Transcripts For CSPAN2 Summit On Human Exploration Of Mars Part 1 20170823

Humans can fly. Thats a truth that is only been with us for over a century. Humans can walk on the moon, again, less than half a century of truth to us. Considering our time as human species on the planet, those are all really short times to know these things. Now, what i expect that in 16 years of now, a small crew of six women and men will be en route to mars. Think about it, only 16 years from now that can be true, too. But if we want that to happen, we today will have to ensure that we keep track with our human mars program. Looking at you, my audience, i know that im looking at the experts that can make this happen. As you truly are the best and the brightest in all fields we need to send humans to mars. Lets show our resolve. Lets keep building the infrastructure needed. Lets keep testing and proofing. Lets make humans on mars and obvious fact, too. Lets get underway now. I now have a great pleasure to introduce to people that have worked diligently in getting humans off plan and to mars for many years at first, bret drake, space architect with the space, the aerospace cooperation. Bret has over 32 years of experience of Systems Engineering spaceflight architecture, mission design, experience both at nasa and industry. In his 26 years with nasa, bret drake helped lead the agency in the design and analysis of human spaceflight approaches beyond lowearth orbit, and bret works, as i said, for the Aerospace Corporation leading the humans off plan and on to mars. The other speaker i would like to introduce is mike raftery. He is one of the leaders of our last great space project, and if i say great space project, i of course am mentioning the International Space station. And i think that being so that makes them very wellsuited for our present expense project, putting humans on mars, as he brings experience of largescale System Integration and International Corporation to our team and both will be necessary for Human Missions to mars. Mike has worked 33 years as part of boeing company contributing to human spaceflight. Plenty of experience for Human Mars Missions and, therefore, explore mars is proud and happy to have him also on our board of directors. At present mike as president of the corporation which is a a texasbased business dedicated to Planetary Science and education. Bret and drake, please come out. [applause] thank you, artemis. Good morning, everybody. Im standing in for joe. So good morning, everyone. We are here to talk this morning about the mars report, which we just finished published, and he came out this morning with the press release, and is available online. All of you that here at the conference got the support in your packet so i would encourage you to check it out, read it. Its an excellent report. So bret and i just got to spend a few minutes talking of whats in the support and give you a high level overview of it. We started this report, explore mars, three years ago to try to pull together reliable information that the community could use about the progress towards mars and making the mars mission happen. One of the really interesting and nice things about this is that over time these reports will chronicle the progress the were making and will be able to look back at them and see how we did. This year weve made a lot of Good Progress come subbasin that we will be going through each of the sections of the report pretty quickly. It you take it to minutes or so for us to do that. Basically we will get going on that now. So the first section of the report and a critical element of the mission to mars is the science precursor missions or Robotic Missions that we doing prior to the Human Missions. They allow us to get all the information we need about mars thats critical to make the later missions happen. This has been a very big year for the Science Program. Weve had a lot of great progress from msl curiosity rover its been working its way up mount sharp and dishes been working its way through the murray formation area and got some of the most fantastic pictures that if ever been taken on the surface of mars. So if you havent seen these pictures i really recommend you go online and find them. But it makes it really clear that this was a wet environment, this murray formation area had water in it for many, many years, and the sedimentation layers are clearly visible in the photographs that were taken, such as fantastic. Also supporting is the orbiters that are in orbit around mars, so the odyssey and maven and exomars of course is there as well. These orbiters have been finding subsurface ice, and this is a lot of ice, estimates initially are several areas that look to be on the size of lake superior. So these are quite large ice formations, they are subsurface. The future of the Science Program is very busy. There are a lot of activities planned and you can see those on the chart. A lot of International Missions are coming to the fore noted chinas announced a mission, Robotic Mission to mars. Of course weve got nasa several missions that are in the plans. Exomars has another mission thats coming also. And, of course, india and united emirates are also, india has a a mission their net and united emirates has one on the way. So its become a very International Program and obviously there are commercial efforts as well. You can see spacex has a mission they are hoping to do up there as well. But if the team looks forward to the things you really need to get done, they had some recommendations and one of the first is, we need a replacement orbiter for the mro. The mro has been on orbit for ten plus years now, and so its been doing a marvelous job but its been there quite a while and so its time to get ready for a new orbiter that will take up that mission and provide the communications that are necessary. Also a Mars Sample Return Mission is a high Priority Mission for the team, this will start to work some of the other aspects that we will need for the human mission. We sent a lot of Robotic Missions to mars but nothing has ever come back from there. So the ascent portion of the mission is critical, and the mars sample return will work that. All right, thank you, mike. Next section in the report you will see is a discussion of architectures of systems necessary for human exploration of mars. One of the things thats happened into a 16, early 2017 is there some advancement from a lot of the companies and organizations after looking at human to Mars Missions and what it would take pics of exams are shown, i keep martin improved their thinking on the Mars Base Camp strategy which is starting off its horrible missions around mars, suppercaseletter and on the service, exploring the moons and eventually leads to a human landing on the surface of mars, reusable single stage launch vehicle, descent vehicle using liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen. The boeing company approve that they get on their lunar outpost leading to a mars mission withered and presystems in space and conduct Orbital Missions exploring surface landing missions. Theyve improved their thinking. September spacex elon musk announced his thoughts on human exploration of mars. Its more of a colonization approach where he envisions reducing the price cost of launch and transport to mars drastically to enable any citizen to try to go to mars here hes improving his thinking, dancing things like his raptor engine, his large oxygen tank which are critical elements. Hes got some additional thoughts of what the early expiration would look like. Aerojet rocketdyne, so investment in electric propulsion and thinking of some of the precursor missions. Recently nasa release some other thoughts on what they call deep space gateway, establishing a small outpost near the moon that would be critical in understanding assistance, operations, defend some of the key technologies and understand a lot of the Human Factors aspects we can talk in a little bit. But that gateway can serve as a deep space port if you will put it simply of the mars transfer vehicles that return back for the next mission. So in a vision of regional Transportation System is what nasas thinking about right now. In terms of some of the key findings that the team has come up with, looking at things, feel that affordability is one of the key aspects. With all these teams look at different concepts, and you saw in the earlier discussions, theres a wide range of system capabilities and concepts for architecture development, but thats a good, healthy thing getting alternative viewpoints, alternative ideas onto the table helps understand, helps the community understand what makes sense and what doesnt. So its a healthy dialogue amongst the space community. Affordability is one of the key aspects. Way to make sure tried the costs down and affordability is a key aspect that explore mars is looking at, trying to develop architecture and system concepts that provide sufficient return for the stakeholders. Thats always going to be keeping if it does have sufficient return for the stakeholders then they will not fund it. And sustainability is not the key aspect that the team has really been looking on. In a lot of these aspects, developing an architecture as a sustainable, one that is not just a flash in the pan, that would be a short duration system but one that can be conducted over many years. Theres a strong belief that a wellfounded science objective and site strategy could help bring the site and the human exploration communities together. So continuing that effort is very key. And bottom line from all of this, the team, mars is achievable. Theres been a lot of discussion in the previous, previous architecture discussions and thinking that mars is really hard and theres all these key impediments keeping us from going to mars, but there was a workshop that was held with explore mars, American Astronomical Society back in december what we brought experts from the costs from across the country to look at what are the key long poles of keeping us from getting to rvr today to mars . Looking at all the systems and technology and all those teens look at whats required to get from where we are today to there, and