Controversial race between Rutherford B Hayes and samuel to lynn exploring the american story. Watch American History tv saturdays on cspan2 and find a fu sedule on your Program Guide or watch online on cspan. Org history. Welcome, everyone to the National World war ii museum. Appreciate you joining us for our regular lunch block series. My name is chrissy gregg, director of teaching and learning at the museum. Im thrilled my colleague, Maggie Hartley, director of public engagement, usually in this role introing people but shes in the spotlight presenting today. Her lecture is entitled more than just hemingways wife, the wartime journalism of martha gill horan. I would love to turn it over to Maggie Hartley for her presentation. Thanks very much. Thanks for the introduction. It was interesting being on the other side of this. Im excited to do my first lecture at the museum since joining the team. So as many of you have figured out, this is about Martha Gellhorn. We will talk about hemingway as well. You can talk about Martha Gellhorn in world war ii without talking about the infamous Ernest Hemingway. One of the things i want you to keep in mind is the whole perception of martha. How did she get where she was where she did become a famous wartime correspondence. Was it based off of her work, her reporting in advance . Or was it based on poor connections . Thinking about wartime correspondence, i want to fast forward to look at more modern wartime correspondence. I think a female wartime correspondent, i go back to my youth, i think of martha and lara logan, in the afghanistan wars, two female faces that i remember. Its not as uncommon to see women on the front now. Even thinking to ukraine, with everything going on right now, think of the faces you are seeing on tv, how often are they female . From bbc, Clarissa Ward from cnn, sabrina from the new york times, theres not a lot of female faces it is predominantly male. When you talk about someone like martha, Martha Gellhorns story is unique, is unique to be a prominent wartime correspondent during our major conflict. During world war ii, there were 100 residents, war correspondents were female but none had the notoriety as martha did. Her wartime career spanned from 1937 to 1989. She covered some incurred all conflicts, not just world war ii but the spanish civil war, the arabisraeli conflict, vietnam, she covered the different revolutions happening in south america. Her stories were not just about the battle logistics. What made her unique is she looked ordinary lives. What was it like for the soldier . What was it like for the civilians . You will hear later on during world war ii, she focuses on the experience of teenagers in england and a few of her articles. She wrote stories not for ratings but to show different ways that war disrupts life. And one of the star reporters, the rest of the reporting as well, her career spanned 60 years before she was a wartime correspondent, she covered different topics in europe as well. Quite an extraordinary career, and in ms. Dore, lori, in 1908, to george and edna gellhorn, her father was a german born logi, her mother was auffragist, this is the spunk in independence. At the age of 8, martha participated in the golden line. The democratic partys 1916 national convention. They are wearing yellow sashes, by the convention center, in this building, states were draped in black, and in this photo, two girls were designed to represent the future generations of female voters. At a young age, in politics, later on, looking at wartime. I dont want to spoil it yet but during the Great Depression shes an advocate for human rights type things. He graduated in 1926 from John Burroughs school, private prep school cofounded by her mother and it deserves a separate lecture as well. Her mother was an incredible woman, nothing to do with world war ii, you will not hear that from me here. This slide gives away the next portion of lives, in 1930, she dropped out within a year, her goal is to become a foreign correspondent. She wants to be a journalist. She gets a job in 1930 where she goes to france, works for two years, in paris, but she aspired, Sexual Harassment that occurred. And she spent time in europe. She is determined to be a foreign correspondent, she didnt want to give up on that dream so she was writing for newspapers in paris and st. Louis, it Martha Gellhorn, the correspondent had a side gig covering fashion in europe, she was a dynamic woman with different abilities and skills, and topics, very interesting get, not many people think of fashion and Martha Gellhorn. During this time she became involved in the pacifist moment she wrote about these experiences in her book. Some of this starts to shift after the Great Depression which we will talk about right now. In the early 1930s, shes in europe and decides to come back to the United States where the Great Depression is heading. During this time she meets the roosevelts. Not her only famous relationship. She actually became good friendwith eleanor in the early 20s and despite a 30 year age gap she had a lifelong friendship. She would describe eleanor, the roosevelts often had martha at the white house regularly and moved in with them, spent evenings with eleanor working on her correspondence and also helping her in the womens home companion. This