Interview you have the three comicbook. And for a man who has so many journeys in lifeline on another . But that comicbook was an echo as he brought back into the movement and that was the montgomery story and that comicbook that and put that in preparation of the interview, adjusted great piece of cultural history but the message is to love your enemy as part of the nonviolent christian message with the emphasis on letting your enemy except for the family of those that were killed in charleston in the church shooting, who forgave the shooter incredibly powerful moment, other than that, we dont hear as much about the central idea of nonviolence of loving your enemy and to hear him talk about that cracking his school at the nightclub. That is really powerful in terms of history of the world. Of course, so many people that were beaten years ago no have received apologies and their is a much reconciliation looking at south africa the contrast of america now because at a time when politics have ever been more divided. There is still that light people like john lewis care reit on. Host talk about reconciliation, George Wallace before he died when on the reconciliation tour by going back to africanamerican pastors. Guest so there is help. When i think you once again the book is wonderful it is a great collection of memories but there are stories that can give us all guidance with this crazy election season. It was fun. Welcome everyone it is my pleasure to introduce our author and speaker. I must say that i am proud to have heard here because she is one of my former graduate students many people can share that honor so we all want to take credit for you how well we think w. Right now she is a lecturer at the university of and her most recent book even though she has been over a very short period of time is the book on more correspondence and what she has done over a number of years because of interest of foreign conflicts in various parts of the world she will share with you today her most recent work interviewing correspondence. [applause] thank you so much. I am so happy to be here cant deeply grateful for what you have done the some of my favorite people in the room this makes me extraordinarily happy. So before you Start Talking about this book, frontline journalist have increasingly perilous future if you are my age you have to get extra thick glasses. So that makes it easier. But the title says a lot. War correspondents certainly but people who report on organized crime, authoritarian governments and what they have to go through to get the story while we get the information that we get, what are the considerations that they make in order to look into these situations and in the end how they may have some censorship with that information struggle that sometimes a call the information more so i will put into context so with my phd dissertation and my first book was called kill the messenger i was interested to you because understand the role of media with all kinds of conflicts and situations around the world. So what i concluded they used to be attached to one another they have similar dynamics and the genocidal history so a hundred thousand people were brutally slaughtered all lauded the International Organizations went to try to prevent that from happening again there. What they did vice setups for to act as an ethical screen to change the message is it of having those eight messages from rwanda and actually galvanize people to help the nine leaked annihilate a group of people but what they did was change the whole equation and humanized each other to understand the roots of that conflict from the zero leaders sometimes b. C. He said she said we said we will not put that off the radio please come back with something that is constructive for. So i did help to genes the dynamics in burundi. Not for very long. The first thing they did was they went to the media to change the messages but interested in ethical journalism what is ethical journalism and the impact it makes . Why do we get the stories that we get . And those that do this type of dangerous work. Where is a good place to begin . Thereto planes that they fight on there is a battle but also the information or more to persuade as many people that they can that their side is right and the other side is wrong. It is broadening the audience as much as they can to tell their story they want to tell it potentially their version of propaganda on each side. Number one they are not clearcut it is not one state versus another we have a messy and chaotic conflict and that makes that hard for journalists to maneuver within the conflict zones if it isnt clear what territory they are in and who controls that territory. Then the communication factor which is also changed war and conflict and part of that to democratize the world. With all of these wonderful things on the internet. The internet has done some wonderful things and democratized a lot of ways ngos can communicate all over the world. People who witnessed can communicate there is an amazing array of things the internet has given to us. At the same time, it has also become a means for lawmakers and terrorist groups to communicate. What happens to ethical journalist who want to go in there and tell wet they see as the truth or what they have witnessed . And what they see as the situation accurately and as an example that came from the of book what they do sometimes summoned you may have heard marie who was in the news recently she was killed in couple of years ago in syria but they were in iraq for the first call for when there were two sides of the story. There was a bombing in the Iraqi