Bad doctors and get systems and bad systems. I has been plenty of time at stanford. I do think that there havere ser been surveys of physicians,ve bee and thissu is probably theme f least happy time for physicians in history. Clicks i was hospitalized twice. The the dr. Was not readingt lien anything onin the computer what makes you think i i spent ten days in the hospital i talked toor describe what happened to you. The pressure this is not its an excuse. You have a rightod d to haveho a a good dr. Who cares about you lisa chart with the job in many cases becomes undoable. Undoable. I am an optimistic person. Five or six years ago i began to hear doctors warning about their job and whining as a part of me that says this is dinosaurs and they will get over it but it is quite real. This is a time where medicine is being waged from the old way of doing things to what will ultimately be a better place. I can quite quite convinced he can get nostalgic about market opening, but you do not market wellbeing to be your dr. Anymore. The lack of data lack of incentive to deliver highquality safe care is better today than it was so much of it is on the backs of doctors. The systems that they need to be on the individuals. Catch up with catch up with the demands of the work but ultimately we are heading toward place. I told the story. I story is talking to the medical students about a year ago was trying to shake them up. You folks have entered a different field because you are under this pressure that i did not have relentless pressure to deliver a highquality safe and satisfying care at no cost. I want to shake them up. What exactly were you trying to do cuemack. I thought that was the best question. Doctors and nurses i good i good job. Why is all this happening. Yet to figure out how to deliver better care of the costs and the only way is to get to a system that is more system the in the Computers Work and we just have not figured out how to get there yet. It just did not feel like people are having a great conversation. Very pissed off but not talking about here is what we are. Until we Start Talking to eachll. Other in the right way i dont think that we will get there. When we do too, think that we will end this will be a better profession and deliver better care for patients clicks that was a great note. Their book more than anything else will get the word out as to what is not working, what could work and his insightful for me. Thank you for coming up here clicks thank you all. Thank you. [applauding] quakes more book tv. Tomorrow night with a number of biographies and memoirs. Clicks welcome. Thank you for coming. Appreciate you coming out. The first thing on going to ask you to do is turn off any noisemaking device phone small animal my child. Because you dont want to be that persons phone goes offb during this fabulous presentation and there is nothing more interesting going on than we are about to find out here you can agree. I want to thank those were donating this fabulous cheese. You should definitely do that and everyone business free to. Want to thank the cspan if team. If y you wait a few days you willfo be fortunate enough to go to our website and your podcasts. Very interesting and fascinating questions. We are beyond excited to have stephen here with his new book, how music country which is something i have no idea. I just knew it was of where it d is on my phone ands my ipod. I did ipod. I did not know how it happened. Written a thrilling accounte moment depicting the moment in history when ordinary life became forever entwined with the full online. Suddenly all thve music ever recorded was ever available for free. Ad i it is a a mustread history of the internet itself. Please help me welcome stephen went. [applauding] quakes thank you so much for showing up today. I want to i want to thank mel in particular for hosting this event. This is my first time in nashville. My name is stephen witt. The book i have written is called how music are free, a history of music piracy. I piracy. I myself was the serial so music pirate. By the end of the firstt semester it i filled my possie. Entire drive the pilot film in the first time in history ofuld this was possible. Ble i would not have been able to do it. It was a tectonic shift in the way the distribution of media was happening. Among the people figured outp3s it was a a sad time to be alive. But 15,000 ora. Hlf. Take about a year and a half. It became plaintiff digital music. I started working of this library and ask myself how this music got here in the first place and how it was actually possible. Possible. I found the most astonishing thing in the files that theyes had which can be traced back bk to three people. One of the guys was named Karlheinz Brett Berk brilliant inventor who spent his life and nasty properties of the properties of the human ear and how to delete frequencies that workeyct in the visible or not. In this way he came can of something we now call the mp3 encoder constructed by 90 percent. Totally unable to monetize this locked out of the marketplace. In desperation t he posted it for free public download. Within a couple years the pirate scalable. And he ended up making hundreds he is making hundreds of millions of dollars intellectual property licensing. Ot the irony was that his wa fortune with this in the base of the greatest with copyright enforcement will it ever seen. A powerful Music Executive in the mid90s there started to realize the future of pop music was wrapped. He started to sign the major labels. R all of