Sessions. The first, there are about 550 students that get trained at those two. A little over half the total number. They are going to be trained in oxford, ohio at a small, private Womens College called western college for women. This is pretty interesting. Western college for women would be absorbed by Miami University in the 1970s, so it is now part of Miami University. If you go to oxford these buildings are still there. Part of the training was here in peabody hall. They have an archive you can go to if you want to Research Freedom summer. I did a Little Research there. I was excited. I wanted to see the commitment that western college for women had in the Civil Rights Movement. It tried to do the training at berea college. Pressure from alums made them back out, so they needed another place to train. I was hoping western college, because i will admit it is my alma mater. Miami is my alma mater. I was hoping that there would be some philosophical connection for support from the Civil Rights Movement. But the archives show pretty clearly, this is an economic exchange. Like many small, private schools they needed the rental money. This is really an economic decision that was made, to rent space for the Training Session that will occur here at western college. So what do we look at . Go to the text here. When youre looking at this, what kind of volunteers are going to show up for this training . What is the demographic . This gives us a little information. Primarily young, liberal, white, toptier universities . Prof. Shrock thats right. Were primarily getting more liberal students. The vast majority are white. Most of them are coming from the northeast, the west coast, midwest, from elite public and private institutions. The volunteers, 90 of them are white. Most are middleclass. In fact, if we look at doug mcadamss fantastic book freedom summer, hes a political sociologist, he did a study of all the volunteers. This is a fantastic book. If you want to dig into freedom summer, you need to start with doug mcadams. What he found was, on average, these people came from wealthier families that was typical in the United States. Their families made far more in the average family in the United States. They come from relatively privileged backgrounds. They are primarily white, primarily uppermiddleclass. Andare men, 38 are women, their average age was 21. The youngest volunteer was 19. 19 . Ody here younger than these people are you. Just like you, in many ways. The training. 550 volunteers who trained in the oneweek sessions. The first week was primarily focused on Voter Registration a dozen get into that much detail. , they had really simple goals. They want to create Freedom Houses all over the state of mississippi, that we know they have already done. Freedom houses are dangerous place to be. There is pretty good evidence that shows, if you are in a Freedom House for a long time, the odds that someone will come by and shoot at it are very high. What happened the night when anne moody and her friends were there . Who comes calling . [indiscernible] guns . Guys in a truck with prof. Shrock a relatively large group of drunk white guys in a truck with guns. Luckily they had no dogs, . Because where do they go they no dogs, because where do they go . They hide in the tall grass. Freedom houses. As thehought of them civil rights equivalent of a peace corps, bastions of Civil Rights Activity in the middle of the segregationist, rural, mississippi south, and from there, we are going to move our activities out. They are going to register voters, they are going to set up schools, freedom schools, they are going to organize direct action protests and community centers. All of these things are going to happen as these volunteers move into mississippi. But what are the tactics . They are going to maintain their commitment to nonviolent direct action. Many of those staffers are beginning to question. Remember anne moody . After the bombing . Nonviolence might be out. They continue to use it through the summer of 1964, but you can only be threatened and beaten and jailed and see People Killed for so long before you begin to question the validity of the tactics. So what is the training . Ok. This is a great picture from the Training Session. What are they doing . You know what they are doing what are they doing . Caleb. They are practicing nonviolence. What do you do when you practice nonviolence . Back. To not hit prof. Shrock thats right, and look at what they are doing. How do you protect yourself . When you are surrounded by a crowd, how do you protect yourself . Look whats happening on the ground. Go ahead. Up and protect your face and head. Prof. Shrock thats right. Look at this. Down on the ground, keep the needs talked the knees tuck ed. Protect your neck, had, in phase. Neck, head, and phase. They are trying to kick you in the genitals. You have to hook your legs together. Nonviolent training. Look at that crowd. Look at those crazy, outside