relationship, and that the reporting job. An investigator for the federal emergency relief administration, around the United States with them to report on how the depression was affecting the country again. She was looking at ordinary experiences, had a devastating time. She went to North Carolina but would later travel to document the lives of hungry and homeless. This is part of the official government for the Great Depression. Typically offlimits to women during this time. Typically this would be a sign. This was a wartime correspondence, this is something she had experienced, uncomfortable topics and sharing them in a humane way. To write a collection of short stories, in 1936, one quick story, martha is not an ordinary woman, she was raised that way. In idaho, she convinced a group of workers to break the windows of the office to draw attention to the crooked boss. While this worked, she was fired, that was the end of her reporting. She was invited to the white house to live with them, responding to mail. She had an interesting career, tenacious spirit. Now, 1936, she meets Ernest Hemingway. Her father passed away, the family decided to take a suffocation to key west, something that changed her life forever, she befriended Ernest Hemingway at a bar called sloppy joes, went on to meet his wife pauline with her two sons and his son from the first marriage with come along as well and build this friendship up and she started learning about what was going on in the spanish civil war. Eventually would pursue opportunity to cover the spanish civil war with colliers. Because hemingway also took an assignment, not completely disregarding the fact that her Love Interest was involved. She got assigned to cover the spanish civil war and traveled with her duffel bag, cans of food and her last 50 and she met up with hemingway and went on to cover the war. This picture you cant quite see his back in the bottom right corner but one of them on the front lines, she covered the stories of the bombings in barcelona and they spend christmas together in 1937, she covered the stores of soldiers and hospitals, not something she would go on to do on dday, and in the trenches on the front lines, she did spend a lot of time with the soldiers and the people. Wasnt just standing back, reporting from a distance. As we know, things in europe start progressing quickly in the 1930s, taking over europe and shes present for the invasion of czechoslovakia and the invasion of finland. One of the things i have done in this presentation, i dont usually read a clip from her time but i will do a quick shout out talking about this. All her articles are in a book, she took all her wartime articles and put them in this one book, the face of war, and provides commentary looking back usually two decades later. As i was preparing for this lecture i was going back and reviewing this and it struck me, this one paragraph in particular looking at the similarities to what she was observing in the early parts of world war ii and what we are seeing today, she said in spain, i understood the meaning of the war, i saw what the spanish war was for and what was against. On the boat going first england i was in on the beginning of a great war of greed, started by a madman, nothing about high explosives is on a robe. This war was total madness. What they could never get, domination over their time and grab for it. Other grabbers for, the world split with a long dream of health, the sense of insanity and wickedness of the war for purposes of mental hygiene, gave up trying to think or judge and turn myself into walking paper quarter eyes. The way people stay half sane and war is to spend a large part of their minds, lose their sensitivity, and go a bit. Some insight into how she approached war and seeing a few moments of levity. She goes on in her article about finland to focus on the impacts of the bombings on individual people. For them, came out of nowhere. We have to get back to hemingway. We cant ignore his role in her life particularly with world war ii. Hemingway wanted a wife, needed to have a wife would tend to have this domestic life where he took care of everything at home. Thats not Martha Gellhorn but she was madly in love, very attracted to him, more so to his wartime reporting and his experiences than anything else but she would go on to marry him in december of 1940 after he spent a few years trying to woo her, to convince her marriage was the way to go. They would then go on to purchase a house in cuba as you see on the left, she is standing, not the clearest photo but a picture of her, they first rented it and bought it while hemingway was not allowing her to report on the war, she spent her time renovating the home. She had to stay busy. She would occupy herself listening to these things while oftentimes would be writing during the time he wrote from whom the bell tolls, and drinking daiquiris or being on his fishing boat, he would eventually decide to get into the battle of the atlantic trying to hunt for german submarines, not as successful at all. In true martha fashion, she got a few wins related to wartime reporting so i like to call 1941 her asian honeymoon, she had received a job from colliers to report on the sino japanese american war, convincing hemingway to come with her since just after they had