[inaudible conversations] thank you. I appreciate you all coming. Im going to ask to talk about two books. Originally i was asked to talk about 30 day in september which i will do. But since i was invited to this conference, another book of mine has come out, a collection of my articles on terrorism, called the terror years. And so i will first talk about peace, and then ill talk about terror. And seems like a natural progression, right . I guest the best way of beginning this is telling you how i got started with 13 days. Gerald, jimmy carters media adviser in the white house, called me up out of the blue and asked if i would be willing to write a play about camp david, and his pitch was, a bornagain christian, an orthodox jew and a pious muslim go behind closed doors for 13 days and emerge with the only durable peace in middle east. So pretty good pitch. And it was affecting to me because my wife and i had lived in georgia when jimmy was governor, and when he ran for president. We had lived in egypt when nassar died and sadat became president , and i as a reporter i spent a lot of time in israel. So i thought if not me, who . It seemed like a natural for me. So we went down to plains, and jimmy and rose lynn with in a mod test house that they built in 1950 when he retired from the navy and came to take over the really near bankrupt peanut business left when his father died, and we sat in the den. Theyre sitting on this little blue couch with flowers on it and matching blue curtains, and behind the couch was a painting of the room we were sitting in, which the jimmy had painted and looked just like on illustration from good night mon moon. P. O. W. So im thinking im about to do a play and id in to know who is on stage, begin, carter some sadat. So jerry said, well, mr. President , lawyer works for the new yorker and he wrote a piece about scientology. I read that. Found that most intriguing. And rosalynn said since when did you start reading the the new yorker. Oh, i read it every week. I needed somebody who would talk to jimmy carter like that, and jimmy is 93, and rose lynn was born in the house next to them. He saw her in the cradle. Have over in themselves for a quarter century and day still have that relationship. And camp david was her idea. Subject something i found out while i was down there. So after that it went to israel and to egypt to talk as a surviving members of the negotiating teams, and to see how this actually happened, because ive lived a lot in the middle east, and this is one lesson you learn from spending a long time in middle east, is that things can always get worse. And theres one agreement between israel and egypt has not had a single violation in 38 years, and think how bad things are now, how much worse they would be if these two nations, which had four wars in a single generation, were still at war with each other. Egypt was the only country in middle east that really posed an threat to israel. What i learned first let me tell you about the men that came to camp david. Jimmy carter. He was a oneterm governor in georgia, he lost his first race to lester maddux, one of the most racist figures in georgias history, and he started running for election the next day, and he won for years later. He was man that when jimmy grew up the only jew he knew was his uncle in chat chattanooga who married jim are ys aunt. He loved wrestling and could chin himself with one hand. A huge impression on young jimmy carter. The first arab he met the daytona 500 when he was governor. So this was his experience, and when he was elected governor of, while running for governor, his strongest sporter was an iranian jew named david rabbin, businessman in savannah and also a pilot, and he used to fly carter around the state to make speeches, and there was so much time in the air that sometimes ranbin would take a nobody and jimmy would take over the wheel. One time the plane coughed and died. And carter, david, david, david what . Were out gas. He said, well, then were going to crash. And then the reached down and turn on the spare gas tanks. A lot of people dont tease jimmy carter but when he calmed down a bit, he said, david, the race is nearly over and appears im going to be successful. You have been helpful to me. What ick do for you . And he said, jimmy, i dont need anything from you. Theres only one thing i would like from you, which is to do something to remove the millstone of racial hatred that has weighed the state down for a long time. And carter reached over and got a flight map and wrote out i say to you that the time for Racial Discrimination is over, and he showed it to rabbiny and says if im inaugurated i will si thats. And rabbi new said, sign it. So, he signed it, and he said it, and that got him on the cover of Time Magazine and planterred some ideas in his head. In 1973, when he was governor, he and rosalynn went to the holy land, and golda meijer was the Prime Minister and she leapt them a Station Wagon and they drove roundtable the country and went to the west bank and got special permission to bathe in river jordan which was very meaning follow them and saw the settlers, at that time carter estimated there were 1500 of them and saw they were a real obstacle to peace. But he was also struck by how secular they were. When he brought the Station Wagon back to golda, he said whenever the jews turn away from god, they lose politically and militarily. She laughed in his face. The governor of georgia telling me. And then a couple of months later, anwar sadat sent the Egyptian Army across the suez