agitators. Dont they look awful . All those welldressed white students washing this nonviolent demonstration. Suddenly, there are all of these mainly black but a few white Staff Members telling them about the terrorists of mississippi, the beatings in the shootings. And they say, this is what you have to do when the mob comes for you. Zelner tried to pull his eyeball out in one of those Voter Registration drives. He felt it come back down his cheek and he popped it back in. Those are the stories that are being told. Jessica . They all look kind of happy. Do you think they really understood exactly what they were getting into . Prof. Shrock not at all, and that is what angered the Staff Members. They responded very aggressively. The volunteers were really taken aback at how aggressive the Staff Members were with them, and they got angry, and one night they had a big come to jesus meeting, trying to hash out these differences, because they couldnt quite understand the level of hate and violence that they were going to encounter from the worst that mississippi had to offer. Now lets once again say, mississippi will go through one of the most remarkable changes that any state will ever go through in the years since this occurred. It has been really remarkable. More black politicians are elected out of mississippi than any state. But we have to be honest about the situation in mississippi in 1964. Taylor . First of all, how many of the volunteers that showed up,t he student volunteers, were washed from the north . Prof. Shrock very few. 90 of the volunteers were white. About 10 were black. But it was a small percentage. They did that on purpose. They wanted white, elite kids with white, elite parents putting pressure on the federal government to do something to protect them. And also, all the staffers he talked about that would put the new people through all this stuff, had made a doing this for a while . Prof. Shrock absolutely. Almost all of them are like anne moody. Think about where anne moody is by 1964. She is already a little jaded. Remember how she ended . That ended just as freedom summer was starting, and everyone was excited to change the world. Right . Her last words were i wonder. Remember . So, yeah. All anne moodys books and all those terrible things that happened to her happened right before here. Comingtoike anne is teach is coming to teach these white people who are clapping and smiling will this is going on. Thing tory difficult help them understand the reality of whats going to happen. Heres another shot of where they are trying to work on this, and once again, you can see they are trying to demonstrate how do you protect yourself when the ball comes when the mob comes . This is a staffer leading some training. I love that picture. Men and women, blackandwhite, its an organization devoted to this tactic. Heres another great shot from the training. We can see a staff member and field secretary, and standing right here is a volunteer that you probably dont recognize. That is andrew goodman. Andrew goodman is going to become very, very important in about five minutes, when we talk about whats going to happen to the volunteers. Hes a volunteer from new york. Music, very important to the Civil Rights Movement. We talked about it a lot. We havent heard a lot of the music we will spend all day listening up t the Civil Rights Movement, thats coming up. The whole class devoted to great civil rights students. I might force you to sing along. Problem . When music was very important to the Civil Rights Movement, and you can see heres a great picture of staunton lynn. You probably dont know him he is very famous, a historian and lawyer who works for leftist causes. He was very heavily involved in the Civil Rights Movement. His parents were robert and helen lynn. He was their child. And here he is, freedom summer, doing training. This is the second week of working with those freedom schoolteachers heading to mississippi in the second week. Really interesting. John doerr, assistant attorney general, he was in the Civil Rights Division of the justice department. He spoke to the volunteer. Thereds doerr. Do you recognize him . Do you remember him . [indiscernible] prof. Shrock thats right. He was working with the kennedys. Dear mother what happened at the jackson,cts in the funeral happens, we have what looks to be a nascent riot. Who are the people that stop that riot . John doerr. We saw the picture of him walking down the road, shirtsleeves. In between the mississippi Law Enforcement with the batons and the helmets ready to go to town and a lot of angry black people. And who is there with them . Here,have people that are getting ready to stop this massive riot, and they do. They help to stop it, and john doerr shows up to help. They confront him a volunteer asks him, what are you going to do to enable us to see the fal l . Nothing. There is no federal police force. The responsibility of protection is that of the local police. That is just the truth. The