They would be fined 10,000 per violation but just so happened there doing eight performance of how great thou art that is popular in the church that i intend and those were afraid there have to multiply the number of writein thousand dollars that is a lot of cookie sales soleil called the kids to the front office on sari you cannot perform your halftime routine. I want to pause and say once again the importance not just of the Supreme Court but the lower courts as well. Friday night Football Game was hot and humid as the of players walked off the field at halftime a hush fell over the stadium. They did not know what to do there was no marching band. Suddenly a young lady started to sing a familiar song. One by one the people in the same ends sustains began to sing and then the entire state rose to their feet in defiance of their government to seeing how great thou art so the question i posed move will stand with the alex of the world and the good people of madison mississippi . The liberals try to silence our voices but we cannot be silenced we must not. The ticket stand for religious liberty with the great state of mississippi spreading like wildfire across the of rigid plane. Silence in the face of evil is evil itself. Not to act is to act but i believe for every freedom loving patriot in america the time is come for all of us to stand together to declare we [inaudible conversations] keyword watching book tv on cspan2 hour live coverage of the 15th annual Annapolis Book festival now former nsa director Michael Hayden discussing terrorism and intelligence. [inaudible conversations] welcome to this event at the Annapolis Book festival i make keys School Parent listens to graduated them also a professor at the Naval Academy is a great thing to have general Michael Hayden here with us today to a talkedabout his 41 year career in the airforce National Intelligence and National Security area to talk about his book of american intelligence in the age of care. The title is a Sports Metaphor to play to the edge of the field and ended is appropriate general he did reduce the Sports Metaphor to be born in the shadow of the pittsburgh steelers. Factually toward down my home to build three rivers stadium. [laughter] so the Irish Catholic family as part of a welder in as the founder of the steelers in paris this day road on the side of the stadium as equipment manager in doing airforce rotc and dotted is degree in american history. St. Peters Elementary School in north Catholic School figured large in his upbringing and he makes it clear in this very personal memoir, it is education really mattered to him. The further i got in my career so this book has a lot to say about the importance of education at that age and enter standee still get up early on sunday in the fall to drive to pittsburgh to go to the gate and drive home. I do. You must have been capt. With a major Intelligence Community about the behavior of the cia and fbi how would those important. I was in a bomb as a junior officer and with the b52 operation over Southeast Asia i was very tactically focused all these things going on in washington with the stars and stripes i did not dig in and very much but we were talking before we came in and i certainly learned what came out in the 70s because that was the structure that had been decided to govern the american Intelligence Community for it wasnt so much the agencies were breaking the law but more that they had not paid attention to the agencys there was not a clear code to flow back and forth with a clear distinction that we need to have that is so large and powerful. And so now that architecture recited to govern american espionage is now we eroding financial looking insufficient it is one of the things that i suggest and senator church tried to give a summary as a political actor planning to run for president and to make space so low to discuss the nsa he said in the need to develop the capacity will potential enemies are doing United States government has perfected a technological capability to enable us to monitor the messages to go through the air. Talk about how to intercept telegrams. Has got more sophisticated than look abroad that the potential enemies we must know what that capability at any time could be turned around an American People and no american would have any privacy left such as the capability to monitor everything. Baird be no place to hide. Then he says if this ever ever became if the authoritarian never took charge of the technological capacity could enable that because to combine with the resistance of the government is the reach for the government to know such as the capability of this technology i dont want to see that technology go across the bridge to see what they possess under proper supervision so whenever cross over. It sums up the career working at many levels to make sure this technology operated within the law and under proper supervision that we never crossover. So your job is to make sure but the capable Capabilities Group grew. There is a lot to unpacked. For one instance you got what senator church said. That nsa only needed two things to be successful in needed to be secretive and powerful so to live in that culture is secrecy and power. So you have this unnatural position in side of a western democracy but you wonder what nsa can offer but that to is toward the nations adversaries and it has never turned inward against the American People. So to point that over there. So for example, when we were flooding the sown, i will take a specific example of the Strategic Rocket forces of course they have to communicate with soviet asia obi would monitor that network like nobodys business looking for words of interest in the communication like launch. [laughter] and with the civil libertarian or a senator who would ever lift a finger with regard to concerns about that so what happened that by 2000, this is pre 9 11 prior to the terrorist attack with the reshuffling of the balance. I