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popular peaceful demonstrations in china. there's been widespread and continuing violence many casualties and many deaths. and we deplore the decision to use force. and i now call on the chinese leadership publicly as i have in private channels. to avoid violence and to return to their previous policy of restraint. the demonstrators in tiananmen square were advocating basic human rights, including the freedom of expression. freedom of the press freedom of association these are goals. we support around the world. these are freedoms that are enshrined in both the us constitution and the chinese constitution. throughout the world we stand with those who seek greater freedom and democracy. this is the strongly felt view of my administration. of our congress and most important of the american people in recent weeks we've urged mutual restraint nonviolence and dialogue. instead there has been a violent and bloody attack on the demonstrators. the united states cannot condone the violent attacks and cannot ignore the consequences for our relationship with china, which has been built on a foundation of broad support by the american people. this is not the time for an emotional response. but for a reason careful action takes into account both are long-term interests and recognition of a complex internal situation in china. they're clearly is turmoil within the ranks of the political leadership as well as the political the people's liberation army and now is the time to look beyond the moment. to important enduring and enduring aspects of this vital relationship for the united states. indeed the budding of democracy which we have seen in recent weeks. owes much to the relationship. we have developed since 1972 and it's important at this time to act in a way that will encourage the further development and deepening of the positive elements of that relationship and the process of democratization. it would be a tragedy for all. if china were to pull back to its pre-1972 era of isolation and repression. mindful of these complexities and yetter the necessity to strongly and clearly express our condemnation of the events of recent days. i'm ordering the following actions suspension of all government to government sales sales and commercial exports of weapons. suspension of visits between us and chinese military leaders sympathetic review of requests by chinese students in the united states to extend their stay. and the offer of humanitarian and medical assistance through the red cross to those injured during the assault. and review of other aspects of our bilateral relationship as events in china continue to unfold the process of democratization of communist. societies will not be a smooth one. and we must react to setbacks in a way which stimulates rather than stifles progress toward open and representative systems, and i'd be glad to take a few questions before our cabinet meeting which starts in a few minutes i think on i can't remember who's first year tom you have said then helen. i know so the journey of democracy cannot be put back in the bottle in china you said however before the the actions of the past weekend, do you still believe that and are the further steps that the united states could take such as economic sanctions to further democracy in china. yes. i still believe that. i believe the forces of democracy are so powerful and when you see him as recently as this morning a single student standing in front of a tank and then i might add seeing the tank driver exercise restraint. i'm convinced that the forces of democracy are going to overcome. he's unfortunate events in tien on men square on the commercial side. i don't want to chinese people. i happen to believe that the commercial contacts have led. in essence to this quest for more freedom, i think as people have commercial incentive whether it's in china or another totalitarian systems the move to democracy becomes more inexorable. so what if we we done is suspended certain certain things in the military side and my my concern is with those in the military who are using force and yet when i see some exercising restraint and see that big divisions that exist inside the pla i am i'm i think we need to move along the lines i've outlined here. i think that it's important to keep saying to those elements in the chinese military restraint. continue to show the restraint that many of you have shown and i understand there are deep divisions inside the army. so this is we're putting the emphasis on that side of it. yeah helen. contact with the chinese leadership. why do you think they moved in the way they did and why did you wait so long? well, i don't think we've waited so long helen. we've been i made very clear in a personal communication to dong xiaoping my views on this talk to the ambassador last night jim lilly. we've been in he's been in touch constantly with the chinese officials and so i can't i can't i don't feel that we've waited long when you have a force of this nature and you have events of this nature unfolding. we are the united states and they are china and what i want to do is continue to urge them. freedom democracy respect non-violence and with great admiration in my heart for the students so i don't think we've waited long. what was the other part of your question? yes, they did. they finally moved in. what do you think is we were urging on that's if i'm glad you raise that point we were and have been and will continue to urge restraint and they did the army did show restraint when one lee was here. he told me and this is very chinese the way he expressed it the army and they showed restraint for a long time and i don't i don't think i can't begin to fathom for you exactly what led to the to the order to use force because even as recently as a couple of days ago there were there was evidence that that the military were under orders not to use for so i think we have to wait now until that unfolds. yeah, brett. could you give us your current best assessment of the political situation there which leaders are up which are down who apparently has prevailed here and who apparently