fbi is not a federal police agency. They dont have the authority. Federalism what impact is that going to have on you as a white volunteer, when bob moses and john doerr say there is no federal protection . Not going to happen. Caleb. I wouldnt want to do it anymore. Prof. Shrock right. Right. You could die here. The amazing thing is, most people dont go home. The vast majority continue on. The vast majority. Before they leave everybody gets together, and they do what they always do in the Civil Rights Movement they sing some songs and link arms. I want you to look at these pictures look. Im just telling you, a moment where you have blackandwhite together, armslength, singing songs, is a rare moment in 1964. This might not look weird or strange to you in 2016, but i assure you, in 1964, you have read all the sources. Comingofage in mississippi. You know how really this is. Declaration of the intent of the Civil Rights Movement, integration. Ok. Checkout page 161. Less than 24 hours after the ohio,groups left oxford, three people disappeared in mississippi. The second wave of volunteers is there, in oxford ohio, the western college for women, and they hear the news. Staffer, another, and a volunteer. They disappear. They went to investigate the burning of the church in mississippi. They werent seen again. Happened . Less than 24 hours after they had left for mississippi. [indiscernible] a deserted road. Prof. Shrock a murder. Less than 24 hours after leaving oxford, ohio. Nobody in oxford, ohio knows that. No one at the Training Center knows that. No one in mississippi knows that. The people of mississippi said they just ran off somewhere in new orleans are alanna having a good time, they arent dead, nobody in mississippi would kill them. Nathan . If they arent back by 4 00 p. M. , then they should check all the jails, sheriffs office, police station, hospital. Prof. Shrock Standard Operating Procedure in mississippi. If you arent back by 4 00, they start making calls. A hospital, a ditch, check with everyone, make everyone a safe. They note mississippi is a dangerous place to be. What does bob moses tell everyone in oxford, ohio, his second training group, the schoolteachers . Go ahead, caleb. Kids are dead. Prof. Shrock kids are dead. They are confronted with the ugly reality of mississippi. Yeah. I find it interesting that it talks about how the two white guys were only shot, while chaney was beaten and shot multiple times. Prof. Shrock thats right. Right. He was beaten. You will note, if you look at the bottom of 163, rita schw says, we alle, know the search was because my husband was white. If only chaney was involved, nothing would have been done. There have been murders in mississippi for years and nothing had been done. But now something was being done. Bobnical position that moses and dave dennis were talking about. Whites would bring Media Attention, and that proved to be true. Well return to this. Freedom summer goes on. It continues. The waves of volunteers head into mississippi and they begin to do what they were there to do. These are just a fantastic pictures. I love the cemetery, the volunteers is sitting on top of a mailbox, writing a letter. Doug smith, the youth court nader, gracie hawthorne, a volunteer. Rating his letter home. Writing his letter home. Piece that wast put out in this period and sent out to the people they were actually working with about what they were going to be doing. This piece of literature is perfect. You can see they will set up freedom schools, do Voter Registration, do community centers. Schoolse going to be where High School Students will be able to talk about things they cant talk about in regular high school. They will learn about civil rights. You are a know what high school is like in mississippi, because you read comingofage in mississippi. What happened to mrs. Rice who explained what the naacp was . What happened . [indiscernible] she probably got fired. Prof. Shrock yeah. Thats what happens when you talk about civil rights in mississippi. They are going to set up these alternative schools, freedom schools. They will work on Voter Registration. If we were all voting, things of the better in mississippi. We would have enough food, more jobs, better schools, better houses, paved sidewalks. They would be able to participate in the democratic process. It really makes america what it is. In community centers. Community centers are a place where everyone can do many different things. It will offer many chances for them to learn, to help them live better. Job training, classes for people who cant read, classes on childcare, health programs, Adult Education and negro history classes, music, drama, arts. Theyre creating institutions to combat the endemic, deeply held white supremacist belief in the south. These institutions will help them confront that, system that closed society. Voter registration is key. It was one of the things they focused on. Volunteers get out, working the porches of many