the common consensus was mars is achievable. It will be hard but it is not, its not an impossible dream. That was good news from a lot of these aspects. In terms of the systems for the architecture, a lot of them are making a lot of progress. Orion are in production right now, orion crew module is at the Kennedy Space in and theyre going through assembly and test. The Service Module is in construction in germany as part of the esa contribution for the mission. Sls, a lot of production going on at marshall, at the Kennedy Space center. A lot of assembly getting ready for the expiration mission, one test coming up soon. In terms of habitation, deep space habitat, nasa is following a deep space, next up broad area announcement. With several different organizations looking at different habitation concepts, lifesupport systems. Again thats driving towards the deep space gateway of a system that we can use to prove the systems and the technologies. Advancement continuing and advanced space propulsion. Solar electric propulsion for cargo vehicles and perhaps the crew vehicle is being worked on hard, aerojet, thats advancing really well. In terms of the senate and as sent, descent and a set, there are critical issues. What are we trying to accomplish . Of record use resources or bring all of our fuel with us . Those all drive size of the Asset Vehicle which eventually drives the size of the descent vehicle. We know we need to land larger payloads to the only land about one metric ton. Weve got to get at least 20 metric tons. New concepts are being explored for that and is making progress there as well. Then the Service Systems can what were doing on the surface of mars, the rovers, habitat the things like that are still in early conceptual phase right now. We have a special section on that that she will try go into more depth for some of the Human Factors aspect of some the things last year, 20152016 the was a Yearlong Mission conducted by scott kelly that provide as a wealth of data showing that humans can live in space for long page of time. There are still some aspects we need to solve, bone the calcification and things like that the calcification. Were getting good data, space station will continue help us in understanding how he was live and work in space for long prints of time. Then we will evolve to this deep space gateway. Giving humans out beyond the earth magnetosphere into deep space, how the crews operate in remote environments in confined spaces for long present time will help provide is a lot of information that we will need on the drive towards mars. And not just Human Factors but also the whole human health and Research Program is also looking at 31 critical aspects of the human health. Im trying to try this risk and as much as can so we have a Rich Research advancing that aspect as well. Policy is also a really important part of this report, and we have to looks like i went too far. There we go. Weve focused on it again this year, this report. Normally its international and domestic policy. This year tends to be a look at more domestic. We are pretty standard of the domestic partner is not that it is anything happening in the International World that theres a lot of things happening in the domestic world. Thats what we focus on this year. And, of course, one of the big events that happened was the passing of the nasa transition authorization act. Just to remind folks, the last time that we had an authorization act fast was in 2010. This was a really big deal that we had at administration change, and yet we still had strong bipartisan support for nasa and got this act fast and into law. Also in the act is some of the strongest language that weve ever seen associated with endorsing a mission to mars. So this is a really good harbinger for the Mars Community come people that are working on missions to mars. Im proud to say that our report was actually referenced in the act, so thats good. That means that people are reading it and its helping make a difference. The other big event thats happening is the administration has announced the formation of the National Space council. We havent seen this actually happen yet both we know that this plan so well be watching that with great interest and will be talking about that probably next year in the report. The final section of the report has to do with public engagement. This has been in the report from the beginning as well because its a really important part of the overall effort for sending humans to mars. Making sure that the public understands what were doing, why were doing it and is able to participate in it as well. We think its very important and we think that their signs that this is really starting to catch old. Youve seen a lot of media offerings coming out in the last year, new movies, books, Netflix Series on mars generation. So these are all signs that the public is really starting to engage. Weve always had very strong polling numbers for mars support with the public. That strength continues. So as a community we need to continue to support this and support the media when they ask us for help. Finally, i just want to put up here the names of all the folks that worked on the report. A pretty distinguished group of people. I think youll agree as you look at that. They worked very hard on this and did a terrific job. So if you get a chance, pull it out of your packet and read it. If youre watching this Conference Online you can go to explore mars website and youll be able to download a copy of the report from there. So with that, chris, i think we are done. So questions . I think we may have a minute or two. [applause] thank you. Here comes artemis. Thank you very much. Thanthank you, mike and bret. Well, it is my pleasure to introduce the president present administrator of nasa, acting administrator as it said but administrator nevertheless. Robert lightfoot became administrator when the new president took office on the 23rd of january, 2017. He has, like many of our speakers, over 30 years of experience in space, has been with nasa for nearly 30 years, and he started there is a test engineer for the shuttle engines in 1989, serving in many capacities. In ten years later nasas Astronaut Corps present him with a silver snoopy award. I love these awards. For his contributions to the success of human spaceflight missions. So all in all a good man to have on our conference. I would like to introduce to you robert lightfoot. [applause] well, good morning. Its great to be here. I really appreciate you asked me to participate in this gathering, you know, the way we talk about mars you would think he was onto something we were interested in doing. I was at a summit last week with the aeronautics and space expiration board, engine report over at the academies. This was a topic that came up quite a bit in terms of civil space and destination for civil space in general. Its always interesting to see the different opinions and the different thoughts. I think a nice thing about it is that everybody believes that this is a horizon will as an agency, is get to mars. If you think about it, humans, clearly we are always there from a scientific perspective with the rovers we have on the surface now. But i think ever since viking, weve kind of said well, we need to get there, we need to be there as humans. And, frankly, everything weve discovered and has driven us into more to think of it getting humans are there. The Current Administration and the Current Congress is very supportive i think of this goal if you look at any of the bills we have whether the proposed budgets, approved budgets, whether they are authorization act come at all talks about getting to mars with humans in the 2030s. Of course you could argue that we already there. As a set a minute ago weve got rovers there now. Curiosity is doing work on the service. The mars reconnaissance orbiter is there bringing all that data back. We kind of say we have wheels on the ground and an eye in the sky around mars and thats whats allowing us to understand where we want to go, where water mightve been sometime and where water might still be there. Its pretty exciting, especially when you think back to when first, mariner first flew by atwood been to the madrid mayor nickels buy and use what looks like a dry dead world like mars and that didnt change the resent viking. The first images they came back from viking all of a sudden made us want to really go there and really understand what we needed to do. The real goals of humanity have been to reach mars for a while. While we want to put humans on mars, that search for life elsewhere in the sources or something where doing as well. I think its really important when you think about it. Frankly, thats what you are all here. We want to reach of that arise and go all of humanity, not just the United States, not just some particular, not just nasa but we all want to do that, and were going to do everything in our power to continue to look for other forms of life throughout the universe. Just think about the fundamental change that whatever everybody. The absolute fundamental change. You know, if you think about even just finding microbes or signs of historic signs of ancient microbes would be just a complete change to the way we are thinking. I think for us its kind of a needle in a haystack propositin when you think about it. Mars is a big planet, and even our own earth think about what we still discover when we continue to explore this large planet. None of it was discovered like the first day, right . The explorers have found thinks every time we moved across this globe. I think physical human presence can accelerate the rate at which we discover and i believe thats whats important about humans to mars. The human intuition of the human intelligence to really direct, search mars quickly and more rapidly as we go forward. Beyond the life proposition, what we can find in this universe, theres really this kind of innate desire i think as human beings to extend ourselves as the species, extend the cells further and for us that into space at this point, deeper and deeper into space. When you think about landing on the moon, the Great Observatories that look in the other galaxies that we