those famous names. This music was very controversial. He had been Ronald Reagans drug czar reagans drug czar and went after him. Hre they bought shares in time warner and showed of t c protesting to the executives did not allow the executives ex toec do so and was in a couple months he was fired but he picked himself up and dusted himself off and began one of the great second ask of American Music business signing those rappers and thear cornering the market. In 2000 he signed the largest Recording Industry contract anyone had ever seen and made 200 million. Did he was presiding over an empire in decline because ofof a third guy who was the most he fascinating of all. A compact disc manufacturing facility worker the King Mountain plant. N pl he worked to packaging line. It b it hadam become an emergent state. Im a million discs in a single day. All the music was literally at the fingertips. Se ve copy worry about through th thousand discsem out of the plan the course. Within hours the music be found. It can be found on ipods around thea globe within aa couple days. If you ever had music on your hard drive and were note sure where it came from a a literally came to this guys hands. Rch. A fascinating story i thought. D spent five years researching it. A lot of fun to write. E i would do tonight is read you selections from. If you want to jump in with questions or if you want to know so that you can treat it like a conversation. I will start at theegin beginning with the a guy i mentioned before, roger minter. He did not possess a commanding physical. Presence, tall but hunchedh his body language was erratic constantly watch on a his heelsn clutching his body forward and back his hairwhen h was dark and kept too long his smile exposed to that were on even small as wireframe glasses sat over dark eyes stray hairs protruded like whiskers scraggly beard. He spoke quietly and longer medically perfect sentences punctuated a short sharp intakes of breath polite and overwhelmingly kind and tried his best to put people at ease which only made things more awkward. When he talked he tended to to dwell the lte on practical matters and perhaps fordham on the part of the listener rental villas weekly delivered unfunny jokes. Two powerful anti forceste the skepticism of the engineer and the nation specific conservatism. He began by chopping the audio the sampler dividing the incoming sound of the fractional slivers with the filter bank and then further sorted audio into different frequency partitions whichthe worked on sound the same way audi a person worked on like the result result of a grid of time, and frequency consisting of multiple snippets of sound started in the narrow bands of pitch and pixels and until the computer how to simplify reality of pixels. Nr as shown here was both ag to certain certain range of pitcher can see roughlyegis corresponding to thete totalrticul range ofly the human voice registers beyond that hearing degraded particularly as you go higher on the scale which you could you could assign fewer beds to the extreme end of the spectrum. Second, tones that were close and pitch tended to cancel each other out coming in particular towns overrode higher ones. Digitizing music with overlapping you could assign au fewer bitsdi of the violin. The auditory system cancel out noise following a loud click. Digitizing music with the symbol clash over a few measures you could assign fewer bits of the first fewes you milliseconds following the be. Fourth, flickr had shown the auditory system also al canceled out noise prior to a loud click which meanteit because it took a fewecon f milliseconds to hear and process. E this processing could besudden disrupted by a o sudden onrushing water noise. Going back going back to thewer crash you could assign fewerew bits to the first few milliseconds before the. Lying on decades of research brandenburg told the bits where to go. Quick city actually write the software or did develop a mac. By the middle of a. He himselfcl had written a metric computer encoder that could make this work. It sounded bad. He eventually deputized five people to work on the project with. They had some success. It is more like 20 people. De a development was notr complete,. He he relied a he relied a lot of programming expertise. Clicks the introduction did he make any money from that . Clicks will get that. [laughter] clicks this question. Lets just jump right to it. He worked at the compact disc manufacturing plant. A big problem was getting the cds out. Universal out. W universal was aware that it was valuable. At the end of each shift protocol instructed that he bring the overstock discs to a grinder where they were destroyed. The grinder was a grinder was a simple device painted heavy industry with the theme slot in the front. Discs were discs were dumped in the cylinder crushed undershorts. For years to it and watched thousands of perfectly good compact discs were destroyedly and over time came tofeed slo realize staring intot a black hole in the universalw. Security regime. A grinder was efficient but far toogic g simple as she had no memory wa and generated no records existing outside of the punk digital inventory process. If you were instructed to destroy 20 20 overstockan discs and only 23 made it noon i one accounting with her disc know. The take off the surgicalen glove holding an an wih oversight disc and want surreptitious graphical disk tied off to prompt thes lo grinder couldne open up the control panel of fuse box following a quick look around around to make sure