of these torecropper shacks they had to talk to the africanamerican community, to try to get them to vote. Direct action demonstrations were really important. Check out this picture. There they are, having a demonstration on Voter Registration, and what is happening with our friend . Who is this . Man, but there is evidence it is not. Look really closely. Hes got a gun. You know a lot of postmen that carry guns . So what is this probably . Probably a police officer. Probably a police officer. So what is he doing . What is this . Hes taking a picture. Why would policemen take a picture of a civil rights demonstration . Caleb. [indiscernible] prof. Shrock so they know who it is who is demonstrating. Thats right. You want a record of it. The policeman taking annes picture, notice what they are doing here when the cops are taking the picture . All looking away. Everybody turning to the side. That police often try to intimidate africanamericans trying to register to vote. , freedom schools, a. Great shot look at the freedom schools, a great shot there. Wolf. S helen steagall this is one of the Freedom Houses in louisville, mississippi. They put them wherever they could put them. But as you can imagine, in spite of the media blitz in mississippi, violence ensues. You knew it was going to happen. You knew it was inevitable. An it is goingd to happen. Heres a picture of someone who was a volunteer. He was not one of the youth volunteers. There were a number of ministers and rabbis who came down. This is a rabbi who was beaten with a tire iron in hattiesburg, mississippi. I wish i had this picture in color, because that is blood soaked through the entire front of his shirt. Violence ensued in spite of the fact that there was Massive Media coverage of what was happening down here. Massive media coverage. With the disappearances, the media descended upon mississippi, but it doesnt really protect them. 80 volunteers beaten, over 1000 arrested, 67 churches, homes businesses, bombed or burned. This is just one state. In one summer. Shots were fired at 30 people, and we know that there were six murders. Six. People are dying. People are dying so people can vote. Peopleare dying for the eating in a restaurant with white people. People are dying to do things that we so take for granted. Think about the things they want to do, and look at the level of violence that is leveled against them. Search, and there was massive pressure put on for a search, president Lyndon Johnson was pressured, he in pressures the fbi director j edgar hoover. Hunts a massive, massive that goes all summer long. The fbi work sources and sources and sources. Ignore everything in the mississippi burning, it is inaccurate and partly made up. The way the fbi figured out what happened is there good, oldfashioned police work. There was no mafioso threatening people with guns, thats ridiculous. They eventually find a source, and the Police Highway patrolman that gives them the information their. Ads in but guess what they are fine when they are dragging rivers in mississippi . They found eight other bodies of black people. Eight. Not two. , no they identified one. They found his body. He was wearing a tshirt. Heddyound charles moore. Five of the bodies were never identified. [indiscernible] Civil Rights Activists keep identification on them or something . Prof. Shrock yes, they did, and they tried to do that, but if you get thrown in the river and you are there for a while, those kinds of things often disappear. There had been no National Outcry or search for any of these missing people. What that tells us is Rita Schwerner was right. Dave dennis was right. National Media Attention came with the death of white people. Thats what america was like in 1964, and that is the reality. We have six known murderers. One of the most interesting stories of the summer involves sydni 40 or and had me sydni pointier and henry bellefonte. If you read freedom summer, theres a number of great details and here. Watson tells the story Harry Belafonte was a famous singer, and Civil Rights Activist. Actor,oitier, famous active in the Civil Rights Movement. Bellefonte was busy raising money in the north for freedom summer, through concerts and other fundraising activities. Butad raised about 60,000, he didnt trust Wire Transfer in mississippi. Said he decided to take the 60,000 in cash, in a bag, and fly down to greenville, mississippi and deliver the money in person. And he convinces sydni poitier to go with him. They were both very nervous about this about this. They fly down, are met at the airport. James forman. Cars full of Civil Rights Activists are put they are put in the center car and they take off. Three cars in a caravan. Bellefonte and poitier see there are other cars we are really protected. Forman notified, no, thats th e e klan. They chased them clear back to the city of greenwood, running into the car protecting them the hallway. The whole way
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