testified in open session and the issue that we had is no one paid attention going after the Strategic Rocket forces network but if you want for us to do for you in the 21st century what we have done in the 20th century, in this case along press soviet union your more concerned about terrorist communication, proliferators communication, proliferators , transnational criminals criminals, if you want us to go get them for you, what we said was you realize those communications no longer exist. They coexist with energy mail. And theyre going to those international pipes so it is even more complex that looking here is a good or looking here is bad. It is coming gold to the things that you want us to go get it is even more difficult than what senator church laid out. We have to go to you to get the money and the authority to go after these signals and the only way we believe we could get that was to convince the congress and you, we would not touch it. This is even more dramatic and more difficult and potentially more dangerous than what senator church tried to put out as a warning signal in the 1970s un command that the usa nsa. It was clear. No cloud in the sky. Watching monday night football. To get a haircut comeback just popped in on the center. Nothing is happening the went to the office and began meeting i had one session my executive assistant said one of the trade centers i thought it must be a small plane how did that happen is a clear day progress back to my meeting then she cavemen the plane hit the other tower in i immediately said get head of security appear then as he comes through one door taken into the other door to say there are reports of explosions of the mall but that was the pentagon chief of security is standing there how does that work i said non all essential to them to evacuate them retry to get everybody could out of the two highrises into that three Story Building that is the Regional Office building for my benefit that is where the center is for all communications and we began to turn this massive enterprise we knew this impending war what do you got . All knew it was all kinda al cana and they were patting themselves on the back. That later that afternoon or early evening someone reminded me that counterterrorism it is also the biggest field station it is 50 percent of the enterprise the other 50 percent is everywhere else. When i say counterterrorism i mean people with headsets you cannot move them. So we had to leave that counterterrorism and then somebody reminded me day are still there. You could well through the windows if we were just eight or nine stories high gear and is part of the American City with that Logistics Force because it would have been obvious with of lights on. So were talking about blackout curtains the danger is different most were arabamerican the have a National Trauma and a professional trauma because they are arabamerican there was a more personal trauma for them given the nature of the attack i did not make speeches ever just walk around and put my hand on theres shoulder. The agency turned on a dime. And then we began to shift we are going over here. We will focus on this target and a very short period of time that have beat been a great value you think why did you do that september 7th . The answer was candidly because we had a variety of priorities and things that were competing for our attention. The icbm worse still there now under russian control. But immediately that Tuesday Morning i distorted to move chips i had no permission one of the great new initiatives was stellar wind that is a cool name for operation cynic and means nothing. [laughter] we call the operation of the c. Dolan. Odyssey don. But stellar went this is what Edward Snowden revealed later. This is the kind of surveillance. Key yes. This is the stuff. This is why it isnt easy. So little after noon susan rice to minimize the u. S. Names i am asking the names dont have to do that now. To suppress the u. S. Identities about that communication to protect the privacy. The lesson becomes critical to the intelligence i simply said when we decide to minimize the names with the communications between afghanistan and the United States of america, with more meaning for word it is always a judgment and nsa is notoriously conservative. And i said i have 3,000 dead countrymen and my headquarters is in that other country. So all a little more for word to make that value judgment. So i would call george tenet that the church right formed those committees is headed is a little different here i am happy to come talk to you the house said explain and i did. So georgann his morning update to say i am doing this and this is pretty soon after and the way george tells the story one more thing mike hayden is going to jail. [laughter] and the Vice President says tell him we have money be will bail him out. [laughter] frankly the president said assiduity was named to the spine it is fine but then president bush says good anything else he could be doing . He said i will ask. He gets back to langley and calls me up if you go to jail they will bail you about the president said is there anything more you could be doing . I said not within my authorities he said not exactly what i asked you. Is there more you could do if you had the authority . Said i will get back to you. With the of lawyers and operations if we had the authority what more could redo . Probably became up with three baskets of stuff for days later i am in the oval if we had the authority this is what we would do there is fine print in the book in a sense we americans were trying to be in full measure liberty security and privacy. Where is the balance . One of the techniques the intelligence with substantial authority intelligence was is foreign domestic much more than it did. Would make london from . Right here. So the challenge was how did you close that gap consciously as a way to ensure we would not overreaching . Slip was three baskets of