gotten married. She had gone on to write about this experience in her book travels with myself and another, this is her memoir. She doesnt refer to hemingway by name, she refers to him as you see throughout this chapter which means unwilling companion. Had no interest in going to china, made it extremely clear but the ironic part of it is despite his lack of interest, was asked by the United States treasury secretary to gather intelligence on what was going on during the sino japanese war. Gathering this intelligence, the Treasury Department was not as interested in the more itself but what was going on between nationalists and communist chinese. They knew that would be the bigger issue than was happening related to china and japan. The japanese would eventually leave but what was happening internally would last longer. This means there honeymoon trip was 100 days in asia. In hong kong, martha would travel to burma alone. She would go and see what was going on and meet with him in hong kong where they visited the citys market, opium dens and on squalid social conditions rendered by the chinese immigrant population that were seeking refuge in hong kong. She would go on to say the Chinese People surprised her. They accept anything that happens. Hunger, fatigue, cold, thirst, pain or danger and that sums it up because she had the firsthand experience trying to get towards the front. They trudged through rainsoaked muddy tracks on horseback, traveled by crowded riverboat to get to the front and she was appalled by the squalor and unsanitary conditions that it took to get all the way up. She described the issue of soldiers having faces like orphaned goats and she ended up contracting what was called china rot. Doesnt sound like a great condition. It wasnt. It was a skin condition that was rather aggressive like athletes foot. A lot of war correspondents in china ended up getting that as they made their way to the front. You have very muddy, very wet, unsanitary conditions as they are moving forward. They never thought they never saw action. The nationalists they never saw action. The nationalists were keen on making sure that martha and hemingway didnt see what was going on. They wanted to put a better edge of themselves ahead. They would go on to meet with chang kai check after stalin signed a nonaggression pact with japan. She would go on to say during this conversation that madame chang and you see were hitting it off great but she didnt quite have a good feeling about this conversation with them. She felt that a lot of what was happening was propaganda. She felt that it was very casual. She felt they were so focused on their power and not on the people during this time. In comparison she met with the Chinese Communists as well. What she would say about them was a little different. She wished she saves quotations to pastor prosperity but she didnt remember a word. She would go on and say she thought the show was a winner, heres the one really good man they met in china and years a sample of the Chinese Communist and the future was there is. Interesting how she predicted that, just in those conversations, interesting to see how those dynamics played into what would happen after world war ii. During their time in china, in the us and japan, this was before pearl harbor, they are seeing the impact of the asian war before we become involved in it. She doesnt just go to china during wartime. Again, shes getting tired of staying at home. Hemingway is tired of hearing her complain about hearing news on the radio or newspapers and wants to be there so fine, just go, take a story become right back. 1943, she accompanies the 22nd infantry to go scouting. Heres where she covered the story of orphans and the french fighting the germans. She sees a letter during this time, clearly tension was getting high, he was unwilling companion on their honeymoon, how will he feel two years later in italy covering the war, getting a taste of everything she wants so she finally asked her rua war correspondent or a wife in my bed . This its the scene for the rest of the war with them. At this point there is no more goodwill. It turns into a fight. Who is going to win at this point . By 1944 she gets back to cuba, decides she wants to take another assignment, reached out to colliers, they had an assignment go to england cover great invasion. Hemingway gets wind of this and steals her assignment. It is so patty to block any and every way that she can try to get to england. So much so that she tried to get press passes to take a flight over, she had to stow away in a ship filled with explosives to get over to europe. Definitely a highstakes fight right there. During his time in england, he begins an affair with mary welch who is a Time Magazine correspondent who later becomes his fourth and final wife. I agree, he didnt learn. And i think something to note and that end, hemingway wanted a wife. Martha was reporting the war. It seemed like it was destined to never quite be there anyway so eventually she does get over through quite an interesting way and she arrives to london, finds out hes hospitalized. He had been in a car accident, received a concussion and she was called over to the hospital to see him, find out about the affair, and basically on sympathetically, i am farouk, i am absolutely finished and