canal and golda meier had to step down. ll tell you a bit about anwar sadat. When carter was elected, Walter Mondale told me on the very first day of office he walked into the oval office and theres jimmy carter sitting there and he said his top priority was to bring peace to middle east. And mondale was like, what would you think . A peanut farmer from georgia and hes going to bring peace to the middle east. Thats your top pry snort he felt god put him in that office to reconcile these people. So, he began interviewing middle eastern leaders who had come to washington and they were all in his estimate, hopeless until anwar sadat walk into the office, and it was love at first sight. He actually said he loved anwar sadat. Not normal diplomatic language, but there were a lot of things they had in common. Jimmy used to plow the red dirt in georgia, barefoot behind a mule, and anwar sadat would do the same in his little nile delta village behind a water buffalo. So, they had some similarities, but sadat we look at him now and think this visionary, man of peace. When he was a child, in the nile delta, he had this was 12 years old. Mahatma gandhi came front suez on the way to london to negotiate the future of india, and little anwar sadat was totally captivated by the fact that this small brown man was bringing an empire to its knees. So,he discarded his clothes and went around wearing an apron and made a spindle and began spinning thread. Imitating mahatma gandhi. You can imagine what the other people in the village thought of him. A bunch of kids were running and jumping into an irrigation pond and so he ran and jumped in with them, and then the realized he couldnt swim. And he says that the thought that went through his mind was, if i die, egypt will have lost anwar sadat. What kind of child thinks like that . So, but he was shopping for qualities of greatness, and one other figure he deeply admired was adolph hitler. This wasnt totally unknown. Hitler was fighting the british but sadat collaborated with a bunch of nazi spies, also he joined what he called his Murder Society they liked to think they modeled themselves on the french resist stance but they mainly picked if drunken british soldiers on the streets and weapon sadat became part of the group he tries to raise their level to asass nighting the Prime Minister but they assassinating the Prime Minister but failed but they killed a government minister, and sadat spent five years in prison before he escaped. One of the most significant moments in sadats life i would have to say one of the most significant moments in middle east was the 1967 war. Sadat was in the military and at the time he was vice president. Egypt was provoking israel, and the israelis were terrified of they were digging trenches in city parks for the mass casualties they expected to have. They were passing out gas masks because egypt was already in a war in yemen and using poise son gas. And he bought the straits of at the iran. A lot of provocations that took praise and then there was jordan, which was then there was syria and so they were three arab armies they would have to face. And the struck first. Its called the six day war. Might as well call it the 60 minute war because they eliminated the Egyptian Air Force within a very short space of time, and then eliminated the military threat from three arar nations almost completely for a while. The psychological effect of this was first of all on jews. They had up until that point in this tremendous outmigration from israel, and then suddenly it was a miracle. They had recovered jerusalem, jews began to stream into israel, and this awakened a lot of fundamentalist christians because these are signs of the end of daves, and these are end of days and a teamed women the end gather have to jews is taking place and there was a tremendous amount of excitement in the jewish and the christian communities. In the muslim community, the effect was god has turned away from us. Why did this happen to us . And the answer for many people was, we are not good enough muslims. Were not pure enough. Were not fundal enough. Not radical enough sort that stream of radicalism which was already present, began to blossom and grow. So, 1973, sadat sends his Egyptian Army across the canal. A shattering blow to the mentality of israel because they felt invulnerable after 1967. And then in 1977, sadat was making a speech in the parliament in egypt and he put down his papers and he said, i would go anywhere, i would go to the ends of the earth. I would go to israel and speak to their can government if it would safe one more egyptian life. It wasnt meaninged in newspaper. Ten days later sadats plane is circling over tel aviv. Now, you have to understand the thinking of both sides at this historic moment. Here is israels greatest enemy, coming to talk to them. He had invited himself. The israeli symphony was out there the airport and didnt now how to reply the Egyptian National anthem. They listened to video cairo to get a sense how it goes and then there was a question of, is sadat real in the plane . Could it be full of terrorists, full of explosive . Well have all the leaders israel here waiting for hill there were snipers all over the rooftops just in case. And the plane is just the end of shabbat, his 0 plane comes in. Searchlights catch the fuselage and people are on tinder hooks and then it lands and sadat comes down, embraces golda meier and shakes hands with ariel sharon, and people are agog, june leapt would jubilant would not describe it. A sense of unreality