things to detect a foreign enemy who may be physically in the United States are at least with communications would be in the United States. I briefed congress relaunched october theres a lot in the bill kidd is turbulence we argue with ourselves. I will just pop the chapter to say there were changes but when senator brock obama ran to become president of United States on the platform i am not George Bush Bassett existed at the end of the bush did ministrations said all wellhead and it was the obama version of the program that Edward Snowden leaked proposal my sense are you sure you were not abusing it . With two president s as fundamentally different as those tarot to say this is the right balance. One of the things that struck me was looking at the information from integration you gathered from the phone bills one of the things you did not do was applied that algorithm with data mining you could in those phone bills to me that it is amazing to show that they were behind at google assets of look for beekeeping stuff than the next time theyre in is why werent you doing that . U. S. Opposed to keep me safe wet. One of the baskets that was publicly known was the american intelligence in the age of terror program that Congress Passed a law section 214 with the Metadata Program for the old folks in here those a dont charge by the call anymore so the company kept the records to get your money. got the permission to do that and we did so we had a massive database physically impossible to get content so either within in the United States or from abroad. I think frank church would have been scared of that. If it were under different circumstances so what we allowed ourselves to do is best explained through example. And beat get some folks with that incriminating documentation so now looks like a very bad man and wonder if this code has ever been in contact with a gap here or gap there, we defend against a foreign attack . So we would do is walk up to the doorway to say anybody talk to this phone . Then the elgar read them would search the nfl and in the bronx would say yes it talk to that every thursday because we have the database to say who do you talk to . On done. That is all we ever did with that. Now steven is referring to Something Different for you can do a lot more i told him before we came here that people were saying what were they doing it is me and keep alexander and eric schmidt from google. So eric comes out to say the metadata des is powerful then he starts to rattle off how global uses it. There are other rhythms, patterns, predict behavior, going on and on and on the with intel he is done and say we dont do that but he is right. We dont do to the data that American Business does. It could yield useful information remember how much you comfortable with . Some much. Guest to give up for a pound of safety . You are free to let google do it to violate your privacy but they cannot put even jail the American Government can so therefore we were quite comfortable. It really starts in an interesting way. So its a narrative its the only part of the memoir that looks like a dialogue were not talking at about time or place or dates or even who the actors are. It goes our you sure theyre there. The one he will make the decision as. We have good human intelligence and we been tracking the streaming video they are confirming its them. Theyre there. How long had you have capture the target and who else is the run. A couple of hours. The family over here in the Main Building guys we want there in the big guesthouse here. They are not very far apart. Far enough. And there is another outbuilding over here is small and in the past weve seen al qaeda people use it when they stop here. We are here a lot and so are they its a really dirty compound. Anyone in a little building now, dont know probably not. We have not seen anyone since the predator got captured at the target. What is the pk the probability of kill on the gpu 12. The guys are dead we think the family is okay. You think theyre okay. Remember they are reasonably close. I should be we have done the bunk splat. Its a reference we have do what are the physics of that bomb hitting that. And what you come out with is a splotch of red, yellow and green which is not concentric because of the physic of the target so guess what it looks like. It looks like a bug splat. Weve done the bug splat but you can never be sure so what it has looked like with a couple of hellfires. 20 pounds versus 500. All of the energy away from the family quarters the family quarters are fine. If we hit the right room in the guest house we will get all of the bad guys but these internal walls they can be thick and if you dont hit the right room or one of them is up taking a piss, theres a long pause in the room use the hellfires. The way you said. They leave the room in route with that message. There is another long pause. Tell me about these guys again. They go through the history and the names we had been trying to track them forever. They are really careful they are involved in homeland plotting. They sure as hell has a track record. Use the gpu. Another senior operator jumps from the table. That small building over there you say sometimes they use as a dorm. After it hits if they come out kill them. Less than an hour later the decisionmakers is briefed again. Two targets are dead. There is no damage to the family quarters they were pretty upset. No one came out of the small building. We did not hit it. Thanks. That is the burden that people who operate on your behalf except in order to make the kinds of decisions that the hope and pray reflect your values. That they are representative the line i use dont think of them as alien beings. You probably know a lot of them. They dont have a different value system. They are required with the circumstances you will most certainly never face and very likely will never learn about. Thats why i wrote it that way. As we go through things that i think