have, think about the things were doing with exoplanets in this agency at a Planetary Missions that we touched every planet in the solar system, from pluto to what were doing with jupiter now, with the juno mission, then as i say our final thought is at saturn. Amazing activities that just come every time we answer the question, every time we answer the question it just begs more questions. We want to continue and to those questions as we go forward. I dont think any of us is not moved or touched by the images were getting back. I just saw some this morning in the news, one of the more recent die from saturn. It was almost eerie when you see that giant planet sitting there for its incredible, just absolutely incredible. So back up in time, right, the first of pictures a quebec from ours and we said wow, that looks a little more like here than it did there and so we really wanted to go. When you think about moving forward, you think about humans on the surface of mars, if you just back up to 1969 and the impact of humans on the surface of the moon. I call it a civilization a level discovery or impact when we do that. I dont say that lightly. Thats a big deal. Just driving in this morning i thought, i was listening to tlp mostly for traffic races like most of us that live in this town, they had an advertisement on the radio about something totally different. They said this country is made of great discoveries. And, of course, its neil armstrong, making his first comments from the surface of the moon. Thats the kind impact we have. Thats the impact we can have any think thats what humans to mars would eventually do to us. Its even more compelling when you think about how hard this is going to be. Its a this annual gathering of a human jamar summit, we continue to look at the horizon goal. Were just looking to see what those aspirations need to do because to me todays aspirations become tomorrows realities as if we dont even aspire it we will not get there any think thats critical. Humans on mars is a big thing. It come no one does it take a lot of resources and a lot of commitment but its very complex, very hard to do this and i think for us when you look at the impact going back to the land on the moon discussion, its a global effort, right . Its not just us. When you go back and look at above the fold and newspapers from 1969 when we landed on the moon, just about every newspaper basically said we did it. It was a global event. Anthony i think thats, it was almost shared triumph of humanity. I think thats kind of what we would see with humans to mars when you go there. I think thats want to go not only to discover if there is life there and push herself as a species to another level. Its also the sheer claim almost of the same when hillary hit the top of mount everest, right . Its a type of destination things we as a human race really, really believe in. Its going to take a global effort to get the album of global accomplishment, it will take a global effort. Think about what weve done with our International Partners what is International Space station today or whether its all our Science Missions, when you look at insight launch next year, thats got an international component. Mars 2020 which is the next rover well put on mars has a Huge International component as well. Then you think about our next question a class that will be announced this summer. That may be our first set of folks that are really trained to go to mars. They may be the one to actually put together, they will certainly be training on the systems we will be using in the near term to get us ready for any deep Space Exploration. So if we keep moving the ball, keep moving down the field keep moving the needle, whatever a metaphor you want to use when you think about that, Going Forward. We have a lot to learn. Theres a whole lot left for us children. You guys are going to talk about that a lot over the next couple of days, some of the challenges we have, radiation, life support, entry the seine and landed it challenges that were taking on, our Space Technology Mission Directorate clearly knows the challenges. But were not just think about those things. Were making progress on them. In terms of what the Comp Technology are were trying to knock after we have sensors on mars today that are taking that data. When using our Science Missions as what to do any precursor work we can do. We want to put a measurement, instrument called moxie on marca can we pull oxygen out of the environment. InterNational Space station were using that almost as a test best for technology for life support that we might need as we go forward. We can have a panel in method will show how important it is intro to nasa, youre going to see Steve Jurczyk who is head of our director, bill gerstenmaier from human expiration and Thomas Zurbuchen the head of sens sciee produce either through those guys talking very integrated way. We cant do this in a stovepipe man anymore in terms of how science goes to mars, humans goes to mars and we develop technologies in the stovepipe man spake these guys working every days together to try to get away to make sure when the go to mars or when we do any mission what are the opportunities we have as an agency to take that, to gather more data always look at away to use those nations as we go forward. We are working on it. We may not always agree on the process of how to get there, theres a lot of debate around that peculiar what we are thinking as we move forward but we also have a lot that we can build off of it where a lot of system that would put in place if you look at the cooperation while we have with the International Space station today we believe we can build off that we believe theres a ton of foundational cooperation built asman ford and that will help us with this global goal or generational goal of bringing humans to mars. I think the desire is at their peak you guys wouldnt be if you didnt think this was a great thing to do. And i think you represent a very large portion of folks in this world, not just here when we go out and do some of things we do internationally its always fascinating. We typically go to a school or have a group of school kids come in and its definitely the horizon goal of the next generation. These kids are excited. They are interested. They all have some really hard question. They are very smart. I dont remember having those kind of questions when i was in middle school that we often hear about going to mars. Very educated and very ready to take on the mantle for us as we move forward, sluggishly keep making the progress so they can take it up from us. I think theres a lot of discussion about how we do this in terms of, is it a covert activity, is it an industry activity . We are sometimes i think ruined by the tyranny of or pick up really late this is an and that it will take all of us. Well take all our industry, take everything, go back to the moon landing, he took a government effort to get took the Industrial Base of this country to do this. I think thats what we talk about when we talk about the and. We are proving that today. The commercial model is working for us when you think that the cargo International Space station. Pretty soon taking our astronauts from u. S. Soil. It will be exciting. I think we will off that as we start moving presence even further into space. I think to me when you look at the progress being made on all our systems whether its sls oh ryan, whether its the commercial sector, whether its a Science Mission beginning to incorporate some the things we need for human exploration to mars as when you can get excited and you can see there is progress being made and were all kind of foresight focus on that. The technologies are being done today, steve will talk a little bit about the technologies we need and what hes working on. But the teams are really exciting. They are stretching things. They are also bring some of the best of innovation in my mind, not only that we see from our own teams at nasa but from industry teams and even from academia. Its exciting to see some of the proposals we get in from the academic side in terms of taking on these challenges that we have to basically get through to ask a get to this point. Its not an easy task. Anybody who thinks its easy is not paying attention. Its the next task and it is the next thing that we need to do, that in wiping we must do. Because just getting there is not really the benefit. If you look back on as getting to the moon, yes, we got to the moon, we got, an incredible achievement of what we accomplished on the wake of what we discovered on the way, the engineering, the technologies, just the lifechanging sometimes industry altering things that we did to do that as a nation and lead that effort was incredible. I think when we do reach mars it will be a civilization impact civilization level impact. Ive said it already and ill say it again. After decades of work to get there, you know, youre going to have an international team. Its going to be a global human moment. Just as everybody remembers where they were when the landed on the moon, i think they will do the same with mars. And its something that i think will endure for centuries. When you think about it, centuries. Thats a Pretty Amazing thought process, amazing span of time. When you think about history today, always like to look back, look back 300, 400 years which is really not very far in history. But when you look back, the enduring things that happen this will be one of those just like landing on the moon was when we go forward. I think the u. S. Is poised to lead that effort, but we wont do this alone. We will not be able to do this alone as we move forward. It will take all of us, our Industrial Base, International Partners, nasa, and, frankly, academia has got to come along. And you know what . It will take those kids in Elementary School and middle school today to be with us when you get ready to do this so weve got to keep inspiring them and keep them going as well. I think its very positive, the engagement we had with our International Partners on this topic and what you want to go and i do want to help us in the niche areas they think they can bring to this journey. I think