Government said u. S. Forces had killed civilians. The American Forces said know we did not. So we physically went and it counted bodies. That is what and ethical journalist would do. If you say this or that we will physically go hot and tell the audience the reality. So with the internet with their own propaganda and misinformation what is a journalist . They are in the way of that story. There are different stages of journalism. So with their side of us conflict for were considered an officer. In the 80s with a lot of rubble complex they could go from one side to the other to ask each side for their particular interpretation. Water your concerns . And that is perfectly okay with everybody they need the journalists to tell their story. So they were not targets. Now everybody has their own microphone and this is why we see increasingly a rash of killings in places such as syria. They dont want this neutral voice again maybe not so neutral as the book there is quite a book quite a bit because a journalist terry excited. There is their humanity, i emotions commentary some concerns, interests that drives this story gathering. Without a journalist what happens . We get one side or the other or to conflicted sides we bono. Is paid a trouble some time because we dont know. In some democratic fashion want to know with the privatized military with that going on. But it is also for the policy makers. So one of the journalists that interview was talking about how they missed the story in afghanistan and did not see the developments in did not report them then all of a sudden you have a big problematic area you cannot make decisions without good information. What happens today because it is so dangerous in parts of the world like syria, to say we will not accept freelance material if you go to syria you have stories and photos to not come to us that want to discourage people to risk their lives. So it creates a dilemma. You want to know what is going on. If they will not come out alive this is what they said over and over. And it is interesting faugh she goes back to syria and does not want her name in the book. So she can fly under the radar. Because she is of syrian descent. She has a fake identification but not the only one that use one but she slips in and out of the and checkpoints seamlessly. At one point she went to egypt and met a canadian guy on the airplane and said he will sit in the front seat i will sit in the back and ask questions. Here is one place where sects is someone helper. Because they did not even bother to ask and she was able to get in there and report some of the best dories out of egypt. So this is the way that they would operate. We do with by the rules. We get a pass they are stamped by the appropriate group, we do as much as we can and one even said had his pass stamped by isis. But then he pushes the envelope little more and little more and then he had the first discovery of the concentration camps in bosnia. And wrote about it despite the offensive and getting in with a photographer talking to the cards the guards giving him candy and cigarettes that goes so long way in many parts of the world. In the background were the guys getting their heads sheared wobble like sheep very scanty and malnourished and sick. That is how they saw something was going on. They went to refugee camps asking people asking people and found other people who had escaped for had relatives that were taken. So the government is trying to control the information. The journalist try to get the information but within a certain umbrella of rules one of the things that Michael Parks said the guy is with the guns make the rules. So you have to abide by those. In south africa sometimes he did and sometimes he did not and sometimes he got caught if i remember the story right. But that is just part of what happens sometimes it is a little too unreasonable as a journalist tries to get the information out to. But what guides the journalist is they want to tell you something that is important. The Syrian American journalist is one example. This is one country she cares deeply about. With the enormous amounts of empathy for people. And is truly upset and angry and sad event by what has happened. To take care of the situation and invariably most of the journalists that i talked to this was on their mind. We want the world to act. White isnt anybody doing anything . That is the exception. Fair rest of them had resigned themselves that we set the story straight even if nobody does anything, at least there is a record. That can and of itself is a public service. Remember the saying in a democracy having information is always better than not having the information. So that could be life for death. The other aspect is journalist and correspondence have a different set of complications and half of the interviewees that was live in the region where the problems are. I was struck by the enormous amount of courage to do this kind of work. The local journalist, this is their friends and family and community that our bonaparte in many cases. So the editor of the daily newspaper in bosnia would put up the newspaper every single day people needed to know what happened where to begin water. Is the International Community going to do anything . I can count five of his own journalist as a machine gun sprayed his office he happened to not be there he risked his life over and over and sent his family away and continued to work unable to communicate with them but he felt he had to that it was his sense of duty was allimportant to get the information out. Another local journalist was a gentleman and pakistan who discovered through