concern all of us and we start with surveillance of fallen metadata. We passed over internet and content surveillance im pretty sure it will come up in the question and answer. There is also targeted killing. Your 12th chapter. Those are traits that i despise. You describe how you revise practices to rule out certain methods. You get the impression that i have that. So i started the Surveillance Program that chapter i just read the beginning to talks about how the cia pushed president bush to ratchet up the targeted killing program. They put their arm around that program as well. I started the Surveillance Program i certainly try to provide the target program. This is the cia black site stuff. It was right in the middle of the room. We have to do something about this program. I spent the summer of six tried to learn about it. I was prepared to start with the National Security advisor. Fifty make some changes. And this is not my being judgmental about what my predecessor had done. They have their circumstances i had mine. By 2006 we have more penetrations of al qaeda. We knew more about the organization and motion partly we have a pretty good sense of the threat level of what it was they could do to us. For both reasons of ethics in for operational reasons we could pull back a bit on what have been an extremely Aggressive Program so i went to the present. I dont want to close the black sites. I want to keep them open. And figured i may have to put some people in there. We are the intel service. The intel value zero. Whatever intel value was left. Keep them open. Empty them. Weve to tell a whole bunch more people in congress what we are doing. The briefed the gang of eight. By the way, to give you a sense when george started he started in august of 2002. Congress did not come back until september. Its a very Aggressive Program. What is Congress Going to think. And he sends his team down. The brief the gang of eight. They come up to the eighth. The First Response was you wont believe it. His heart kind of sink. You wont believe it. The only question we got was a sure thats enough. Thats it what we got for them the congressman. Its not churches nightmare of an agency out there and be known to the renegade we can all argue whether that was a good or a bad idea. There were other people in the circle. We have to keep all of the people that we have. We need to tell more people in congress you need to make it public need to make a speech. In the 13 techniques that we have including waterboarding we can probably slice them down to about six or seven. At the end of the day we have it to six. I will probably burn in purgatory for this. But for the six i retained by the sisters of mercy. They were grabbing them by the chin. Slapping them in the face. Or slapping them in the back of the hand or the stomach. The other two were tough. One was a liquid diet of liquid ensure 1400 calories a day. Its probably not going to be part of an ad campaign we were one of the enhanced interrogation techniques. Carefully monitored and anyone other than the sleep deprivation. And that was 96 hours to start with. The idea was not to punish anybody the idea was to get someone we thought have lifesaving information out of his own of defiance we talked about this a minute before we came in. We wanted to establish psychological domination. Later in the last president ial campaign one of the candidates said that we will do waterboarding and a lot more because they deserve it. That is offputting for folks who actually had any hand in this. We did not do any of this because they deserved it. We believed it was essential to keep americans alive and we are gonna do waterboarding and a lot more because they deserve it reflects the degree of enthusiasm for it. We were never enthusiastic for it. It was already done always done with regret. I need to push back a little bit at this point. On the record key school does not do anything like this. But second, since i talked to the shipment about this. We sometimes talk about israel as another democracy. I worked on it carefully. It describes what happens the secret police was trying to defend the israeli people during the danger of bombs and so forth. They actually called a press conference under the law his identity cannot be revealed in print much less that you should call a press conference. But what he was doing was he have invited the families of people who have been killed aboard a bus to apologize to those families. I have in custody 72 hours before the event the person who built that bomb. And then, he said its my fault i should have questioned him more forcefully. The reason i didnt is that man over there he is pinning on the attorney general. A bit of an ambush press conference the fact that the law have constrained him. The law and israel was much more publicly arrived at the standards that they have to abide by. Those standards were produced after the very brief sessions where the authorization arrived at a person were only two were present. It got the president to sign. They were rather a grand figure. The final solution was kidnapped. What he said very clearly was we will have one technique is the same word for rocking cradle in hebrew, you can rock a person you can shake them not by the lapels even because of too much whiplash. And the only time you can do that is when you have a suspect in custody revoke moral certainty that that person has information that you need and more certainty that there is a bomb bomb plot underway. Its very rare event. Secret interrupt a ticking bomb and save lives. The only time you enhance the techniques is then. And then in the question and answer that followed unbelievably so trained in the keeping of information was asked what about this. Do we hear. Its shaken so severely that he suffered a hemorrhage. He died at lake shaken baby syndrome. He said this cannot be that technique because weve used it in 8,000 cases and only had one death and everybody said, 8,000 . The jack bauers show. Its just not real world. And when it came out after further inquiry it turned out that they have actually employed up 20,000 times. In a people have died. So what im trying to say is not the any organization is made of humans and even the most professional the israelis were serious under serious supervision it was very unprofitable. After very public debate a lot of those elements are missing. Even then 20,000 times. It appears that what we were doing was kind of processing in that before they shook them they would keep them for 17 days. Thats how long they could hold them without charges. Killing them and sweating them and leaving them in their own filth and keeping them from sweeping. The time they shook them they were seriously broken down. Israel and the reason it didnt happen in the u. S. Not just me i began with the premise of talking about these things they have to apply your values in very difficult circumstances. The kind that you never face. The comparable scale. Its not like we lost anybody. Is it just temporary transit. The number of folks we are talking here its between 10120. Of the 120 fewer than a third had ever had any techniques used against them so the numbers were talking number were talking about here is probably 35. No one gets into this unless must be a reason to believe that they were highvalue target detainee. Its just not part of the rounder. I dont know as much as you suggest it looks like the program went like this the longer it went on. This program went like that it began with a bunch of captures in afghanistan where the agency was so ill prepared that they said we have to get our act together here. Weve got to get specific techniques and goes under the stress of combat to a list of things and only people who have been authorized to do these things to get to do those things. We went from the universe of techniques. To the universe of six techniques. Eight members of congress new to all members of both intelligence committees no. It went from a university in which detention was in deficit to a universe in which i was keeping people 60 days. I can extend it but it was and 60 day increments and to be even more fair. They have given credit for ending this program and has been there to differ. He didnt george bush did. In 2006 he took waterboarding off the table. And before we get here. The total number of people that was water boarded was three. The last person was in march of 2003. When you do things in secret to even good people under stress wheels can certify off. And you talk. People dont know if they believe that it went this way. Its kind of at that the level of process in politics if you are asking me to revisit this what would you have done differently i wouldve briefed more people in congress about more staff more early. What happened was we briefed a very small number and then it always becomes public. And when it became public unit awful lot of running up garments. Its can sound harsh. My senses, we then give members of the other Political Branch a bit of a hall pass that they can go ahead and either had real or feigned outrage. Once he made everybody feel safe again but they spare the difficulty of the decision. So my approach is the most controversial. And smart. In a sense dealt the dare them to tell you not to do it. In the future is uncertain and everyone has good reason to be afraid. I was struck that in the book you described in speaking to the people that day that their job would be that we would preserve american liberty and we will do it by making americans feel safe again. I like that you put that first. You will do it by making americans feel great again. They want more. They care less about liberty. And things go wrong. It kind of threads through the book. We actually think that thats the americans way of life. They dont make good democrats or republicans. We start to get frightened they dont mind nine on their neighbors liberties and privacies. Until one of the reasons we did push back. Not unlawful. Everything they said. Not just the cap safe. But that we know if we did it again if wait a second 911 september 11. If you are a little nervous about surveillance i cant imagine what it was. If we wouldve had a catastrophic failure. If they were inside the line and the actually made a difference youre almost dutybound to go do them. Allie had two detainees. We actually thought he knew where a bunch of al qaeda folks were living. And he was tough. I remember sitting there with the order the human dignity. With the order saying do i want to suggest another human being to enhance interrogation it was sleep deprivation i was around the world and some head to do that. I can do violence to my personal conscience i might wish that i didnt have to make the decision. Pick your choice. They put that position. I could not make it indifferent. I get got the pen. And i signed it. I wasnt sure what that would mean to me or for me. I tell the story in the book. Think this one through. And that is not an absolute invitation to be overly cautious. Too many personal signal singular protons. Its what these people do on this behalf. They totally agree with somebody that said i dont think i want you doing that. That is an honest argument. That is simply means we went to different high School Together so to speak. We share values. That should in no way lead to the demonizing of the folks that took on the additional responsibilities know should at allow them to demonize those that say i dont want you doing it. We have just under half an hour left. You must have a lot of questions and we have a microphone right in the middle of the room there. If you like to move to the microphone my name is mark harper. Im familiar with at least six of those methods. In some of them are more effective when they are used in combination. But it worked. Weve done pretty well. Based on your experience and what you can tell us with some of the methods that are changed can you tell us if anything has been prevented that might have otherwise happened. This was the single greatest provider of information that we have. With fewer detainees. The september 11 Commission Report came out in 2004. 