we will be in pretty good shape from that standpoint. We do know that this is hard. This is not an easy challenge. Theres the wreckage of more than one spacecraft on mars surface today where people have tried to get there and tried to make it, but thats what makes us work even harder. We have to learn each time ago and we have to learn from every nation we take. So i thank all of you for getting together and discussing these biggest ideas that confront us in making this humanity changing mission possible. This is beyond any budget cycle. Its really got any generational discussion. You guys are planting the seeds and what you guys good to talk about over the next couple of days is really humanities next giant leap and how we are going to do it and how were going to get there. Its not just talk because i said were making a lot of progress in a lot of areas to get there. You hear from the panel in america we were thinking about it. But were not just making progress in the labs and the manufacturing facilities to we are making progress at the bit that tables as a talk of an. We are making progress getting into schools are making sure the next generation is ready to go and ready to help us when they come on board soon. We are kind of, as you look at even what were doing on space station today, congratulate Peggy Whitson to just set the record for most time on orbit. Shes up there with the rookie, jack fisher. So the two of them, they epitomize what were trying to do with advancing human exploration and pushing presence into space. What youre learning and what theyre doing today is helping us for this journey that we are on. I think at the end of the day that this is a very helpful enterprise that were trying to accomplish here. A lot of hoping this in terms of providing the leadership, abundant inspiration moving forward. I really hope that everyone here enjoys engaging in this discussion, as you have for many years, for several of you. If you are new, im glad youre here. Im glad youre part of the discussion and part of the debate debacle on, on help it enthuses your work is returned i hope you hear something that will allow you would get back home to your work teams that you work with everyday, whether its industry, academia academia, doesnt matter. Take back what you learn. Look for ways to inject your enthusiasm and your thoughts in helping us get there. I think if we do that and we all focus on that, we will put boots on mars in our lifetime. Thank you very much for being here, and i appreciate your interest in us getting there. Thanks. [applause] now i understand that all of us are very excited in getting to mars. Some of us might even be jittery, lease thats how we interpret the fact that some of you have already packed for mars and let your luggage outside in the hall. Now, even at the best of times that luggage will be there for about 16 years. So please dont leave your luggage unattended, even for a day. Thank you. The next person im going to introduce is already known to you, if you listen to his podcast, and if you do, you are among the many who do so. Mat kaplan is in his 15th year as a host and producer of the planetary societies planetary radio. I personally love listening to his podcast at an object not the only one. As this program is really, really popular. His podcast is broadcasted by about 130 public radio stations, and personally i love how United States introduces his guess, guests of all spacelike, the engineers, science inches, authors or astronauts. And i love how we talks about the red planet, of course, most. I mean, im partial to that, you can understand. For the second year, mat will service host of the life cast in all our breaks and we are very glad to have them and ensure that anyone online loves of this, that there is no break in a program really. Theres something to listen to the truly interesting. Mat will introduce the of the panels to. Well, mat, you have the floor. [applause] thank you, artemis. Im going to start all the way over here. Were still getting microphones on the distinguished panel back there so to pass the time we do have a little special video greeting that was just made for us yesterday. Enthusiastic group of young people are 100 days into a 200 days day on the mountaintop on the big island of hawaii for the High Seas Mission 5 Mars Simulation which is partially funded by nasa and the university of hawaii is behind. From the look of it one of those young people might be on a mission to the real thing in the 2030s. Some might be about the right age to command a mission like that. I hope our three panelists are ready to join me on stage. Lets brinkmann out. William gerstenmaier, Steve Jurczyk, and Thomas Zurbuchen. Hi, guys. [applause] this is an extraordinarily short panel and we are going to try to take as much time as we can to allow you folks to ask questions as artemis westenberg helps to remind us who you are. While she does that, i am guessing we still have one more person. Musical chairs. I didnt know who i was. Since she was kind enough to rearrange things properly we will start with william gerstenmaier, nasas associate administrator for the human exploration and Operations Directorate providing Strategic Direction for all aspect of the agencys crude Space Explorations were, we are talking iss, International Space station, development of the giant rocket go there is a one 100 scale model of it in the lobby. But had been a 10 scale they would not have been room for any of us in the lobby. The space launch system, the orion spacecraft that sls is preparing to carry beyond low earth orbit. He served as manager of the iss program, provide strategic guidance and direction for the commercial crew and Cargo Programs and nasas journey to mars which is what we are talking about today. For the next 2 and half days, among his word or two it nasa Exceptional Service medal, his awards go on and on, most recently adding the National Space societys 2017 space pioneer award and the ai aa goddard astronautics award. If you look them up in the all knowing all seeing wikipedia you will find this terrific photo of bill in a wind tunnel with a model of the street space Transportation System, most of us know it is the Space Shuttle with his hand up on this metal model in the tunnel. That was 1978. Been at this for a wild. Lets go on to thomas, Thomas Zurbuchen with a phd in physics from the university of switzerland, the science Mission Directorate. Prior to joining the agency he was professor of Space Science and Aerospace Engineering at the university of michigan in ann arbor and founding director of the center for entrepreneurship in the college of engineering. You will find his name on 200 peerreviewed articles. He has been involved with numerous Science Missions including the spectacularly successful 18 year ulysses solar and helio Syria Commission that recently completed messenger maker he is mercury Orbiter Mission and the composition explorer, ace helio physics mission so i am guessing the heat one has to take in washington is no big deal for you. Pretty low on the scale compared to what you get from the sun. All wired up and ready to go, Steve Jurczyk, associate administrator of the Space Technology Mission Directorate, he manages and executes the Space Technology programs for nasa focusing on expiration and Science Mission needs and working on capabilities needed by the greater Aerospace Community and developing the nations innovation economy. He came to the job after serving as director of Nasas Langley research center, 3600 engineers working on the most promising and challenging technologies and projects, the organizations technological programs including the mach 7 and 10 flights, shall return to flight and flight test of the orion launch abort system. Nasa is giving him his outstanding leadership medal, and he is a grad of the university of virginia. Im obligated to say go cavaliers. Gentlemen, thanks for joining us on stage. We heard from your boss a few minutes ago and i will come back to that in a few minutes. I also heard that he has been directed to get humans to mars by november 2020. You are working on that . [laughter] you dont have to answer. Are we on track for humans to reach mars by the 2030s . You have seen from beginning discussions, the report written by humans to mars, we are making Real Progress today and we have the sos rocket, a huge activity going on, we have the orion capsule in florida getting ready for Exploration Mission number one which is well under development and real work going on and even more importantly crews on the International Space station which i starting to help us understand what it is like to live in a sustained microgravity environment for a long period of time. The anything exciting about the stations we are able to grab new tools, get dna sequencing material on board station. Instead of returning samples to the ground we can look at how human dna is changing in the environment. We did it in the one year mission with scott kelly but that required us to return samples to the earth. We are getting the basic capability where we can look at that genetic change directly on space station. I think that will be a huge way to advance our understanding of how a human can live in this sustained microgravity environment that will be needed for mars. I look at all those things, we are making very substantial sustained progress. We need to not just keep the enthusiasm going but keep moving forward and pull us all together as we described earlier today. This is a challenge that requires all of us. How do we pull together and Work Together, using steves Science Technology stuff, what thomas is doing on mars today, how do we pull that together and advance at a quicker pace . That pulling together is something your boss, robert lightfoot, talked about, the integrated approach you are striving for, which i assume is essential for taking on a challenge like this for any of you to respond to. It is absolutely clear that at this moment in time theres more science there and infrastructure that relates to a future human presence and for us to make the fastest rockets possible we need to start interfacing with each other and take advantage of opportunities to go there so robert mentioned the moxie instrument and deep space optical calm instrument, some of these technologies were all working together the three of us to get to mars now so we can take some of these are in deep space now so we can take some of these technologies off and make progress towards a full set of technologies so when the time comes we are ready with these technologies. Absolutely right. We have a system capability driven approach to what we are doing. 