has lost two obscure. it's too it's too but clouded to say and when i and i would remind you of the history in the cultural revolution days. don't shall ping at mount saintung's right hand was was put out. he came back 1976. he was put out again in the last days of of mount zetong in the days of the gang of four, then he came back. can and to his credit he moved china towards openness towards democracy towards reform and suddenly we see a reversal and i don't think there's anybody in this country that can answer your question with authority at this point. it doesn't work that way in dealing with china. of course, that done was behind the the move to order the troops and other reports that he's ailing in a hospital. what do you know about that sir? not don't know for sure on either and i've talked to our ambassador on that as i say last night, and we just can't confirm one way or another on the east on the other. yeah the president you spoke of the need. for the us to maintain relations with china, but given the brutality of his tax over the last couple of days can can the us ever return to business as usual with the current regime. i've i don't want to see a total break in this relationship and i will not. encourage a total break in the relationship this relationship is when you see these kids. struggling for democracy and freedom. this would be a bad time for the united states to withdraw and pull back and leave them to the devices of a leadership that might decide to crack down further. i do know some have suggested i take the ambassador out in my view. that would be 180 degrees wrong our ambassador provides one of the best listening posts we have in china. he is thoroughly experienced and so let others make proposals that in my view don't make much sense. i want to see us stay involved and continue to work for restraint. and for human rights and for democracy and then down the road, we have enormous commonality of interest with china, but it will not be the same under a brutal and repressive regime. so it's stopped. i stopped short of suggesting that what we ought to do is break relations with china and i would like to encourage them to continue their change. yes. you're sending us a message to the military into the government message do you want the students do for you? from what you're saying that we support their quest for democracy for reform and for freedom, and there should be no doubt about that and then in sending this message to the military, i would encourage them to go back to the posture of a few days ago that did show restraint and that did recognize the rights of the people and it did epitomize what that chinese leader told me that the loves the people are still. examples of that the home to the students stop trying i can't dictate to the students what they should do from halfway around the world, but we support the quest for democracy and reform and i just have to repeat that. yeah, mr. president. i'd like to ask you about the other development in iran. what is your assessment of who is in charge and what opportunities the changes in iran create for the us? we're not sure yet. come any appears to be the anointed successor the will having been read by khomeini's son. but again in the society of that nature, it's hard to predict. i would simply repeat what i said on january 20th that there's a way for relationship with the united states to improve and that is for a release of the american hostages, but charles i can't give you an answer on that one. no experts here can yet either? yeah, you make any overture, you know, michael just made it you plan any overtures or any any other kind of opening toward iran? no government. absolutely not they know what they need to do. we have they have been a terrorist state and as soon as we see some move away from oppression and and extremism of that nature we will review our relationship. yeah. we're just working our way back here question mark sanctions for this morning's announcement and what we do with the balance yesterday, i reserve the right. take a whole new look at things if the violet esc violence escalates, but i'm indicated to you why i think the suspension of certain military relationships is better than moving against the on the on the economic side. yeah, mr. president. do you feel that the chinese leadership? cares what the united states does or thinks right now? i think they are. in a sense of contradiction themselves right now. china has historically been less than totally interested in what other countries think of their performance you have. just look back to the middle kingdom syndrome and you look back in history when outsiders including the united states reviewed as quote barbarians unquote. so historically china with its immense pride and it's cultural background and it's enormous history of conflict internal and external has been fairly independent in setting its course. i have had the feeling that china wants to be a more acceptable acceptable in the family of nation and i think any observer would agree that indeed until very recent events. they'd moved in that direction. so what i would like to do is encourage them to move further in that direction by recognizing the rights of these young people and by by rebuking any use of force, yeah president more than most americans understanding chinese. how do you account for the excessive violence of this response once the army decided to act that they would drive armored personal carriers into walls of people, how can you explain that? i really can't it is very hard to explain because there was that restraint that was properly being showed for a while on the part of the military challenged to come in and restore what i'm sure they've been told order to a situation which i expect they had been told was an archaic and so i can't explain it. i can't explain it unless there were under orders and then you get into the into the end of the argument about well, what orders do you follow and so i cannot i condemn it. i don't try to explain it. yeah working away across that. oh, excuse me. we're telling me take these next two rows and then i'll go peacefully. sorry about you guys