at that point she is determined to just do what she does best, cover the war. In her time in england she covered stories on pilots, being pulled from burning wreckage, focusing on their scars and experiences from a personal and sensitive point of view instead of just a regular piece but this is when she took the time to get to know teenagers. How are teenagers doing during the war, not something a lot of people did think about. She took the time to do that and found that teenagers were resilient despite the terrible circumstances they were dealt, the worst of times as they were comingofage. They found joy in these moments and they were doing what they could for the war effort because even at a young age they knew it was the right thing to do so that story would later be called children for soldiers too. In england of 1944 we know what is coming. The invasion of normandy. It is inevitable, its going to happen. Theres going to be war correspondents assigned to this invasion. Hemingway of course gets the assignment. He still at colliers so we are not going to dwell on him at this point but Helen Kirkpatrick was another female correspondent who was itching to cover the dday invasion. However, only men were selected to go along with the troops on june 6th during the first few waves. She waited and hope that she would be selected but it would take days for her to get over. If we ve learned anything, Martha Gellhorn is not conventional. She takes things into her own hands and becomes the only known woman to land on the beaches at dj dday. Hemming whenever got to the beach. The story is he cowered in the back. I will go with that. I am not hemingways biggest fan. Here we go. It is the first hospital ship, the name of her article, she details how she gets onto the hospital ship, this article, she gets wind of the invasion, rushes down to southhampton and to the waterfront and finds the hospital ship, norwegian hospital ship, she lies to the military that she supposed interview nurses and get back off and she wouldnt. We know better than that. She ends up stowing away in the bathroom. She did this. She knew the risks. She knows what could happen with this. She could lose her accreditation. She could be arrested and sent back to the United States. However, she believed it was worth it to cover this invasion. She knew it would be a major turning point and she wanted to be part of it. She goes on to write as they are going across the English Channel about they watch two other hospital ships on their way over and somehow there is would be the first to arrive. They werent supposed to be but they were. They arrived near omaha beach between dog read and easy read sectors. As shes getting close, its interesting how she describes it, she describes it in a way that a lot of soldiers were thinking as they were coming across the channel getting close to the beach. There was the moment. The coast of france, we are in the midst of the invasion. People will be writing about this site for 100 years and whoever saw it will never forget. First it seemed incredible. There cannot be so many ships in the world. It seemed inevitable there were so many ships, what genius it required to get them here. What amazing and unimaginable genius. After the first shock of wonder and admiration one began to see separate details. There were destroyers and battleships and transports, offloading city of vessels anchored before the green cluster normandy. Occasionally you would see a gun flash and a distant roar as gun went over those, small craft around in a jolly way. Looks like a lot of fun to raise from shore to ship. It was no fun at all. Considering the minded obstacles in the water the sunken tanks with only the radio antenna showing above the water the drowned the bodies that went past. And was hung up on a line between the loud explosions of mines on the beach, dance music from the radio. They are always looking like play elephants bouncing in the wind among mass ships and planes, drones by the gray ceiling of cloud, troops unloading to light craft and on the shore moving up four brown roads, tanks, slowly and steady and we stop noticing the invasion. The first wounded had arrived. It is amazing how she was able to capture the greatness of this invasion. She recognized the significance of it and able to put it in a way you understand is magnificent but also how devastating it was. Those touches of humanity in this buddy battle. In true fashion she ended up on shore, she was in a water ambulance and she would wade to shore and waist high water and during that time she found the urgency to get as many wounded men back to the ship as possible. To cover a story, but her humanity came out. She wanted to help and so she was right there alongside of the medics helping move men over to the beach. She was waiting alongside of them to take care of them until the water ambulance could come back and then take themo the ship. She sat alongside the wounded waiting for them again, and she took note of the german bunkers in particularly as shes waiting. Shes noticing these other acts of humanity how the americans had tape paths to guide others away from the minds. In those types of things how people were looking out for each other. She eventually does get back to the ship and shell write a few things down, but then she gets back to