38 or so capabilities or enhanced capabilities for Robotic Missions and human spaceflight missions. We have done a really good job with the technology demonstration, high power solar electric repulsion propulsion, we are paying 0 and launch costs and leveraging other missions and systems that science and human exploration are flying so we are not developing spacecraft, we are flying hosted payloads as part of a future mission on a spacecraft. We have done a really nice job focusing on technologies that are needed for the capabilities we need moving forward and integrating to try to demonstrate technologies in the most efficient way possible. I look at the robotic stuff going on, the fact we have a radiation monitor device on the curiosity rover, you see the cool images but i like to look at the radiation environment on mars. It is surprising when you look at the radiation data but you see solar particle events but the magnitude is not that dramatic. The radiation environment on the surface of mars is roughly equivalent to what we see on board space station. That in mars atmosphere is a surprise to us, the fact that it actually shields but that is only possible because we have an instrument on the curiosity rover that can provide essentially hourly radiation measurements from the surface of mars. That is enabling. The other thing you saw today was knowing where water is on mars and where it is below the surface. The data that comes back from mars observer is important data for is was without the Science Mission director we wouldnt have any knowledge to understand what challenges to push on. Steve described we are working on exciting things come electric propulsion will be very important because we talk about moving large masses to the vicinity of mars to help with human activities. That will be enabled by the 121 2 kw thrusters that steve and his group are putting together. Space x in florida, a rollout solar array scheduled for june 1st will go to the International Space station to be deployed during the space x mission, we will get data from that to understand how the array works and how it can be used, highpowered solar energy will be important for us on this mission so that is a great way for us to Team Together so steve described we can provide the ride, the hardware and we all get the data we can use to inform ourselves how to meet these challenges required to put humans on mars. You said 30 different technologies, i hope none are showstoppers but which ones make you the most anxious . I think landing on mars, landing human class systems on mars, getting safely to the surface and allow them to be productive on the surface is going to be really challenging. Right now curiosity rover, 900 kg, the ascent vehicle for crewed missions is 20 metric tons so we have a 20 x increase in mass to get to the surface of mars. That is assuming we can produce the fuel on the surface to fuel that is sent vehicle because that is actually landing dry. What the viking guys did was amazing. Landing two landers in 76, we use the same supersonic parachute, the same platform for the vehicle, we have innovated the land bag and the sky crane but we are coming at the end of that architecture, one metric ton is all we can do so we have to invent new entry vehicles that are may be larger, use atmospheric drag to slow down, parachutes wont work, we wont you supersonic retro propulsion. We have done that, with fire engines at supersonic speed. And land safely and precisely. Right now we predict landing in a 10 km x 16 km on the surface of mars but we went to get the position to 100 m so that is a real challenge. Landing there is a challenge. Lots of the surface systems will be challenging. For example, power. We dont think solar power will be viable so we are developing a small fission based reactors, 10 kw reactors to power the systems for crew and systems to produce in situ resource utilization, fuel, oxygen, etc. There will be a challenge. The thing that is not a showstopper but we have to manage is Radiation Protection for the crew during the long transit time. We are working on propulsion to more rapidly, more Rapid Transit to mars which will reduce the exposure to radiation at the microgravity environment but absent that it will be a long trip, and shielding particularly the highenergy galactic cosmic rays will be challenging, the shield from those using materials and active shielding methods are too massive and take too much power so that is something we have to manage with the storm shelter and other measures. Risk management is not a showstopper but a riskmanagement type approach. For getting big things down, you will keep watching carefully, folks at space x and their read reagan project. We do cooperation with space x on red dragon and helping them with exchange of funds, space x, helping them with rsts in System Engineering for entry, descent, landing. What were heading back from space x is supersonic retro propulsion data. A totally propulsive descent to the surface. That is great data you will get back from space x to feed into our modeling and Technology Moving forward. We did that on the falcon 9. When they land the first stage they fire the engine in the supersonic speed regime. We have an agreement with space x, the first few stages the return, to get that data from them. Im glad viking came up. I marvel at the amazing science those spacecraft were able to accomplish 40 years ago. The robots keep getting better, smarter. What do you hope Robotic Exploration is going to do between now and the 2030s to prepare us to get humans there and by the 2030s, how much more will human still be able to do . There is amazing science going on. Mars scientists get news on a regular basis, whether the maven result we talked about. We know where the water went. We learned about a much broader and settled implications for xo planets, the important of a Magnetic Field in some of these environments for the evolution of life. It is issues like that and research from the ground, and realizing from the beginning of curiosity and even now Building Blocks of the energy sources, all these parts that relate to a Good Environment for potential life in the past and for us, there are a lot of topics we will do including the mars sample return which is very much on the trajectory of development, how to come back with less. We dont need a whole human massive sample to get back so on that trajectory, analyzing some of these samples and bring us back to the best we have to look at them. But to be absolutely clear, research will have a paradigm altering transitions a moment humans are fair and will turn an investigation of life to something that deeply involves humans and robots. I dont think the time for robots will ever disappear. It is critical to see this in every discussion we have, both from the infrastructure support and also from research, how do we figure out where to go, look around the corner, over the hill and make sure walking there is worth it. Geologist from caltech talked about a rock from a given planetary environment can tell you a lot about the story of that environment. A geologist says you would need to get an old rock. You want to learn about life. It could be ancient evolution of that life possibly, when there was water on mars. A lot of the research, the breakthroughs will happen just like on earth through research with people and some of these paradigm altering Research Topics are there on mars to be discovered. It doesnt happen when boots are on the ground, and make a judgment right there based on what they are seeing. As thomas described, it is important to look for ways to Work Together. Clearly thomas wants to return a sample from mars but it doesnt need to be the mass we are going to do an accent vehicle for humans, at some scale between the two, not a perfect answer from the human standpoint. We would rather demonstrate what we are going to use for humans but it will be a step in that direction if we look at the right way to team with science to get accommodation between the two and inject the right technology from steve to make it perfect but it is a compromise between all three, it is not perfect for any one of the directorates but the challenge is so demanding and requires all of us to compromise a little bit off of our perfect solution and look for that synergy between us that advances the overarching goal which is moving towards mars. We tend to look at these things very much in our own way. This isnt exactly perfect for human spaceflight, this is perfect for science, this isnt perfect for technology but is a perfect for the goal of moving humans to mars, that is the question we are entering, not the individual ones. That was a compromise from our community is a different way of looking at the way we do business but absolutely critical to help us advance faster. As that journey to mars becomes better defined, a lot can happen in the last few months. Do you see an increasing role for humans getting close, orbiting mars, stopping off at foe boasts phobos before landing on the surface . And controlling robots with only a second or two between them rather than the long delay we got from earth . There are a variety of architectures, multiple people around the earth are thinking about and what is really exciting to see is the convergence of excitement and energy towards mars from many directions look at 20 20 lunch window. Last time i counted we had six or seven lunches, four potential want to be landers. For me that shows i think what that shows is excitement. It also shows if you listen to everybody in detail you realize some people are interested in stopping by the neighborhood. Foe boasts phobos is a really interesting place, as is deimos. What is interesting about it is by