he will secrete the club glov disc into the machine andm grind everything else. The end of the ship to get return info shutting it down grabbed the disc hiding spot it left the security. Hiding spot. There was a security guard. The security regime had a customs way station waystation that as you went through use larger employee key card. One out of every five or so would turn red and you had to take it over to the side and wanted. The security guards and their wands. The universal company insured and that the screenings were random. So he was specially targeted at selected for random screenings hundreds of times. The guards have been watching one day almost by accident new line something interesting. He typically wore sneakers but on this day he was wearing steel toed workboots. The guard was the security guards over here purposely one of the enemy fleet, but now i no youre talking about i vaguely remember is not a phase finally it was done clicks they had guys in the United Kingdom who were sort of getting prerelease copies review the final piece and guys in japan and they would show up for them to be first. Over 11 years now the lease were not to be sold. But he did not follow that he those and started building at home dvd duplicators ripping thousands of discs of wants and some selling them out of the trunk of his car. Eventually this bootlegging operation got elaborate. The mediaman was back. In addition he branched out. 300 discs in a good week 1500 cash no taxes. The price of dvd spindles was dropping rapidly. His margins were sliding into his pockets. The man was intense. He began to move discs through local barbershops. He would drop off 400 discs a piece. Those barbers would move the discs by the end of the week and return the collective share of the profits, 450 per spindle or roughly 900 per week. The bootleg movies made more than cutting here. Supply came from a variety of sources. They pushed hard on home dvd market. Other vendors tracked the dissemination and scored ribs from leading contenders official home release dates advancing technology revolutionizing the process and bootlegging movies from within the theater by capturing with digital camcorders synchronizing the video feed for higherquality audio feed. And the ones aware of the risk arrested one of the collaborators. Not often though the Network Affiliates notorious example the entire Fourth Season made its of maintenance of the pirate underground before any episode ever aired. Episodes of the sopranos were being transmitted via unencrypted satellite feed to local stations from los angeles to areas. The bandwidth well outside the normal commercial spectrum. Upload upload them to the top in advance. All of this and more. The edge gave him for other bootleggers translated directly in a profit on the street sometimes even supplying competitors carefully dripping out media to his friends only after he bled his local pastor i. The high. Came one saturday him to customers the lawn outside his house waiting for him to rip the discs. Clicks . 25 each and 0. 25 each and didnt want the barbers to take their cut. Profit margins were over 50 percent. The cost to 60 bucks retail. They did so to you right now for ten. The results you for 20. A copy of the professional engineering suite would bring 1,500 retail. Many came from inside the plant. It even better deal paying five bucks per movie you could build an unlimited subscription and you did not even need the discs. Once you bought once you bought yourself a password to download anything you wanted can find every movie that came out on dvd. He found it within the hour. Videoondemand the technology of the future. Running private netflix out of his house. That was his motivation. [laughter] clicks i found him through his fbi prosecution. A large government database. Three to 400. When i finally found it this is the guy. He really was patient zero. This created it turned into roses that they were able to recruit people from all of the world to join. He pled guilty and agreed to testify. The feds were interested in the guy who ran private neurosis. They did not have much to go on. All they had was someone talking on a cell phone once a week. He did not know his name, but he thought he could identify the guy via his ip address. So as he was preparing his defense he agreed to testify in exchange for leniency. In Hollywood Hills california and went to trial in 2010. Federal prison he have three months. He got out now off proration and works out of Freightliner Truck manufacturing facility in selling grills on the front of the truck. I found him in 2011. 2011. I was not even sure was the right guy. Kind of fit the geographical profile. No harm done. Called him a cell phone. Probably. Probably had about four or five phone conversations. It came down several times interviewing me with him and tour the facility of the plant where he worked. It shut down in 2009. All the machines were in latin america hollowing out. Six years later it still empty. You can do anything you want 300,000 ft. 2 of manufacturing facility. Manufacturing facility. No need to make anything. [laughter] clicks will be the last excerpt from the book and then open up for questions. Shut down and january 2007, but the guys who did this were addicted to doing this and could not stop. This is actually after napster for the most part. They actually met in mp3 chat channel trading rooms. He was 18 when he wrote the program and was deputized to go out and be a public face. That is how that is how old they were, just kids. The exact