this could happen. And then he went and made his speech and it was stern, but he expected something in return. And he left jerusalem emptyhanded. And a lot of that was because of begin. Now, begin is fascinating figure in history. He was born in a little polish town called brisk and his first enemy where i was of polish soldiers flogging a jew. When the nazi invaded poll land, begin poland, his father was in the hospital and the nazi went through and murdered patients in their beds. His father, they tied him up with ropes and filled his pockets with rocks and threw him interest the threw him into the river. En menachem was hiding in lithuania at the time and then spent two years in soviet prisons in the gulag, were stalin released all the pols to fight the nazis, and begin joint a jewish unit and they were sent to palestine, and when he got to palestine he became head of a terrorist organization, and as a terrorist, he was brilliant. There have been very few in the history of terrorism that had quite as much affect begin. He was inventive and imaginative and theatrical. When the british hangs three terrorists who had been tried and convicted in military court, begin hanged three british sergeants and bob booby trapped their bodies and brew up the king david hotel, which was at that point the most Luxurious Hotel in middle east and a wing of it was the nerve center of the british mandate. 91 people were killed. And this broke the back of broke spirit of the british us and they withdraw and turn over the problem of palestine to the united nations. Now, just to underscore the effect in history, after 9 11, when american troops went into kandahar, into bin ladens compound, they found in his library a copy of begins memoir, and i think it must have been because he would want to know how does a terrorist leader become a Prime Minister and win the nobel peace prize. If a trick that very few people have accomplished in history. After the british left, begin turned his attention to the palestinians, and there was a Little Village just outside jerusalem. Actually i visited it. Its now a psychiatric hospital. Very weird. This psychiatrists have offices in the palestinian homes and the grounds are occupied by lunatics but its it was a palestinian village. The peaceful village. They had a nonaggression pact with their up to orthodox neighbors put begin determined it was a strategic approach to the city and had to be taken there was some initial resistance and begins men went through the village throwing grenades through the windows, kaling entire families. A massacre, 20 men who survived war taken to a quarry and shot. Men ask children were placed on a flatbed truck and paraded through jerusalem and then deposited outside the city. There were palestinians who were already leaving but after that, hundreds of thousands of palestinians fled into the west bank and neighboring arab countries. So, these were the men who came to camp david. Inexperienced, unpopular, failing president , nazi collaborator some assassin and a terrorist. Now, those men, they carter budgeted three or four days to try to reach an accommodation. He actually thought that if he could only get them alone, they would get to know each other, they would like each other, they would come to trust each other. After the second day he realized he couldnt put them in the same room at all. They hated each other, and it was a really one thing that was key. Guess going to draw a lesson from camp david, there are no Perfect Partners for peace. These are really flawed individuals. One thing they had in common, a lot of political courage, and they were willing to make the comprise mices compromises and sacrifices that peace requires, and the second thing is it took america to make the peace. They couldnt make peace with each other but cart are put forward an american plan, and he developed a technique of, he would list the things that had to be resolved and each day that made any when he finally could scratch one thing off the list would get shorter and shorter. Finally they agreed to the american plan. Now, those are two of the lessons we can take from the success of camp david, but theres another part to the camp david aexploder that accord and that has too dive israel and in the palestinians. They werent scent the plo was considered a terrorist organization and it was politically toxic to deal with him. It was naive to think they could resolve the palestinian question themselves, but they laid out a road map for the eventual solution to the dispute between israel and the palestinians. Every attempt, even up to kerrys latest failed attempt, has been built on the architecture of those camp david accords. Now, this leads me to segway to terrorism because that entire palestinian diaspora, 750,000 people the entire population of people who fled, and think of all the misery that theyve endured, and the misery that the terrorism that came out of the modern terrorist movement, corrupted from that diaspora, has caused to not just to the israelis but a people all over the world. Right now there are five million syrians who are refugees outside of their country. Totally dwarfs the palestine yap palestinian diaspora and theyre just part of the refugee stream that is greater than at any time since world war ii. On the syrian side half of the refugees are children, and according to unicef 20 of them get an education. If you were five years old when the civil war began you already lost yourlet elementary education. When you talk about terrorism, people like to thing think theres a cause