itself you learn who is elsewhere in the solar system. Dont underestimate moons. Sometimes they have the biggest miracles under their surface. They surprise you. The other thing, it is clear these bodies exchange mass. If you look at the surface of phobos and some of the areas, likely, are not recent mars pieces that came up and hit the surface. It turns out the temperature is not that enormously high. The short answer is some of these more sophisticated analysis, not all of them not all of them get to that temperature. There is a lot of promise reflected in submissions, our International Partners are excited to think about collaborating as well. There is more than one. I dont think the way to think about that kind of exploration is along the line type of thing, it is a response, more entrepreneurial. This is the point in the sky we are going to but we are not going to walk in to an architecture and everything every step along the way, to the detriment of our own success. Who would have guessed where these companies are . You mentioned space x, there are others, where these companies are today, twee 10 years ago discussion like this happens so for me, if we are not partnering with some of these companies we are missing the boat. It is for us, really, having an agile type of architecture can bring in the things we learn, it needs to be directed to the point in the sky you want to get to so it is not like going god knows where. We want to go to mars but make sure we can take advantage of things, the phobos idea is a great idea that should be investigated as we go forward. We know where we are going to go so we have no idea how the winds will change or what equipment will break, we have to adjust along the way. It is important as we learn more through science and developing and testing technology, that will feed back into architectures and approaches that will enable some and make more viable and eliminate other systems, it is important that we continuously look for opportunities to collaborate, take advantage of technologies and look at their performance and the science we do and what we learn and as we go along and learn more through the science and technology we will attack differently or replace equipment using the sailing analogy. That is absolutely what we have to do if we are going to get there and it takes not only integration but kind of dedication and continuity of purpose over a fairly long time to get there. We have been at it for a little while. We move forward. A flexible architecture where you dont lock things in and it is not linear the way thomas described. We take a look and see what the government can do, to put basic infrastructure in place. If you look at the retro propulsion read reagan activity, that has enabled space x to do that because we have the deep Space Network and build in space navigation and we as a government can provide that to anybody that wants to have that ability. It is difficult for a private company to have three, 70 m dish is located around the world in the deep Space Network. That is not the right thing for the private sector but that is the right thing for the government. If we make it available to anyone that wants to use that in creative ways to have some benefit back to us to understand about supersonic retro propulsion, that is a great synergy. We need to look for those things, dont lock everything in but the government should be building the right pieces of infrastructure that can be supportive of a broader privatesector International Community that wants to do these things. The other thing is to set some standards, the deep Space Network has interoperability standards, so they communicate and use the same network, all the data comes back from mars to the deep Space Network, almost everyones data. When we talk about 6 or 7 missions in 2020 will be supported by the deep Space Network. That criticality of infrastructure is really important and it underpins these other things. It is not about who gets the headlines or who gets the credit but how do we move Forward Together as a team. We need to be careful we dont pick exactly the way we want to go to mars. And landing moves farther forward we go towards the surface of mars directly and dont have to do things with the moons, the moons will play a role in moving forward. As we discussed the deep way deep space gateway we are using our own moon as a staging point to go to mars, to the mars moons or a highly elliptical orbit around mars, is that a better staging region for mars orbit . Those are things we want the universities and academia to start studying and build the basic framework. The key thing is dont get locked into a linear my mission after mission, created infrastructure that is resilient enough and forward enough, not many did ends to weave this netWork Together and allow them to do a huge challenge which is put humans on mars. I love that concept of the deep space gateway. Lets move it on out and three cheers as always. We are already more than halfway through this segment of the summit. I want to get to your questions. There are microphones here and there around the audience. While people come up to those, one more to you guys. We heard about the technological challenges. Your boss, the administrator, and others have addressed the other challenges that are less under your control. What is the bigger challenge . The technological or the public and political will . It is hard to separate the two. Two sides of the same if we are managing to show the excitement and opportunity and communications can alter a structure that comes from us so there are others like people in the audience and others seeing value in going there for entirely different motivations. There is a bigger likelihood of gaining support because there are multiple voices pointing in the same direction. The big transition in the last decade is these voices are louder. For me that will help us in the long run. That will help us in our discussions with various stakeholders by saying we are at the pivot point. The point we want to make, we are at the pivot point where we get from the slope that is increasing and it is work, pushing down the pedal whatever that means. They dont want partnerships, total money investment across the ecosystem and really off of those boxes you have over there. It will take both. To the previous discussion about being flexible in learning and moving forward. When we start to focus on how or the who, we tend to engage in less than productive conversations. The way i described it, this is a tremendous challenge, a huge challenge. It is all hands on deck. We need to take advantage of universities, companies, nasa and other Government Agencies and International Partners. We ought to be using the best minds, the best ideas wherever they are, use them to meet the goal we are agreed on. Avoid the locking down on the detail plan. I think we will be fine and we will get there. The other we need to look at his we in this audience talk about the challenge, we get excited about working that challenge but we got to think about what the benefits are of achieving those challenges and what they mean to society as a whole. Why are we moving humans to mars . What does that have to do with problems we face today . We need to turn those challenges back into real things to show how they are providing benefit back to folks. It comes naturally to the younger generation. They see a Better Future by us moving out and being explorers. We dont often talk about that. We dont talk about understanding dealing with closedloop lifesupport system, that has applications on earth as resources become more precious and we have to recycle water and do other things and we provide Water Purification for people in africa. Those are coming from Space Technology. Our whole view of the universe, our place in the universe has changed from apollo on. How do you talk about those inspirational, aspirational motivations that are really big . We as engineers, scientists, focus more on the challenge side but we need to turn it around to the general population and describe to them what the benefits are of attacking these challenges, trying to accomplish these and how there will be benefits for all of us. We have to describe the other side and i dont think we do a very good job at that or we could do a better job. Gets better and better, you and your people point to every one of those technologies and show benefits for those who will be stuck down here on earth. On the practical side. You are the choir. We are preaching to the choir, the choir needs to be preached to now and then. You can talk to us now. Im not sure, heres somebody at the microphone, introduce yourself and lets hear your question. I am Peter Alexander from maine. I learned for the first time the atmosphere of mars is largely co2 and what we are doing to our planet made me wonder if we had been there before. In your analysis where to put Landing Craft down as you were talking about earlier, have you considered where bodies of water would be and if there had been human or humanlike settlements on mars previously wouldnt it be logical they would be as they are on earth largely along the coast, bodies of water. The film peter is talking about, some of us far past the passage to mars documentary last night. Absolute wonderful documentary with a lot to say to those of us in the choir. Yes, our progenitors, the ones who may have started on mars. Let me answer the first part of the question, do we know where the bodies of water are in the answer is yes. That is one of them big breakthroughs in the past decade, we went from 15 years but that is how long, a feeling there used to be water to not only very good agreement where the water was but where it is today and where the water flows or the brine is today. That is where we would take advantage of resources. Will we land there . Tremendous certainty. Some of these resources have as much water in them as lake superior. There is a lot. Biggest freshwater lake in the us, in the world, i think. Bottom line is we found those. Relative to signatures of people who might have lived there before. We havent found any of those signatures and we have looked. We have very High Resolution cameras