back there with mine. well you mr. president be able to accommodate the polls from congress for tougher sanctions many lawmakers felt you were slow to condemn or criticized the violence in china before now and many are pushing for much tougher action on the part of this country. i've told you what i'm going to do. i'm the president i set the foreign policy objectives and and actions taken by the executive branch. i think they know most of them on congress that i not only a keen personal interest in china, but that i understand it reasonably. well, i will just reiterate to the leaders this afternoon my conviction that this is not a time for or for anything other than a prudent reasoned response and it is a time to assert over and over again our commitment to democracy emphasize the strength that we give to democracy and situations of this nature and i come back to the front line question here. i do think this change is inexorable. it may go a couple of steps forward and then take a step back, but it is on the move. the genie will not be put back in the bottle. and so i'm trying to take steps that will encourage the peaceful change and yet recognize the the fact that china does have great pride in its own history and and my recommendations are based on my knowledge. of chinese history, so i would argue with those who want to do something more flamboyant because i happen to feel that this relationship is vital to the united states of america and so is our adherence to democracy in our courage encouragement for those who are willing to hold high the banner of democracy, so we found i think a prudent path here. yeah. china can have a killing effect on democratic reforms occurring in other communist countries here really the soviet union and eastern europe when they kind of uprising that parked in china. no, i think that i think the move that we're seeing in eastern europe today and indeed in the soviet union are going to go forward and i think people are watching more with horror and saying how given this movement towards democracy. can the chinese leadership react in the way they have and so i think it's i think i think this may be a sign to others around the world that people are are heroic when it comes to their commitment to democratic change, and i would just urge the chinese leaders to recognize that last row here. we're going to cross that said. yeah this president their reports that the chinese military is badly divided in this for this crackdown the authorities brought in some troops from the debt conflict if that's the case. how does the suspending our these military relationships encourage any kind of change? i mean you explain what the point of doing that is. i already did david you missed it. i'd explained it because i want to keep it on the military side this i've expressed here rhetorically the indignation we feel i recognize the history of china moving into its own middle kingdom saint syndrome as it's done in various times in its past and i want to encourage the things that have helped the these people and i think now the suspension was going to send a strong signal. i'm not saying it's going to cure the short-range problem in china. i'm not sure any outside country can cure the short range that today in tnn men square problem, but i think it is very important. the chinese leaders know is not going to be business as usual and i think it's important that the army know that we want to see restraint and this is the best way to signal that. any others in there? yeah, but you hear conflict you talked about the divisions within the chinese army. do you wear your advisors fear that there could actually be a civil conflict between army commanders? well, i don't want to speculate on that but there are differences clearly. within the army in terms of use of force. otherwise, they wouldn't be doing what david huffman properly pointed out is happening units coming in from outside, and it is not incidentally just in tiananmen square that the chinese that this problem exists. it is in shanghai. it's in chengdu today. it's in guangzhou. i'm told in a much smaller scale, but they brought the troops in from outside because the beijing troops apparently demonstrated a great sensitivity to the cause of the young people and were were discipline though. they were they opted if the side of democracy and change in the young people. so those others came in, but i certainly don't want to to speculate on something that i don't have i can't reach that conclusion. put it that way. i think i just saw a speculation. i haven't got it on any i don't believe the intelligence said that but there are there are reports that it is very difficult for some of these meant for some of the military who are more much more sympathetic to the openness to the to the demonstrators and i again go back to the to the original question here that tom asked i think with the change had that's taken place so far were beyond. kind of a cultural revolution response i think it i think the depth of the of the feeling towards democracy is so great that that you can't put the genie back in the bottle and return to total repression and i think what we're seeing as a manifestation of that in the divisions within the pla, but i i certainly want to stop short of predicting a a civil war between units of the people's liberation army. thank you all very much have a cabinet meeting and you think of the election well the foundation i think they were very interesting. they don't haven't seen the final results. but how many is bureaucracy where in poland what's to me like there's quite a move moving towards this freedom and democracy. don't know. the last time i thought before being brought you if you would win if you do here. typically and all those for the open phohi, i'm lisa kathleen. gratty. i'm one of the political history curators here at the smithsonian's national museum of american history. and you're joining me in one of our storage areas to take a sneak peek at some of the objects being donated related to associate justice ruth bader ginsburg. we were honored to visit justice ginsburg's chambers at the invitation of her family and select