his own information with public documents, half of that parliament have never paid taxes. A different type of story than a Foreign Correspondent would cover but it mattered to the local community and it is our regions. Outrageous so then he wrote about the Intelligence Service and how they were behaving improperly at best and was kidnapped and tortured at least half an hour with shade and photographed then it dropped off outside of islamabad and had to put themselves back together again. You think that would be discouraging he kept doing the workers his family said can you please stop and . We are little concerned this will get all of us into trouble. He did several things because he felt committed to him is country he was offered jobs in the United States and britain but said this is my country. First of all in pakistan it is a little bit of a stigma to go through that. Not like you can go find your shrink. He was dealing with himself his friends were avoiding him. He said he learned to focus on the present. Every time of fear would come up or the horror of the experience he would focus on the present. In a few other things and this is important for journalism students he practiced being so extraordinarily professional with all the people he would report on and agencies such that they like him. They did not come after him again. You cannot miss people that is a luxury to be able to misquote people is not appropriate to be been you tell the facts within context but dont accuse people. You dont blame people. But you give them a bigger context and make a policy issue of governance. If somebody says i dont want to give you a quotation then give them time. So he managed to keep reporting on pakistan still. However my doing on time . Some of the journalist for so discouraged they wanted to leave journalism or just report on Something Else for a while. They had seen too much and were gutted emotionally and by the lack of the International Community response. So that was part of the harm that was done is that that is to the trauma that they have endured. Said the different kinds of trauma so those that were the most traumatizing were not necessarily what happened to them those that seek lives shattered to tell the story of an elderly couple living in a corner could not contact family and lost everything to ask a journalist, with the bbc to please go to croatia and looked up my daughter to tell them i am okay he took the notes to the daughters and said please know that mommy and daddy are okay. Everything will be fine. We will be sipping tea together soon. He knew that they would not make it. He had written this generous note and delivered it to the daughter knowing in all reality it was very of likely they would never see them again. And he pointed out this is one of the things that was inspiring as they refuse to let them take his dignity but he wore the thai. The necktie. So these remarkable stories the alliance and the lives and remarkable people. Is a lot of things access it is key. Journalists are always negotiating so they ask for permission sometimes they get it and sometimes they dont. Many of those that i interviewed, some of them used guess. A gift. Another will not let me be feel food she is that will pack cache and alcohol in to her luggage and that customs they would take them out that was part of the customer if he then there would pepper hair rollers and say whats this . He would say my wife will like this. So that became the entrance fee. This is the first debt to determine. Sometimes you can even get n inside. There is a vast array so second their interest matters so much. And earlier there is a sense of empathy and outrage that they are outrageous this should not be such talk of objectivity in this Community One that is guiding them. Some of them are covering humanrights. Some are interested in history unfolding we are here we get to see it. And Carol Williams talks about the conflict with this young boy who had seen his teacher blown up in front of them and change her perspective yang got to hear about shooting up either side we will stay here as long as we can because this is not okay these are young boy is getting completely traumatized at a young age with propaganda and we are not leaving. This is happening over and over were they start off with one thing and then are drawn into another story. Let me think. I dont want to talk to onetime for questions. Talk about access and interest but there are other aspects like punishment and censorship. Some places there are military censors were you have to run your story through them in order to get it out the other side they may ask you to take something out or put it back and and most comply with that. One of the places it is israel and he said i am from new zealand i will fly below the radar. They did not notice. So much depended on things like that. If you are not a big publication or tv station you might be able to get through below the radar. Then there is punishment. They were very cognizant to be careful enough not to be kicked out of the country but to push the boundaries just enough that they could get the material out to the audience. Then of course, the big safety issue. Every time they had to make the decision about a story to get out alive and in one piece and if i take that risk is it worth it . Is there something that i think is important enough to risk life and limb . As an mentioned in the beginning. So now i will open for questions and i will tell you what you want to know. [applause] i interested in the fact you interviewed the journalists that were foreign and local correspondents did you see the emotions got in the