and we keep looking to learn about science and learn about all there is to learn about this planet. At this point, really, what we are doing is looking forward. The one thing we know for sure is intelligent life will be there once we land. As ray bradbury said we are the martians or we should be. We have already had workshops to look at what the landing sites might be for human exploration. Progress is progressing rapidly. Technologically we are looking at those landing sites say what are the challenges of landing safely and operating systems on the surface we need for the crew to be healthy and productive. That is all restarted and will continue. The co2 atmosphere is intriguing, looking at the ability to pull oxygen out of the atmosphere on board space station, we take our dioxide the crew generates, combine that with the hydrogen made from electrolysis of water into oxygen for the crews to breathe, hydrogen is waste gas, combine at hydrogen with the co2 the crew generates, we make more water and create methane so there is a nice cycle, methane is a propellant that can be used for a sent vehicles, there is a nice advantage of using that co2 atmosphere in a real way combined with water on mars to refine those chemical processes and you are exactly right. Some of those have huge benefits with honors especially as we deal with the co2 environment we are potentially kicking up, how can we remove co2 and change it into something more compatible with life, tremendous areas in in situ resource utilization, mars will force us because of the necessity to solve these hard engineering problems, to get realworld solutions which will benefit us on earth. A question on this side. International partners and Industry Partners are mentioned as a key role in reaching mars which i wonder how you see china playing a role. Former administrator Charles Bolden named outreach to china, some Security Risk involved in technology but have you heard at nasa any continuation of this outreach, discussion how to coordinate with china, build some bridges. Speaking of political rather than technological challenges we are prohibited from working with china on a bilateral relationship. We work with them in a multilateral forum. They are members of all the international communities, we are well aware of what their activities they are planning on, they are well aware of what we are doing and we can work with them in a multilateral manner where it makes sense but in terms of bilateral relationships and 1on1 discussions we are currently prohibited by law from having those direct interactions. This challenge is so huge we will figure out a way globally to work within the constraints we are given to figure out a way internationally to make these activities happen. What they are doing is exciting, what we see come with their space station, lunar activities and mars activities are intriguing, we need to see where it makes sense. They just successfully refueled robotically their space station. Hats off, that is when i describe standards, we set the International Docking standard and published ted to the web. That is available to any country to use and if you build to that standard you can dock spacecraft whether human spacecraft. We will set other standard in terms of life support systems, pressure levels, modules, standards in terms of bus architecture, Power Systems etc. That is a great way, not a mandatory standard but a voluntary standard. Of people build to those standards all of a sudden we have compatibility moving components from one country to another into our architecture moving forward. That is a powerful way we can stay out of the political debate by publishing open standards that are voluntary like spectrum came about in radiofrequency and interoperability standards with deep Space Network, those things make tremendous sense as you bring a Large Community together you publish general ideas and to general consensus. Now you have interoperability. You can build this architecture we have been describing throughout the entire International Community. All of that must sound pretty good to you. In science, we have during the cold war, during every one of those, political rift between countries collaborated, organizations that have been a platform for science discourse. A platform which currently has a us president , to really get this Going Forward even if they are political challenges, science is asking all the time, so many of these things have been uniters, helping people to come together like bill describes, science Going Forward because it is multilateral, some people go to the same conferences around the world, sometimes here, sometimes elsewhere it is is continuing as we go forward. We are getting close to the end of our time here, time for a couple more questions. I am peter. I wish i was a cool scientist but im just a lame engineer. I wonder if you could talk about the Mars Sample Return Mission. Im not sold on it. If anyone could try to sell me this mission it would be great. Let me tell you how i see my job. Im only good at some type of science, not all science. I have written 200 publications that i wrote, i forgot what the number is. Narrow domains, i wont sit here and tell you everything we do at nasa, i am the same level of expert. Make sure that when a person like me comes into a job like i am in, let me make sure we are not immediately pivoting towards what i know or what someone else might know, we have the National Academies convene the best experts in a given field and give us the most compelling evidence and the most compelling recommendations for programs we should do so the mars sample return is the highest recommendation of the last there is a midterm just taking off right now so we are interested to see. Sometimes something is a superpriorities that over time because we start answering some of these questions, we are almost done with this. My prediction will be i will wait for the academy, my prediction will be the most high priority, last time, it will remain a high priority at this time, the major reason with the ability of taking these samples, investigate them, just dont know how to do that. We dont know how to get the masses up there. Compared to all the other science topics, we know this is the most the point is i am really following the National Academies and you should be glad i am because everybody, everybody, the programs will be far too narrow. Take the observation of xo planets that are out there, we are following this advice, these things happen and we find exciting science in areas we never would have guessed like dwarfs. I have been ignoring the back of the room. One quick question. My name is mike dunn, director of 4 planet logistics, we are developing the lava Tube Research habitat. My question has to do with the last comments and discussions you were covering and that has to do with public enthusiasm and support for journeys to mars. What i am interested in finding out is we had people approach such as nike, adidas, folks like that who are interested in getting involved and developing a relationship with any and all of the efforts that are going on relative to approaching mars. My question is simple. What within nasa or the government organizations are currently available that we could refer people to from that industry to help coordinate those kinds of efforts . They are predominantly interested in developing shoes, gear, things of that nature. Could you comment on that please . There are a couple activities we have been looking at even for general clothing and other things on station. We have lots of other authorities to get into pretty Creative Space act agreement with Companies Interested in doing things so we stand very open to talking to us and they can do that through a variety of ways. We have requests for information asking for specific hardware but if they see some component of technology they are working on they think they would have interest in they can provide a nonsolicited proposal or soliciting information on that area and tell us how they want to Work Together to do this. The agency is very open to do a whole variety of Different Things with Different Companies that are not necessarily in the Aerospace World today but have application and applicability for what we are trying to do. A quick example. We are doing a 3d printed habitat challenge, trying to use 3d Printing Technology to simulate regolith, water and plastic to print elements of a structure you would robotically assemble into a habitat on another planet. We are partnered with caterpillar who is interested in the machinery, beck tell, the Worlds Largest engineering company. We have 28 teams that will bring their machines to peoria, illinois in a few months from around the world and they get prize money for making certain models. Is an example through the challenges program of using a unique approach to engage nonaerospace, that is looking pretty well and we will see how the Technology Works out. For me nasas website, look at the principal technologists, the Technology Area and contact them. They will be the best person to talk to about your technology or your idea and steer you in the right direction to submit a proposal or better formulate what you are trying to do so it is easy to get a hold of them. They are the front door of space x. I am really excited about my same day amazon prime delivery on the moon, something to look forward to. We need to get going because there are many more sections in the next 21 2 days. My boss the science guy at the Planetary Society likes to say nasa is the best brand the United States has. If he is right and i think he is, the three people sitting up with me get a lot of the credit and much of the responsibility for maintaining that reputation. As we reach out to the red planet. Thank you so much and keep it up. [applause] thank you all. By the way, someone is still having his her mortgage outside the door sitting there. We will send it to the moon soon unless you take care of it again yourself. Sorry about that but it really needs to be done. My next speaker, greg williams, for the last five years has served as deputy attache administrator for policy and plans in nasas human exploration and operation missing