25 percent of the footnotes in the report are from a bit mask i was simply repeating what the cia says. Theres information from this program that contributed. It wasnt as tightly knit as you wouldve cleaned if you wouldve watched zero dark 30 but there was connective tissue between the two. I talked to his interrogator the first detainee and she said there still is not a week that doesnt go by that she doesnt wish we still had control over these number of people. You can keep going back again and again play them up against one another. We didnt turn any of these people into boy scouts. They have moved from a zone of total defiance to one where we could work with them. And then we could play off one against the other. The most effective technique we have in every case was her knowledge. What put them most offbalance had great value. Now, again i have to say this i can still live with the argument. I still dont want you to do it. That is an honorable position what has happened because this is become so controversial we have made it so politically dangerous and legally challenging to detain that we dont. We kill. I have more fingers of his hand and people that we have actually detained outside of battlefield like iraq. If you talk to the folks in the administration they will type if we could capture we would capture. Some people is with some experience in government here. If they are politically challenging or dangerous. Frankly because of the great controversy of this. We have just gotten too skittish were over here pulling the trigger. Is not immoral it just doesnt create much intelligence. May be in enhanced interrogation might help. In all seriousness i would ask about the privacy because the look gifted do that. In the same way americans we want a lot of conveniences so we kind of have them and have the security that you need without people being able to see things. It kind of feels like its a bit of a mess honestly to not had this complete privacy as much as we wanted sometime. Im wondering if you could expand on that if you elect the people who you want to share your values and trust the system i know a lot of people will agree with that. When Something Like this becomes news i have never bought that for 15 years. The response is a little bit like yours. You can listen to all my phone calls all you want. Go right ahead. My answer is thus not useful attitude. That is not what we do. A lot of americans simply in the distrust of government for most of us in the business we do protect policy. The argument was i will mask it all you want. Thanks. He had seen a president just forced out of Office Office office to head just made a list by breaking into the Psychiatrist Office in order to get damaging information to discredit some my problem with that in those days he had to have a black bank team to break into the Psychiatrist Office but now with the murder full tools developed nobody has to do that. From everybody could find out my medical records and emails with my wife so i do feel vulnerable in a just cannot have that much context. Vendor stand of vulnerability but church is reflecting a political culture in the political history and which all of the cultural attitudes to protect privacy are in the environment in which the only real threat to privacy came from government we dont live there anymore. The most serious threats to your privacy the institutions that most frequently impinge upon your privacy is not government if the government props up isnt it is a commercial entity that products your choice is for commercial profit if you want to get to the heart of the privacy question not only gilligans government intrusion in forgiving up privacy is not the government is these other institutions which is a completely different discussion so all of the Cultural Habits are designed to defend against this and that is not what is squeezing your personal data i am about onefifth of the way and i see that Decision Making process cuddys say how you use input from historians and case studies in your Decision Making process and how other Senior Leaders get the input . This makes me odd running the Security Agency but i do bring to the job of i am and i do personally see things through a historical lessons. I tell the story in the book i am watching a briefing in europe in 1993 and 94 but the war in bosnia with yugoslavia uh disintegrating with a comfortable civilization so i have the navy lt. Just with all the fighting and then there is a lull of the little town south of sarajevo. There is a lot of fighting going on and the general says who is fighting he said is the muslims and serbs who was on the offensive . They have the upper hand yes they do how far will they go . That is the river then goes to the center of town and the general says is the good defensive line . It will drop off tedder 15 meters that is a good line to hold. So the dividing line between catholicism with the roman catholics what a great response. Very often they dont see things in the deep Historical Context so we go into places without that appreciation the tendency is to roll up our sleeves to say whats the problem with the better question is what is the story . So not just the history of the agency but the target to have a richer future share but did you tell one story in the book after the failure of iraq we had a Senior Executive seminar we were running the historians came up with a good case study that the Senior Executives would will play the gulf of tonkin incident in which nsa certainly miss read some of the intercepts incident number one have been the number two did not it was an honest mistake with the tough job to misread what we were intercepting from the vietnamese with up there was the Second Attack under way but the Second Attack