same age i am from this deep underground chat channel. I talk about it a bit in the book. The story is so wellknown. These other guys. But napster was huge. He starts he starts leaking again to another group. He called him again and have not been able to give up. I hurt your back in the game you may be dead but the leaks continue. Downsized only the most trusted members. Members. You and me and a couple europeans. And continue the leak but under random three letter acronyms for my group so secret it doesnt have a name. He spent years building this network. Network. Cant give it up now. Respect. To the social recognition of the online peers was something you never personally saw. There is a mysterious sense. The behavior at this. Could be described as compulsive. Trying to quit the same two different times. Years later he could not find the words precisely what motivated them. Perhaps he just wanted to make some kind of mark just one of the matter. Explain that there was one last they had to have. Scheduled the came out of the same day and there was a rivalry. This schedule the same release date for competing outcomes and were beefing in the press about who would sell more. . 50 a few did know when he would retire. It made the cover of rolling stone. She knew was all bs. He knew they distributed and promoted by the same corporate panel. Panel. Leak every release every artist ever put out. The sacred matter of tradition. He would keep an eye out. A week later he comes out. They released and went to work at the plant. A shift planned out. He worked six hours regular pay for six hours overtime finishes sixth memorial six memorial september 15. A coworker pulled him aside. Someone out there. Someone never never seen before. Paying around the track. Watch for the parking lot and saw three men who were staking out his truck. As he approached the vehicle he pulled that out of his pocket. The men stared at him and took no action. He pressed the remote love the truck chirped in the ministry their guns and told him to put his hands in the air. The appeal is currently searching his house. He he looked at them Still Holding a key file and asked if he was under arrest. They said that he was not but they would accompany him on the drive back to his house. Arriving home he found an ugly scene. In his front yard were half dozen fbi agents accompanied by a s. W. A. T. Team. His neighbor who did not like the police was yelling at them to leave his family alone. Agents were yelling at her to go back inside. Notice they had been kicked in. You can see where he found his girlfriend holding their infant son. On her face with a look of bewilderment or perhaps a combination of there were tears in her eyes. Special agent peter introduced himself. I have been looking for you for a long time. Starts talking. He asked see the search warrant. He showed it to him. He read it closely. The terms of the wanted not extend to his vehicle. If they did and find what they were looking for the late copy of kanye wests graduation. Thats the reading. Thank you for showing up. Im happy to answer questions. [applauding] [inaudible conversations] clicks piracy is really, younger people dont do it. The major artists people artists, people who have work interest in it what about the emerging artist . Do you think they have an effect on that . Clicks its great. You look at a guy named the weekend, and r b singer. Four years ago he was just releasing music producing recording tremendous remitting from a laptop. Last year he headlined in new york city took out a 35,000 people. Thats not possible without the internet. Clicks nothing. A preview for nothing. The classic model was your demo tape, music manager they gave you in advance based on future royalties. Based on what they thought clicks during the peak of the corporate consolidation labelers. In 1998 thats when i made the most money was terrible. That terrible. That was good. Pop was just unbearably bad. The music now is much better the profitable concerns spurred great culture and in a month ago by figures about what you said they. [inaudible conversations] hide is my first relationship is very rarely clicks they can skip it and let us get it up. [inaudible question] i guess clicks they can pull it can believe in certain in certain markets and do nothing or start running ads against the. So a different kind of model the cover of a radiohead song. The publishing the Publishing Rights of the song were being argued over. Im essentially licensing it from them without even knowing it. Was not a profitable model. [inaudible question] clicks spot if i was founded in 2008, Sweets Company am sorry founded in 2006 and lost in 2008. 06 and lost in 2008. Their mission was to get people to pay for music again. As the most convenient way to get music. 10 a month. About 20 a year from itunes a bunch of people sign up to save the future of the Music Industry and its really were everyones pushing you to go in and i really think• but but. Since about 2,008 and the right holder they to have to become aligned and the empowered person they sort of become customers. [inaudible question] we will place grace the forces of since her pussy i interviewed the most currently the ceo. The big three of the news industry sony universal and time warner. He never expressed any regret. These music stores would fail. Had something called press play and matter and are badly designed. I put in the store in 2,003. It didnt really solve anything. So from that perspective i dont i dont think i ever heard that exact word. The bigger regret that i did hear from the Music Industry and the title of this book is this had to sue their enduser, and customer for programming to cover project they called hubcap which was suing the average person who was on limewire. 