directorate. Dont you love these long titles . He helps charting the future cause of nasas human Space Exploration programs. For me, what is important, he battles policy environment for all of us to make human spaceflight happen. I would like to thank him for that because that is a big job that needs to be done so thank you for taking it on. Greg has been with nasa for a while and stood at the inception of the International Space station. Greg started his career with nasa as a president ial management intern in the office of the space station at nasa headquarters. We all see what an internship can lead to. Greg williams. [applause] good morning. You heard several references this morning to the space gateway construct and i wanted to take some time after the panel to introduce that in more detail. Listed in your program as tpp. That is appropriate because it represents the work of a number of people, a team led by jim free, vanessa whiteshoes, doug craig, there are a number of folks involved in this activity and wanted to give them a shout out before we get started here. Our goal as we all know and dont need to remind you is we want to go to mars, send humans to mars and do it while we are all still alive and kicking. You have seen in your program reference to the set of principles and the humans to mars report, which i found rewarding. As we set out on this journey we wanted to establish what we do with exploration, how are we going to get there . There are a couple that are particularly important particularly the bookends the fiscal realism, the current fiscal environment and what we have lived with for some time we cant expect huge spikes in budget to mount an expedition to mars. That is a guiding principle. As you move down these, technology, science, a gradual buildup of capability, architectural openness and resilience, tremendously important, if we mapped out today all the steps required to get from here to the surface of mars and back again one thing we would know is that is not the way we would have done it. We need to be open to new technologies and partnerships, new scientific discoveries as we go, key things we can do in front of us, you saw in your program the progress we are making towards the first launch, next thing we went to do with deep space gateway which i will show you in a second, we are doing great work today on the International Space station, to fly humans safely in space, and overlap on that and regular cadence of crude missions to assist lunar space on sls and orion. It is not commensurate with sustaining momentum, those two bookends and sets of principles over the last several years. Phase 0, where we are today on the International Space station is huge for us, you heard some of what we accomplished on iss with a 1year mission, we are still learning from that. Scientific results are pouring in. We will see publications in the scientific literature later this year. What we are doing in Technology Development is huge as well. What we are accomplishing in robotic mode, conducting remote operations it will be hugely enabling to what we want to do in deep space. We want to begin to move into sis lunar space, the region between the earth and the moon. Out to 70,000 km or so and do that in two phases. The first, we want to build a deep space gateway which will be a transportation note for us that we can use to mount expeditions to mars. It will allow us to create confidence we can conduct deep Space Operations, conduct autonomous rendezvous and docking, ava operations in deep space in an environment that will be more similar to the long transit to mars humans find in leo so we went to build that gateway in phase 1 and in phase 2 we want to accomplish the development of a deep Space Transport. This will be a vehicle capable of sending crews of four on thousand admissions to the mars environment and this is the vehicle we will use for mars transit. To do those crude expeditions to the martian system. That is the stepwise approach we are taking and the key thing for us that i mentioned earlier is what infrastructure do we need to put in place that will allow other International Partners, commercial partners and others to engage with us on this journey. There was mention of the nasa transition authorization act. This is a huge deal for us. It is called the transition act because it was defined by congress to guide the transition across administrations. You can tell the longer view by looking at the three goals, congress is really behind come both houses of congress are really behind extending human presence deeper into the solar system and you will find mars is represented in this document, document on the order of 100 pages long mars is mentioned 74 times. It is really remarkable when you compare the 2010 authorization act in keeping with progress we have made and the confidence we built that this is the right thing to do as a nation. So phase 1 you will see here, the orion spacecraft in the lower right, deep space gateway construct is what we want to do next but i will show you a little bit about how we plan to put that together, on the right, the habitation module and airlock capability and robotic arm to enable autonomous operations. We want to use this as a demonstration we can conduct safely and move this gateway around the lunar system above these points in and out of various orbits around the moon including back to higher orbit to be able not only enable Mars Missions but enable other missions in the lunar system while mars transit vehicle is headed to the red planet. A couple brief points on gateway functionality. To conduct missions with a group four for 42 days, 30 days with transit. To provide power, habitation and logistics that will be hugely important for longterm missions, with sls and orion on the way to mars. We will use several missions of sls and orion, the deep space gateway buildup, Exploration Mission 2, 3 and 4, the flights of sls and orion to build this gateway, the habitation module and logistics module and beyond that as we grow the system to support particularly science operations and things to do in the vicinity of the moon and be able to do that in the early to mid part of the decade so that in the latter half of the decade we can build up the deep Space Transport system. We call the shakedown cruise because some of her folks had a native background. But if you have a Sicilian Mafia background it has different connotations so we are still wrestling with how we want to describe this. [laughing] if we can conduct your long mission, we believe we will know enough and have enough confidence that we can send this thing crewed on 1000 day mission to the more system and back. So in the second half of the 20 will build up that transport launching the core vehicle in in the 2027 timeframe on a dedicated cargo mission, and then follow with logistic flights and refueling flights both to support the shakedown crews, and then the latter part of the toys provide more logistic flights to outfit the system and fuel for the long transit to mars. We are still working on again, this is an evolving plan. There will be a chart after this one day, hopefully over the next year or so that will show how were going to get from this point in the 2030s where we finished the validation and checkout of this vehicle that would show how we will do then a crude mars System Mission in the 2033 timeframe. Thats the plan where working on. We have to do this a step at a time. We now are in the process of fabricating, assembling, building the vehicles tha that r next step is this gateway to transport construct. And so we are trying to lead this journey to mars and do it in a broad range of partnerships. You heard described by the panel this morning how we want to do this both with commercial partners and International Partners. One of the things we will be doing over the next few years is putting that packets together, what players want to provide what, both commercial and internationally and how we can together or with nasa orchestrate a role really move out on these crewed missions to mars. Again you are early this morning references to gateway and transfer. I wanted to ride briefly the context for the rest of the next todays discussions. What our plan is, the capabilities of space before going to get to send teams to mars we got to this kind of capability to make the journey safe, to make it affordable and most important i think to make it sustainable. This is not, we are not aiming for a oneshot sprint to mars to plant flags and footprint will want to have a sustained capability to transit to mars on multiple expeditions over time building up almost like in an Arctic Research and then eventually be able one day to extend permanent human presence to the red planet. With that i will stop. Thank you. [applause] i see a hand over here. [inaudible] a couple things. The radiation environment is different but from an operational standpoint its really gaining confidence we can conduct these Space Operations before we depart the earth where getting back is really tough. Edifact once you commit you may wind up going all the way around and coming back before, as the safest way to return. We want to convince ourselves that we can do automated run talking, that we can sustain our crew productivity in space of a long period of time and so its really a proving ground kind of activity as well a as a staging area for the future missions. [inaudible] thats what were aiming for as initial capability. We may go on from that. One of things will be think about over the next year or two is the focus of the gateway now in our plan has been to enable the Mars Missions, but then while were doing that when we get to do that and when conducting those 1000 day more missions we will so this gateway we could use and we can visit with crews. We may do some longer duration things depending on where our site and objectives ultimately will be. Okay, i think were ready to go on to the next topic. Thank you for your attention. [applause] booktv recently visited capitol hill to ask members of congress what they are reading this summer. So im a big history buff, looking right now im reading franklin and winston, a portrait of the friendship that was