taking care of the wounded. And so lets see. She writes this about the wounded in particular. Itll be hard to tell you if the wounded there were so many of them. There was no time to talk. There was too much else to do they had to be fed as most of emad not eaten for two days shoes and clothing had to be cut off. They wante water the nurses and orderlies working like demons had to be found and called quickly to a bunk where a man suddenly and desperately needed attention plasma bottles must be watched cigarettes had to be lighted and held for those who coul not use their hands it seemed to take hours to pour hot coffee v the spout of a teapot into a mouth that just showed through bandages. But the wounded talked among themselves and as time got on we got to know them by their faces in their wounds not by their names. They were a magnificent enduring bunch of men men who smiled who were in such pain that all they can all they really can have wanted to do was turn their heads away and cry and men made jokes when they needed their bottles must be washed, cigarette lighters and help for those who cannot use their hands. It seemed to take hours to pour hot coffee via the stop of hot coffee into the mouthth of bandages. The wounded talked among themselves and we got to know them. They were magnets of it. They were smiled and they were in such pain, all they could want to do is turn their heads away and cry and then made jokes and they needed their strength to survive. They look after each other. As well during this time so by june 7, they were back in england. What you think happened . I will tell you, its notng to be a happyg. Immediately arrested as soon as she got back to gwen, she had credentials stripped and then transported to a nurses Training Camp which was sent back to the United States. Somehow the military decided they wanted to keep her in the world the correspondent. Insteady, eventually they will nurses over when they go over she can go over but it wasnt good enough for her and she followed the world where she could reach it and shed been sent to europe to do her job which was not the ones angle. She found a ride with the british private has sent to italy and had no idea shed been arrested so she caught a ride with him and would go on to cover the battles during the european deal and was back out there. The article, a lot of titles, most heartwrenching one she doesnt get creative. She starts this with aer line about american soldiers and they are flying out of germany. He said with got to talk about whether they they are not, the first journalist to cover the concentration camp in her own words state better than what i could ever do the day the germans turned her. The significance being there on that date so she says talking about how the American Army arrived, they are going to be free and longing to f see their friends who have come at last. Those who died cheering because of the effort of happiness was more than theer body could endu. Those who died because they had food and ate before they could be stopped and killed them. Three years, five years, tenen years and whose mind fear and unafraid as the day. They dug out back into the Doctors Office and said something, his voice no stronger than whisper. He said problem when i asked what they were talking about in germany is g defeated. We signed that accursed cemetery reason and no one had anything more to say. It seemed the most suitable place to hear the news of victory for shirley this was made to abolish and all the other places everything stood for and abolish it forever again you are seeing her compassion in her writing and as we know world war ii month a significant part of her time as a wartime correspondent she would go on and cover remark, i listed a few in the beginning and whats interesting is she breaks up with hemingway right before dday doesnt have time to settle things so decided not to return to cuba, she didnt want stay in london she wanted to do that, she wanted to stay in london and think of someone new. Should compared to a disease that causes pain beyond imagination. She would go onn and choose to o ato private laces and serve asa war correspondent. O one fun fact, she took the job in italy during world war ii as tensions started to grow between her and hemingway and covered the story and she would go back and adopt one of them and that would be her only child throughout the rest of her life. She ended her career uncovering work turning on the job to go to bosnia inr 1992 and she was nearly blind suffering from Ovarian Cancer that spread february 15, 1998 decided to take things into her own hands and ended her life by suicide. After a lifetime writing about or and all those weapons and countries were different, she believed most wars are the same through the consequence, hunger, homelessness, fear and pain and as she came to the end of her career in 1988, she would write these words you see on the screen, there has to be a better way to run the world and see that we get. Thank you. [applause] i sure learned a lot about martha. For those folks watching online, you can type in questions on facebook or in the comments or youtube in the chat. I will starte with one before i pass it to you. Frank was asking for her correspondent, did she win any awards or did she get recognition based on her work . Unfortunately not independent goes back, hemingway never saw the actual battle himself, hisha articles published in thats the one that became famous, she never received any claim for that, it would be later, her legacy now get the recognition for it. Any questions from the crowd . I saw this judgment. I noticed a lot of photographs for john kennedy, i was wondering the connection between them. Most of her photos tied to hemingway, most of his photos and writings, families were donated to the kennedy president ial library. I was a little bitter talk about her but thats where most of them were. Thank you. You know the age difference between hemingway and martha . I should know this, i i know she would have been late 20s, early 30s and considering this was his third marriage, there would have been an age difference, i dont know the exact number but theres definitely an age difference. He wanted to settle down and she wasnt settled. She never really settled down throughout her life. She would make london her home but would still go off and report war, thats not a good job of the dutiful housewife. Was sheri ever injured in the course of covering the war other than the one . Not anything significant from what ive seen. Just testing facebook right now. This is a good one on facebook. How did shehe support herself financially . She had 50 or something, do you have any more insight . She does get paid when shesr working for couriers, and independent journalists, she did eventually submitted where she did get some payment but not like what she would have when she was assigned to the story. Her family did support her quite a bit early on but remember hemingway, wasnt doing too bad early especially during world war ii. She had good friends, roosevelt in her back pocket so i think it was a mix of family and she was employed, receiving money but also relationship. You know mothers reaction hemingways suicide . I know she had one and i dont think it wask anything spectacular. Ill have to go back and look but she does write about it at some time. Theres noot big emotion either way. How things ended, she just wanted to be done, makers of something new, she didnt want to be tied to him anymore. I dont think she celebrated. How did they get to know the roosevelt . Thats one thing im not one 100 certain, i have not found that exact moment where theyw, t to know each other. He could have been by chance, that ishi something i would like to know more as well, correspondent without between coming back and moving in with the roosevelt is a little unclear. [inaudible question] i want to say doesnt write about cuba. Thats not the life she wanted, most of her writing looking back on like are related to travel and to her. Generally traveling destination, their home for a bit. [inaudible] the Imperial War Museum is a british war museum. At most. Is just the biographies that go into more detail in one thing i want to note is the museum does have a book you make it more so by budget. Its yours for probably always so make sure a you check that o. I want to recommend her own words in my research but thanks for the this is all of her wartime article, the spanish civil war to turn john job for bosnia. This is with myself and another and travel throughout her whole life, it is not just her time with hemingway, she only writes about him as you see a companion in china asian honeymoon but these are two books she wrote so and more reflection afterwards but the base of work she provides it looking back years later so those are fascinating. One final question. Do you know what happened to her child . I want to say hes alive, i dont know much more about the. She kept her private life private and he seemed to have done the same but thats what i believe to be true, it could have changed as a duggan to do the deep dive, but its been 2020, things could have changed in the last two years but as far as i know, life. Thank you so much for great presentation. This evening biden addresses the country following the passage of the debt ceiling and federal spending agreement last in the senate. Live coverage from the oval Office Begins 7 00 p. M. Eastern on cspan. The free video at, cspan now. Weekends on cspan2 are an intellectual piece. Every saturday American History tv documents american stories and sundays tv bring the latest nonfiction books and authors. Funding for cspan2 comes from these Television Companies and more including cox. This syndrome is extremely rare but it doesnt have to be. When youre connected, youre not alone. Cox supports cspan2 is a public service. Sunday night on q a, lost and broken Washington State congressman adam smith details his decades long chronic pain and anxiety in the right treatment and talk about the u. S. Healthcare system meeting the needs of america and Mental Health issues. When the anxiety and pain hit, i had no idea what to do. For the most part and are trying to accomplish something is like i cant do it, i cant do it. Theres selfpity but then i would be like okay, what are you going to do . I even go work so i had a list in the yellow notepad. I was running for state senate, i could walk out the door and do something. Here, what can i do . I cant advocate go away, im trying to exercise but i cant. I was lost. Lost and broken sunday night it worked eastern on cspan q a. You can listen