of terror, and its poverty. Its lack of education. Its tyranny. Its injustice. It is unemployment its gender apartheid. Theres a longer list than not a single one of those things has ever been shown to be the cause of why somebody would behead somebody or stand in line to blow himself up at a fruit market. And the idea of you can deal with the root causes of terror, theres no evidence that works either. So, terrorism is a the way i think of it, all of these causes that ive listed are tributaries into this river of despair that runs through the arab middle east and southern asia. Now, ill tell you a little bit about how i got started and writing about terrorism. I wrote a movie in 1998 called the siege. Which Denzel Washington and Annette Benning were the stars, and it was at the time i asked to write about a woman in the cia and that was the idea. The cold war was over. Who is the enemy . It was a real dilemma. I realized the cia had a real life antagonist and it was the fbi. So once i discovered this axis in depsell den is the fbi eight and annette was the cia agent. This fought over who would control terrorism in the united states. The question the movie asks, what would happen if terrorism came to america . The way that it already had visited london and paris, not to mention tel aviv. Other cities, other countries had dealt with this problem. How would we deal with it . And there were presses outside the theaters. There were pickets muslims who were tired of being stereotyped astroists. It was box office failure. And then in august of before the movie even came out, august of 1998, the movie came out in november of 98. In ought of 98 al qaeda ban the first attacks on america by the bombing two embassies in east africa. 224 people were killed. More than 100 people were blinded by the flying glass. But theres another bombing that took place in that same month, most people dont remember, in capetown, south africa, at a planet hollywood, and it was said by the radical Islamist Group that claimed credit they were protesting the trailers for the siege. And because bruce willis, the co star of the movie, was a partial owner of the restaurant chain. Two people were killed and also girl last her leg and the movie wasnt even out yet. I was shocked and devastated. And then weirdly enough, after 9 11, the siege became the most rented movie in america. Making me the first war profiteer in the war on terror. I was trying to get out of journalism just before 9 11. I was planning to be a movie director, and then 9 11 happened, and i sent a remember in new york that there were the phones were down for a while some so i sent an email to david remnick, the editor the new yorker, and i said put me to work, and wed had a Conference Call that afternoon. And there were new yorker writers scattered around the country, grounded because the planes werent flying. He said just good out and find individual stories and send them in to me, narratives and i will trito blend them together and this became the famous black issue. And i was fortune to find this young man named kurt yeltsin, a young reporter. He had he was supposed to be in an appointment the windows in the world restaurant on the top floor of the World Trade Center, and he for the first time in his life he swept through this subway stop and he got back on the next train. The World Trade Center the Elevator Bank there were 110 elevators help had to go up an escalator to get to it. And he went up the escalator and ran into the elevator and there was an elevateyear attendant who was holding the door, and kurt was looking at his phone to see what time it was, and very impatient pause he was running late, and this well put together business woman was walking taking her own sweet time walking to the elevator, and just as she stepped into the elevator he notices she had a rose tattoo on her ankle, and then the plane hit. And in a moment in that moment it was in some ways like the last bit of innocence because nobody knew what had happened. Was it an earthquake . Was its bomb . There had been an attempt to blow up the World Trade Center in 1993, and so kurt stepped off the elevator and the doors kind of accordionsed, and he saw things, objects on the ground that were weird. Different sizes. He said like a clock radio and an office chair but they were just globs of concrete, and then he saw these glass doors that led outside and he thought he was leaving the building but he had to go up the escalateyear so he was walking out into a plaza, and he walked houston and first thing he saw were hundreds of shoes. Everywhere. And things that he thought were luggage, and then he realized they were torsos, and so i got his story, which became the book end of the black issue and after that it realized i felt i had to get to the bottom of what had actually happened here. And i began reading obituaries that were streaming online. How do you take such a vast human tragedy and make it human . I always try to look for individuals who can take our readers into a world they dont know. And i called these individuals, donkeys. Sounds derogatory but a donkey is a beast of burden who can carry a lot of information on his back. And so i was i looking on the Washington Post site i found an obituary for john oneill, who was the head of counterterrorism for the fbi. He is the guy, Denzel Washington played in the movie. And so he had the obituary made him sound like a disgrace because he had taken classified information out thereof bureau and was told to resign and the took a job as the head of security the World