Did you run a very bad campaign on purpose . He did, he ran for president at the bronx, i ran against blanche. After my brother, they have the elections the same day, my brother probably came home and he said, his campaign was im for me first and he lost by one vote, his own, i however i however prepared a speech that blanche could be proud of and not ashamed of when she was running against me. There were 3000 faces in the audience, i was not a happy camper, plans, i was so glad she won, you cannot know how loved she was and how active she was, now my question is for blanche and that i have a comment about my brothers relationship with Eleanor Roosevelt. My brother and i went to her mother, we were students at hunter, he in the bronson i hear. It was said mom, were signing up to go on the freedom rides. And she said you have to . Its very dangerous. We very dangerous. We said mom, thus we raced us. Instead youre right, you have to go. Never been so proud my mother my life. Blanche, how did your parents react . They were supported. And its not because they didnt love us. They thought it was the right thing to do. And okay now, my brother and i will wear at hunter and many of blanches and my mutual friends started an Organization Called students for a democratic society, not students, citizens for a democratic society, where we we would have all of the colleges in new yorks, city colleges are and why you, as a group and support candidates that we felt would represent what Roosevelt Eleanor roosevelt represented. And we supported those candidates. They won, we got rid of that was still around, we got a lot of really excellent candidates elected because we worked hard. But here is his meeting. We needed somebody on our board to give us credibility. My brother heard that Eleanor Roosevelt was going to be on television. He went up to say hello to her onstage and talk about a group and her being on the board and she said that so interesting. Please sit down and talk to me about it. And then the lights went on and he was on television. [laughter] and she introduced him on the show and he gets a participate in at the end she said not only will i sign up, but i am going to have senator lehman sign also. And thats just an amazing woman, so thank you for writing those incredible books. Thank you so much. But i mean the books were incredible. We presented them to her children and they are all your heroes. We have time for one more question in the front row. I noticed that you called the years 1933 to 1938 in your previous volume the defining years for eleanor, my sense is that there are also the defining years for franklin. I wonder if you have any insight as to how he moved from the 1933 franklin to the 1938 franklin in your work in writing . Is the new deal unfolded and as he saw what was possible, especially about housing and firm security, there are so many changes they were wonderful, i think there is Henry Wallace and he was very important, so i think fdr just, i did not write that, the editor called the defining years but i think that was apt. It really is who can we be in this country . Can can we really be a democracy . Can we have opportunity for everybody . Housing for everybody, education for everybody . And that became the goal. It became Franklin School and Eleanor School and i think there is some effort to make that happen during the height of the new deal. And after it was Eleanor Roosevelt who is responsible for the g. I. Bill of rights, education for everybody, real opportunity. This has to happen. Reagan defunded and tboned so much in the reagan revolution is really horrific and after in this neoliberal what is that moment, but a new movement are boarding and we just have to continue the fight. Its never over till its over, revolution revolution is about the process, its not an event. [applause] thank you blanche. I wonder if we should ask. Thank you very much blanche, congratulations. We will have a reception upstairs in a book signing signing in the four freedoms room. Thank you for coming. [applause] [inaudible] [inaudible] spoon. Book tv is on twitter and facebook. Tweet us or post or comments on her facebook page, facebook. Com book tv. Now we want to introduce you to paul marino, he is a professor of constitutional history at Hillsdale College and the author of the meerkat kings, the origins and underpinnings of americas a bureaucratic state, professor, professor, on page one of your book you break, the United States is ruled by an establishment nowhere mentioned in the constitution, what is that mean . Speak. Guest this is the Fourth Branch of government which is a combination of the other three of us a heart of the constitutional problem. The original constitution was meant to be founded on the basis of the separation of powers, probably the most in sport and structural feature of the constitution. In the 20th century we developed an administrative apparatus, these agencies, the federal communications commission, and most of this started with the new deal. And they combined legislative executives and judicial powers. And medicine called the essence of tyranny, thats the kind of problem we face. Host so Congress Passed a law in the president signed it what happened . Congress passes a laws the laws law is a problem, they dont legislate, they delegate. They allow the administrators, nobody is voting for Congress Tells them, you write the rules and make the laws. They. They give them a very vague aspiration. We want clean air or no discrimination and it allows those people were supposed to be the experts to make the rules to make the laws. Congress what they do for the most part is sit back and intervene in individual cases where their constituents get in trouble with these agencies which is much more helpful in getting elected and its a lot easier than the hard job of making policy choices and legislating. The whole problem is congress doesnt legislate, its not doing its fundamental constitutional job. Has the increase in the bureaucratic state explicit, implicit . Does it about flow . Guest it is common in waves. The first verse of this was in the progressive era about a hundred years ago. Woodrow wilson was a political scientist and he had an administrative state. The biggest thrust came with the depression. Theres usually conservative reaction. The next was a Great Society in the 60s with lyndon johnson. And the Obama Administration has brought in the fourth wave, the Affordable Care act and the dodd frank act are monuments, qualitatively a new step in the development of an american state. Host so how has this affected you and i and anyone else on an individual basis . People usually dont need a bureaucrat facetoface. But everything you do in life practically is affected by rules that these people make. Anything that of ulster healthcare now is increasingly dictated by the department of health and human services. If you want to apply for a job there is requirements and regulations. An employers especially have to comply with red tape. The Compliance Costs of satisfying federal regulators are growing. Education, schools are increasingly which. They used to be the institution where americans govern themselves in the School Houses and these are not being dictated by washington. So every aspect of life is being shaped by rules and laws that are made and enforced by people nobody knows. People they dont vote for, people who are not accountable to them. People who they know how to manage the lives of ordinary americans better than ordinary americans can. Host you use the 1927 radio seven radio act as an example why . Guest Herbert Hoover who has gone down as a 19 Century Progressive conservative was actually a progressive. Was the Radio Commission was the power to issue licenses to people. According to their sense of public convenience and necessity. These people got to decide whether the public really needed a radio outlet in a certain locale. So to tremendously power that they had, previously newspapers newspapers were unregulated. Radio you did. So radio ended up being more political manipulable form immediate the newspapers. Its no accident that newspapers were more critical in the new deal because radio operators that your license renewal was going to be contingent on whether you played ball the way the administration wants you to. So it was an early example of some of the political dangers of licensing and that way. Given what you have been describing as the size of the federal government grown . That is much as you think. The number of personnel the federal government has employed hasnt grown much since world war ii. Mostly because the federal government gets the states to do most of its regulating. Almost all federal regulatory programs the federal government gives money to the states and the states comply with federal regulation. The states administer the programs. People havent noticed so much the growth of the government terms of personnel because its being carried out through the agencies of the states. By getting private institutions to hire officers whose fulltime job is to make sure that were in compliance with regulations. The government has made the enforcement of this through state and private parties. Host what is the role of the federal register . Guest that the compilation of the regulations. He didnt start till 45, you have one Central Place where people go to to see what regulations are. In the old days of the 19th Century Congress had passed a statute that would be important and it would be three or four paragraphs or pages. The federal register is tens of thousands of pages every year. I think the record was 80000 pages in one year in the 80s