material that we hoped. they might donate to the smithsonian. we visited on the first monday in october. first day that the court met after justice ginsburg's death. it made the visit poignant. we were able to remember the contributions that she had made to our constitution. to our government to our way of life. we were looking for material that would help us. tell the story of justice ginsburg's life. and her contributions not just her life. but material that we could use to help tell stories about all americans stories about women's rights civil rights women in politics women taking positions in government. and how women and especially politicians can become popular culture figures. avatars for our conversations about all of those rights this is ruth bader. ginsburg's judicial robe. it's the one that you saw her wearing for most of her career, and it's actually a lawyers wrote. she purchased it in france from a firm that specializes in academic and legal robes. being so simple. it meant that she could customize it. both ruth bader ginsburg and sandra day o'connor customized their robes with collars in dubose like o'connor ruth bader ginsburg started out with simple lace collars. this is an example of something she wore early on in her career and you can see it in many portraits of her on the court. but she soon branched out with more decorative and descriptive callers. this is the descent color. signaled her opposition or dissent for decisions made by the majority on the court. in addition to the opinion she was authoring. collars became a way for ginsburg to signal her descent or agreement with the opinions about to be delivered by the court. like ginsburg herself the descent collar became a pop culture icon and fans of the justice can now by their own versions of it. when ginsburg was announcing the majority opinion or agreed with it. she would wear this collar. this is the majority collar and it was a gift from her staff. you may assume that these were custom-made pieces specifically for judicial use but ginsburg repurposed material to create her wardrobe of collars. the descent collar is actually from banana republic. the justice received it at a glamor luncheon when she was named woman of the year. the majority collar was a gift from her staff. it actually comes from anthropology. is ginsburg became famous for her collars? she started to receive them as gifts. this tile caller was given to her by the new mexico chapter of the international women's forum and became one of her favorites. we all have ways in milestones in which we mark our career ruth bader ginsburg was no different. in her 40 years of federal service. she received any number of years in service pins. both from the supreme court in these mark 15 20 25 years on the supreme court bench and of course as a federal employee. these pins mark 25 years as federal employee and for her ruby anniversary 40 years. ginsburg's 40-year career as a civil servant began in 1980 when she was nominated as a federal judge by president jimmy carter. in 1993. she was nominated to be the second female associate justice of the supreme court by president bill clinton. justice ginsburg, will you raise your right hand and repeat after me? i ruth bader ginsburg do solemnly swear. that i will support and defend the constitution of the united states that i will support and defend the constitution of the united states. many justices are respected ruth bader ginsburg made a mark as a pop culture icon as well. after sandra day o'connor's retirement ginsburg was the lone woman on the bench. she was soon joined by justice sotomayor and justice kagan. in 2015 maya weinstock immortalized them as the legal justice league in lego. justice ginsburg was famed for her collegiality and her ability to separate work from friendships. ruth bader ginsburg and justice antonin scalia maintained a long friendship, even though they were in disagreement on any number of issues before the court. ginsburg is famed for saying that you should fight for the things you care about but do it in a way that will make people want to join you and that includes maintaining the court's long tradition of collegiality. so they're dissenting never got in the way of their friendship. this illustration is from a children's book i descent. ruth bader ginsburg makes her mark and the drawing is by elizabeth badley. the story of law is told primarily through paper. we're lucky to have these three-dimensional objects to help us flesh out the story of ruth bader ginsburg. paper is still important. some of it is poignant. this is a memorial card. from ruth bader ginsburg lying and repose, but the united states supreme court members of the public could come and pay their respects to the justice that they loved and admired. ginsburg's passing was a loss for so many people who would loved and admired her. there was a catharsis to them gathering together outside the court to share memories and stories and their admiration for their beloved justice. ginsburg was a tireless advocate for equal rights. her dissent when the majority of the court ruled against lily ledbetter spurred the plaintiff on to further action. final result was the lily ledbetter fair pay act of 2009. every office has mementos. ginsburg's chambers included assigned redlined copy of the lilly ledbetter fair pay act. framed with a photograph of barack obama signing it the red lines indicate that this is a presentation copy of the act containing original signatures. when your pop culture icon some people greet you on the street some send you collars. somehow you their tattoo. the justice was surprised when she received a picture of herself immortalized as a tattoo. ruth bader ginsburg is now part of the smithsonian institution. in the future you'll be able to see some of these objects in exhibitions. in the near future you'll be able to see them on the museum's website. this collection will allow us to tell a full story of ruth bader ginsburg. for years as a crusading equal rights attorney her years is a fiery dissenting judge on the bench. and her surprise life as a pop culture icon.

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