Trade Center. And i thought at the time how ironic, the man who is supposed to get bin laden, didnt. Bin laden got him. But the more i found out about him i realized it was not irony. It was greek. When he took that job, people told him, john, youll be safe now. They already tried the World Trade Center, and he said no, theyll come back to finish the job. So, he instinctively placed himself at ground zero, and that is one of the profiles that i included in the terror collection. Roberta and i lived in egypt when we were young teachers, and i was trying to get into saudi arabia to write about bin laden but they werent letting me in, and so i said ill go to egypt and write about the number two map, al zawahri, nowup one and i found out he was brains behind al qaeda. Al qaeda at the time was really an Egyptian Organization with a saudi head on. Zawahri started a sell to overthrow the eegyptian government when he was 12 years old itch want you to appreciate the dedication of people like that that formed our most fearsome enemies. I spent a lot of time bouncing around i went to khartoum three times them first time i went to sudan, i had been pressing my sudanese contacts to help me hook up with al qaeda, and one day got a knock on the door there there was a sudanese guy, a big character who had been somewhat helpful to me and he had with him this kind of rotunds jolly fell rotund jolly fellow, the indonesian hat and come on in, and at the time i was having back trouble and you know those rubber balls that you pick up id been cargo this rubber ball all over the world with me. A lot of trouble to blow it up. I gave him the chair and i sat down on the ball and the intelligence guy was his eyes were boring him. He was so sleepy. So i said lie down and he trade down and fell asleep and left me with this al qaeda guy. So i said, who are you . And he said you can call me loe. Okay. And so i started probing, and turned out loe knew everything. He was a dream. He knew about the beginning of al qaeda. Bin laden came to him and said he wanted to start this organization, and he loe said, i said how are you going to get them to bat, arab france . I think he slapped his knee. Who is this guy . It was terribly maddening to me. So i came back to u. S. And i started loe. My only clue. And i did some triangulating and found the name hugh mam indiana loe. And he took the notes the sounding of al qaeda and the founding of al qaeda and was bin ladens business manager. What a great source. And i went back to khartoum to see him, and he wouldnt see me. And that was disappointing. So, went back a third time and he agreed to see me. Said, loe i would didnt you see me the last time . Its a lot of troubleto come to khartoum. He said didnt know how seriously to take you. Last time i met you, you were sitting on a balloon. So one of my more noble moments in dealing with al qaeda. I the saudis finally let me in after a year and a half. They went lead me as a reporter let me in as a report sore i got 0 job as an execs pat, and it was a far better arrangement than if i had been a reporter. Instead of being in the hotel i had a live living in a middle class saudi flat, car and a job i had to go to every day and all these pullup reporters teaching me far more about their culture than i could ever have done on my own, and i learned things about saudi arabia that i think really helped me understand a lot about the culture. So one thing, saudi arabia doesnt really have a civil society. What were doing here wouldnt be done. For one thing the women wouldnt be here but the idea of freedom of assembly is almost its not unknown but its rarely practiced. Theres a perniciousness about the gender apartheid that is just to give you an example, when went there i was supposed to be mentoring young saudi women journalists as well, but i said, where are they . Well, you cant see them. Theyre in an office under the stairwell. And i said, cant teach. The if i cant see them. So, finally, it was agreed that once a week, i would meet with the saudi women journalists and they would all come into the Conference Room with young men. So once a week this little black train came through, and they had the black hijab and the black but the was one of them who also had the nacab and covered everything september for a little cateye glasses, and she was a case. She liked covering herself, and because she said, i cack make faces at people and they dont know it. I said, small consolation but there you are. She had to go to been interview in riyadh one day before the first flying from jeddah arrived, so, she had to fly in the night before. Now, as a single saudi woman she cant travel without her guardians permission, her male guardian. Could be her father, brother, husband, even her son, whoever is in the man in charge. So she got permission, and then she flew to riyadh, and she came off the airplane and she sat down in the airport, because as a single saudi woman she cant stay in a hotel by herself. So the guard hasp that the airport closes at 11 00 and he said you cant be here. What are you going to do with me . Trust me, she was a case. What could he do with her . So he let her sleep on the carpet of the floor of the mosque in the airport. They turned off the lyings and locked if the airport and she spent the night on the floor and then the next day she went for an interview. Thats what it is like for a young professional woman in saudi arabia. Now, the men, if anything, are even more affected by this gender apartheid. One of my young male reporter we want to a mall together and