way . Not in the way but they acted more as a propellant rather than a repellent and in Northern Ireland is a great example. They have to and have decades of conflict and one journalist said we have had it up to the back teeth he said and she said and with the death and destruction. So once the Peace Process began in earnest and to be discussed of the conflict with that deep desire with an end to the conflict. That is one example. So when it is your own family and friends and community that is ripped apart it is a much more intense commitment that is reporting what is happening in that information that you perceive is different. The bosnian journalist to care about the big human rights stories we care about the zero little stories that means something to people. And dont know where their kids are. With that type of intensity and focus is different. But it was not like that dissident is inaccurate it is still accurate it is just a different frame to focus on the peacemaking. To deliver in the context of the Peace Process. And who is to blame call is the progress going with the Peace Process . What is the potential solution for this conflict quick so there are questions going on driven with their emotions and cognition. , many carry contingency insurance . Those with the newspapers tend to have insurance. And it comes into place sometimes but the freelancers dont have that and it is a problem. To see all kinds of risks sometimes they dont wear a flak jacket i want the Security Apparatus item when anybody to know i am a journalist that is my safety. But to go in with Armored Vehicles and in the back of the car. But is a whole different set. Party that is individual preferences how much security they want and how much insurance was demanding and they refuse to follow in that case. How do the journalist how do they decide what not to report . You were talking about burundi but theyre not responding to the most extreme. That would be difficult thing for a journalist to do. Is that a conflict . This is a framing question. We are always framing all the time. It is what you focus on and contextualize as well. Is somebody is calling to slaughter the other side that is probably not the most responsible thing to put out there. Day what to do that he said she said . Would make more sense to report on the next answer to the question why are we in the conflict in the first place . And sometimes getting to the question of power. You may have a big transcript with an article that is small what you put it in or take out is discretion to tell the story you want to tell. Obviously it is how it is contextualized. I dont think anybody withheld information of something significant if they witnessed it but it was more how they would frame it and within what context. To talk about the local journalist and to make friendships. So understanding your question with a conflict . So foreign and local correspondents. Oftentimes that becomes as part of the one dryish to Work Together with these stories. Where the correspondence will go together or report together on these issues. That they are not in competition and a source of information. When they say journalists hang around together because they have good stories to tell. Sometimes there is a concern sometimes we get the same story over and over. But they do rely on each other. Talk about insurance it goes together. Mostly from big american magazines they would buddy along from another big publication. Today the Insurance Companies are not letting that have been so much. If they dont have coverage they may say im sorry. So that is a new development as well. The camaraderie is an important part of journalism. Wayne and it was the case in the heat of the ukrainian conflict. And then there was another journalistic standard and these were the best quick studies with visual technology not trained and Journalism School but happen to have local contact and reporting with images. Great stuff but at this same time they were censoring themselves and had decided there is one guilty party in the conflict with the good guys and bad guys and we will report so people understand what we understand. So to show not that they do bad things also but we will slant that. Had to editors or anybody deal with that . To have people who can go there with great material but might not have sign a pledge with a class of ethics are to have any training in balance. Is a problem now if you cannot get the other side story. And not understanding that big part of that. And with those budget cuts the inability as much as they used to to talk about how she wanted to go back to that conflict in the ukraine but they would not send her. So to peace that together from the ukrainian news outlets. This is becoming harder and harder. If you dont have people on the ground you dont have somebody that is trained to be neutral. But there is a fairness to ask people from each side of the conflict that people generally dont think they will be fighting. I dont think i am that bad guy. This is a bigger problem because of lack of resources with social media and journalism to put things to give the context that it needs. Yes. Are they discouraged to be a correspondent is that more passive white dont go to this area quite. Both. But we are not going there. There is a lot of that going on with those who can safely navigate but they are increasingly parts of syria is the best example you are really taking your life into your own hands. Even with that pakistan meet interviewee there are parts would not go into but if i would i would not come out and you dont get the story either. So not only am i gone and dead but now no audience