16,000 lawsuits against against just random people. Just completely awful. [inaudible question] clicks no one goes in the Music Industry thought i should rephrase this. Its not a great business decision in the first place to become a musician. [laughter] i mean most musicians even at even at the height of the Music Industry were not competing. Economics pyramid economics where the people for the people of the top make money. Ours was around a long time before commerce. Music commerce. Music can exist outside of systems. Having said that command does not help our culture if musicians cannot make money. It is unfair if they cannot get paid for work. Your question was if i met anyone who said screw it on. Dot with music. I met some people who said they had been fired from majorlabel stuff, sound engineers who just said screw it. I dont think i dont think i met too many musicians who were like im giving up. Certainly there was no shortage of musicians who felt that way but i didnt talk any of of the clicks the engineers, pro tools allow people to make pretty decent music without going to the studio clicks did you have a question . The writing of the book. Is this your first book . How did you come to write it can someone help you in terms of just some of the way you describe . Like for example you describe the creator of the mp3 early in the book somebody that helped you with that or did you study creative writing and apply . Clicks it was just me. [laughter] clicks i know it was you mostly. Sure. It was drafted many times. Basically my background was i used to work in finance. In 36. I went six. I went to columbia journalism school. Writing the history of the mp3. While i was there my masters thesis, i decided to track down the centerpiece of the book. As i said there was a lot of people there who helped me improve my pros and writing style. But i. But i guess that is for the reader to judge. Clicks it sounds good. The new york times. The new yorker. Yeah. Clicks about a thousand words or excerpts. Clicks have not read your book yet. You shed a little light on what you discussed clicks the fourth character in the book is a guy named douglas who filed the predecessor a gigantic torrent site. He founded in 2,004. A University Student majoring in computer science. Originally it was like a site that they guy the guy was like ha ha, this would be fun. Most of the recorded history and high fidelity recording standards. And this created a lot of demand for him. They used to complain about music as a site filled up opening up a new vertical and audiobook. Somebody posted the 104 compact disc set collection of the british comedian stephen fry reading the entire Harry Potter Series from the first taste the last. A hundred and 54 hours long. [laughter] rolling, who wrote harry potter has this really aggressive copyright enforcement team. They track ellis down and outed him and reported him to the uk authorities. They charged him with criminal conspiracy to defraud essentially a racketeering charge which was such a strong charge that he was actually able to beat it in court and was ultimately found innocent. I was i was only able to contact him wants. In the wake of that fiasco it was shut down but the next day the truly to successor states started. Finally,. Finally, the answer to your question, whats the cd. Whoever is operating the site remained fairly high level of anonymity. Last monday at 12 30 p. M. Or so my ebook got ripped and posted. [laughter] clicks not even the top ten. [laughter] you are writing about what happened. What what is happening in the Book Business obviously. How are you approaching that in your career as a writer journalist and how are you monetizing . Clicks good question. I do not get paid to chore. I am here for free. We have to give you wine and cheese just to get you to show up. [laughter] it is a big problem for authors. A fairly cumbersome process. 400 kilobytes as an ebook. Its one of the old 5. 25 floppy disks. Very small and should be portable easily. The book is already faced this competition before. An institution. Youre always youre always able to go get and share a book. We have destroyed the publishing industry. I think it did. I support your local library. Creates a risk. However risk. However field as possible the book will be tormented. I did myself just to try it out. It it is fun to pirate yourself. [laughter] clicks the bookstore tour is a necessity for marketing. More public speaking engagements and diversity. That is actually a little dicey. Journalists respect the integrity of the profession. Google calls me and says i give i give you 5 grams to come tomatoes compromising and they cant write anything critical about google which i want to. It is tough. Easier if youre a fiction writer. [inaudible question] i am independent. I guess i could start another book. I am fresh out of ideas. Clicks these news programs cant do anything controversial. Is always been a problem. The other way the other model is fiction. A few publishers are trying limited experience where you sort of pay 20 bucks a month can access all to all the books. It is for the heavy reader. Personally i will try to keep my stuff off of the model that model for as long as possible. Far more profitable for me for you to buy my book it for me license it although i get no money