there were these three saudi they used to call them bmo, black moving objects, and they were coming down the escalator and without a trace of irony, my young reporter turn to me and said, check them out. So, you tell me. I was in saudi arabia in 2000 when we invade it iraq in 2003 when we invaded iraq and my family was scattered around mitchell daughter was inim itfully a demonstration, roberta was in austin marching, my son was in chicago marching and i was there very close to the war, and i was ambivalent about it because id fought the idea about the weapons of mass destruction and i thought its way too dangerous to have Saddam Hussein have weapons of mass destruction, and i didnt think at the time that my country would lie to me but this was the first fruit of torture. The ways in which we went into iraq, even an associate of al qaeda but was picked enough afghanistan and at the time the cia decided to send in the egypt because theres adage in the agency at the time, send them to egypt. In the morning you get the ans in the afternoon. And so the answer they got were that Saddam Hussein has weapons of mass destruction and was working withed a quite to share them al qaeda to share them and that was the basis of Colin Powells speech the united nations. So went into iraq on the basis of that mistaken tortured lie. So, america wag was changing, as a response to terrorism, but jihad was also changing. We think often times that isis is like the child of al qaeda. But in truth you might envision it more like the younger brother. When i was researching al qaeda in afghanistan, i was puzzled. Where are the jordanians and the lebanese and the palestinians . The area of the middle east that we call the levant or the sham in arabic. Where are they . You think theyd be in al qaeda. And i found there was actually another Training Camp in al qaeda the same time, run by a man named al sarcar we and he is a progeneral tar of isis. Bin laden gave him some money, 5,000. Day were two gift men. Bin laden was an International Businessman and had an agenda but mainly to drive the west out of muslim lands. Sarcar we had a different agenda. He wanted to start a caliphate and wanted to purify islam the way to do that was create a civil war between sunnies and the shiites and hey safe seen we have seen the effectiveness of this tactic. Ive bryant a lot about this in my book, and i ill talk about how terrorism might end. Theres a study by Audrey Cronin at George Mayson university. Studying hundreds of many 400, different terrorist associations, and so see what happens to them. She found that the average life span of a Terror Organization was seven years. Well, al qaeda just celebrated its 28th birthday, so obviously its a lot more durable and religious organizations, religious terrorist groups tend to last longer there was one terror group called the hindu thugs. Lasted 600 years. I dont think they were in for that, but ways in which Terror Organizations come to an end, decapitation. I workedder if you tomorrow take the terror thing off of islam, this was a blind japanese yoga instructor, and in my thinking it could have been a much more Dangerous Organization than al qaeda because their technical proficiency and inned to make weapons of mass destruction. Once he was arrested the organization became toothless. The same thing with shining path in peru. Sometimes negotiation works, like with the ira. It took decades but that there has been a peaceful resolution. Sometimes Terror Organizations evolve boll ticks or crime. I think that evolve into politics or crime if think the taliban can go either direction especially with the involvement in opium dealing. Sometimes Terror Organizations succeed. I just spoke about begin. The same thing true of Nelson Mandelas nation congress. They had a terror wing. Most of them fail. And that is the only route that al qaeda and isis can go, because theyre apocalyptic cult without any negotiable demand. Theres no way to negotiate with them. Theyre going to be a pernicious presence in our lives i fear for quite a while. Now, want to end this with a little statement about what happened to our country since then. Im going to take you back to 1965, when i took a date to the airport, and i didnt have enough money to go to the movies and dallas, texas, and it wasnt that uncommon, maybe just in dallas. The call it love field. My girlfriend and i went out to the airport and walked out on the tarmac and climbed up into this international jetliner that had just come from some exotic port of call we thought paris, and we sat in the first class section and a stewardess served us a treat and we pretended to be cosmo poll continue and then we went up neff aa tower and i opened the unlocked door. Hi, kids, come on in and we sat there watching them land the planes. Now, that america is gone. Terrorism killed it. But i dont want it to be forgotten. I look around this room some i know most of you remember that america but your children dont. And your grandchildren nor. The it would be a kind of fantasy. But the idea that you have to have your photograph photograph taken when you good into building, take off you shoes and belt when you walk into the liberty bell. They seem small but represent big losses to the kind of country we were. And im not saying that those sacrifices werent important. We had to make some of those sick ray identifieses to keep us safe but itself we forget that america, and the fail to steer in that direction, then terrorism really will have won. Thank you very much. [applause] [inaudible conversations]