will get the benefit of knowing anything more because it is on. Increasingly it is recognized that some say we should train citizen journalist. It is a very dire time in terms of what do you need to know and how did they know the material . What are some of the challenges that freelance journalist face . It is much much harder for the freelancers. Now theyre doing hostility training and they trade what to do any cost dial situation for example,. If you are kidnapped what do . It is expensive insurance in is one thing. If you go to combat traumatized and most of them did, they were very affected by the work they have done, Big Companies will usually help pay for you to get counseling and what ever else that you need but freelance you are on your own. If you work for a big company if you do get imprisoned in a country that you would sneak into, the company will work hard to get you out. If you are one year alone it is much harder. Your parents and friends will call so you dont have that same kind of leverage that a staff journalist has. With the ability to communicate with the government officials. So if you can get a company. You think freelance journalist can decide what they choose to report . I think it is the next they have to make the pitch to the editors and persuade them of the news worthiness of the story. And tweeting now he is on the market but he wanted to cover burma. He was looking for an ankle because nobody could sell the idea. And apartheid made it more interesting pet tying that to Hillary Clinton because she had gone there. So to be on staff to still persuaded the editors it was a worthy story. So the more you are interested you may have to find several angles. Now he is the freelancer but he was in the bureau chief in turkey expressed enormous frustration with his editor and then he knows he has the story and they will not let him go with that. It goes both ways. If the main editor says we do not want that you can go to other places but there is more risk to do that. To talk about pakistan with indiana and kashmir, india i dont know if it is not covered with a few can address that blacks. I can tell you specifically palette is covered now are you interested in going . There are a few ways to go about this there is something on fees but called we will churr club. That is wherefores park Foreign Correspondents go to talk with each other to find local journalist and translators to help them navigate a foreign territory they call them a fixer and it is not a nice word but the fixers are generally from local communities to u. S. You cant go in buchanan not. Sometimes they will get you in trouble you have to be careful. One got him kidnapped he had to jump out of a moving vehicle to escape. But you cant find somebody who knows kashmir where to go but double check everything and translate to tell you about the culture to understand the context these are local people so they have a perspective that is more how to go in. One other thing that i did not talk about but i want to mention it that social media with good and bad so journalists to cover mexico when they found that friends and friends and of friends there were falling the month casebook. And it was no fault of their own but in certain parts of the world you have to align with the other to survive. So with this book the social network was the dangerous place that when every say gets translated into a potential danger as well with social media and citizen journalism there is the information put out there by those that are not necessarily trained of accuracy. There are organizations coming up that are fact checking. Some of the videos posted on you to you can see a fait check out to see if they spend all their time if these videos are authentic from youtube. But this is the world that we live spinnaker media presently with the social movements that are going on for more humanrights with freedom. Can you speak to the situation and the coverage of armenia and the presentday politics quick. A share have known youd ask that question and i should have prepared better. I dont know other if they and their is a very vibrant Civil Society in Journalistic Society that is working very hard to try to start to protect the environment with other types of civil rights. If the government is not particularly friendly to the people but i have heard recently that with the citizens can be pretty strong to stand up to lawenforcement officers. Standing up to government officials. So i have great hopes item know how long it will take. [applause] [inaudible conversations] of its electricity unprecedented double bass speaking specifically today adn of explosion of hiphop with the global export and what does that mean for those particular images . With follow these images that are being projected to the world how to be wrestled with pdf the truth of the artists expression but also to recognize that truth is sometimes borne of a form of oppression and stereotyping. How do we reconcile all of those things that once . That is very difficult to try to do to respect ones truth and know that it is influenced of what you may not want to be a part of. But the attention of that type of visibility of the Central American question because of the necessity of blackness is to the american identity, an order for the United States to operate the way that it does, it needs the bottom. Pin feeds the system of hierarchy. There is tape was the fact of the economic strongholds to be embraced into that folder to ensure its always at the bottom so there is a need then to flatten those identities and demonize and make the humanity of black people to their french postcards