created the gulf of tonkin resolution and the authorization for war. That did not create the war that was just a Bumper Sticker but it helped to get us there there was roleplaying involved in the Senior Executive class they sent me a note to say can redo this . Is it okay because they were fearful to pull back word and to the class that people would use the as a metaphor for a rack and i said do it. It is real and happened we will learn from our history if there is any cannon shot we will live with that. That is just my academic background i depend lot on history. Thanks for coming to key school. How are you personally feel as a u. S. Citizen about the fact congress voted your browser history could be sold and i could buy that as a journalist to do what i want . Fast forwarding to nights ago our military in syria with my civilian point of view it didnt seem like it did lot of good will like you to comment on that as well what it 100 million better spent humanitarian aid . It is then the government that scarcely but the private sector to give up privacy. I was okay with a strike i am not a big fan of some things but i do think that was righteous anger it was a moral judgment there are second and Third Order Effects that are probably positive from the strike sitting right rwanda to help with minimal Collateral Damage and it was more than a symbolic slapping i said last night there is a pretty delicate medical equilibrium right now they have the upper hand with the Russian Air Force flying and iranians are fighting with them but it is a delicate balance we just proved we can ruin that 15 months ago he was going down this is the regimes survival question he feels good about life that strike just reminded him we can take the tools of war away from him with impunity to put him back where he was 15 months ago it was more than symbolic which year was also a lesson you are in a more precarious position. I totally agree i did not say this on tv but i wrote it how do you have compassion over a bb rating under gas but not compassion for a three yearold washing up on shore of turkey . [applause] and i say in the article we let 10,000 Syrian Refugees coming to the country last year 85 percent were wounded children the vetting time was between 18 and 24 months we know how to do this if i believe it was genuine compassion the white canada be extended . Pdf. Afternoon i have two questions what compelled you to write this bucket . Since the nsa and cia are under secrecy where does the news media get its information greg. What compelled me to write this book . My wife. File is thought i wanted to but this is published seven and a half years after i left government. I let this percolate for a long time. There is constant my wife wanted me to write it for the grand kids. They will read about granddad this is the way he thought about it. Regarding the news, this is a constant permanent tension built in Just Like Congress and secrecy had attention so reid to have an appropriate role to play my Public Affairs would come into the Office Tuesday called the editor then i would begin a conversation thanks for taking the call purposes my cajun at cia we both have responsibility for American Safety and liberty but i fear the way you will carry of irresponsibility will make it more difficult for me to carry out mocking. We would have a conversation is a friendly conversation we generally get results. We often get i will read buildup but there are modifications, the latest occasionally agreements we will not go with this but if anybody else got it we will if anybody else come sniffing around after tommy if they do, we do. So with this continuous negotiation that is as good as it will get. It is the necessary attention for. What to often. With that was what church was trying to describe it when they say things that should be legitimate. This is the last question. [applause] i do look at fascinating chapters we have not covered 20 percent of what is in the but the book and gift itself is trivial but it is not at all Timothy Snyder 20th century historian in yale written on the history with the first wellknown book and the grim history of the lens between stalin and hitler it is what you crave another countrys he has another book that is equally grim the same part of the world at the same time. Those that we wrote rapidly and is giving away what he does is list 20 things you can do if you feel it is possible to the ft of the authoritarian derive to be a tribute to good causes . It is of very good. One of my province moments of brightest instance occurred to weeks ago when the head of the federal police force at the head of the largest Intelligence Service stood in open session that contradicted statements by the chief executive. The they were asked in open session and answered in open session. Only in america. [inaudible conversations] [applause] your listing to former nsa ncaa director Michael Hayden. Board live coverage from the Annapolis Book festival talking about music and technology. [inaudible conversations] because be. Dobrynin is is this problem to bring deadly clerics what did it teach you . Is a huge problem because a lot of this this articulated in arabic is difficult for those to understand the magnitude the reason i went to twitter how do you notice that this sentiment exist . Out can you prove it . I thought to herself like a good way to figure out the sentiment the treats are so graphic they will grind the flash but to do your point some of the things that i profiled even though in terms of methodology and the last term to analyze a look at if more from a substantive point of view even if you cannot scientifically evaluate these messages i attempted to do that you cannot really decide and how did that affect what happened on the ground . Within a half to assume somebody is absorbing the material so is massive if you have millions of followers it is reinforced by different forms of media. Not mainstream but it does marginalize