Resources or government sources are other sources embedded by agencies. Nothing is in there, i tried to avoid activist scientists at all costs. My training basically is an undergraduate degree in economics and philosophy, and i made a terrible error of going to law school for a year and a half and relies advocate doing that i would get a lawyer. Im a bit slow sometimes i admit. In any case ive been covering environmental and scientific issues in one form or another for public television, for Forbes Magazine and reason magazine now for over 30 years. So im an environmental journalist spee1 at a public debate were having today includes one over genetically modified crops as you discussed in the end of this. And basically no one has ever caught us off, stays, belly, sniffle, anything from eating genetically modified crops. In all the scientific literature whatsoever. Unfortunately, it has as i was mentioning earlier about Climate Change has been politicized, is being used as a way of trying to get people, scare people into moving into other directions that people prefer for political reasons as those who scientific reasons. Theres not a single, not a single independent scientific body that is every evaluated heard biotech crops and found them to be harmful to human beings or the environment. Cancer clusters . Catcher cost cancer clusters occur because of random fluctuations. There was a wonderful study, i think last year the basically argued the problem of cancers it is mostly random, that theres no way to predict how you did it. We do know something said to, cigarette smoking, dont do it. I quit. I quit early enough so that my risk is only double what it otherwise wouldve been to get lung cancer. Also dont stay out in the sun too long, dont be too much, dont drink too much and you dramatically reduce her chances of cancer. Whats interesting is most people are think we are in the midst of a cancer epidemic but the fact of the matter is we are not. Caused by environment, chemical . The National Cancer institute and the american cancer both say environmentally caused cancers are about 2 of cancers and that includes both manmade and natural chemicals. Its only 2 , its not the epidemic. Theres no epidemic. The National Cancer institute has pointed out for years now for over the last 20 years or so the actual incidence of cancer by age group has been declining. And instead of going up your chance of getting cancer and englands chances of getting cancer in the United States have been declining. Spin the effect of Rachel Carson and tyler come in your be . Rachel carson ive lived up in a very sincere woman. Is also by the way a journalist who wrote silent brain, as you say. She was very concerned about what was in the modern sector thats coming out and update the case was ddt which is now banned in most places around the world. She amassed little evidence that was at the time and wasnt a lot in an editing that these chemicals were going to cause among other things lots of cancer among people. That prediction has not come true. It is not true. And yet people still believe because of for the exposures to trace amounts of synthetic chemicals is a problem. It is and it can be a problem for occupational exposure. There are people who and the Chemical Industry explosive monoclonal antibodies get some diseases that they were having massive exposures, or people who got exposed to asbestos also get mesothelioma. The fact that no people do not work in the Chemical Energy is almost the evidence at all that exposure to synthetic chemicals lead to cancer. Since her time since the 1960s average Life Expectancy in the United States has been going up not down as with more and more chemicals in the environment. We are doing something right, not something wrong. Thats a little bit from the end of doom environmental renewal in the twentyfirst century. Heres the book that the author is ronald bailey. This is booktv on cspan2. Many of you should president ial candidates have written books to introduce themselves to voters and to promote their views on issues. Heres a look at some of the candidates books. Welcome to buffalo on booktv. Located on the Eastern Shore of lake erie at the head of the niagara river, buffalo is the second most popular, populous city in new york. Would help of our Time Warner Cable partners over the next night in his with her from local authors about the citys history including the stories of irish immigrants from bubbles first ward burton we will visit the mark twain wrote that the buffalo and Erie County Public Library as well as about the same as writers time youre in the 1830s. First we speak with local author David Herzberg about americas issue with medication as he talked about his book happy pills in america from miltown to prozac. If youre a woman you know what it means to be needed. You know how much fun it can be. You know how all the fun can go out of your life with an exhausting headache. But now you have special help. Happy pills in america is a cultural history of psychiatric medications from the 1950s up through the 1990s. I became deeply interested in the Cultural Impact of this idea that we will were our brain and we could intervene in the functioning of our brains to produce the kind of outcomes excited because outcomes we wanted without cost. I thought how would this change the way we think about being human . How does this change what we think about our society, our interaction between people, even our politics . If such a novel way of thinking about ourselves. So i decided to write a cultural history of these drugs, not the story who discovered which drug when and not a store that would be about do the drugs work, for example, to cure depression or anxiety. There was a lively debate about that. I was more interested in how do people use these drugs to tell stories about what it means to be human, for these new things available it seems to provide new insight as to what we were like, and how did it change the way that we talked about what we are like him about what humans need about what humans a which of the about the best way to take it of ourselves, about what the goals of life ought to be and all these other major philosophical social, political questions. Thats when i decide to look into and to start with the prozac phenomenon because thats the one that was unfolding before my eyes and thats what caught my interest. Prozac was a prescription medication, adult it was described in very abstract terms is being treated for depression, in practical terms in American Culture this wasnt the kind of illness that had been associated with white middleclass or affluent people who have access to doctors, who were encouraged to think that they were supposed to be happy and if they were, maybe that was an illness. Because in theory their lives were good. Specifically for women who have been prescribed these types of medications at twice the rate of men throughout the whole time, not just prozac. So this is both a majority people who used it and also it became linked in the popular imagination, all these controversies about the drug were about white middleclass life come into a different set of drugs, socalled street drugs, they were associated, even though they use wasnt necessarily concentrate in central cities and racialized minoritys. Thats where if you would read a popular debate about what they say about our society they would be linked to those populations. Drugs like prozac and before valium and others were associated with those middleclass white suburban households, and the kind of dramas that people talked about were also a way of talking about what was going on with that particular group of people in america. Since world war ii and to try to understand both the origin of this phenomenon and what its early chapters look like and what do much else about what we are experiencing a. And i discovered for the one thing as i said before, that its not new, that there had been these generations of new drugs that claim to be these technological wonders that teach us about our consciousness and ourselves, that they have been massively, widely used well before the prozac era or the modern era use of psychoactive medications can talking about the sedatives, stimulants and narcotics, have been very, very widely used since the mid19th century at least. Why did so many people want to take these drugs . And this, i mean i think theres a couple of different ways to answer that question. One way would be to say heres what i think people were taking those drugs. More interesting to me as a cultural historian was all the people try to answer that question over time when they said, lets say in the 50s and 60s, why did some housewives want to take tranquilizers like miltown and valium and they go back and forth over this question, what was causing all this, all these problems among american housewife. You would find different answers coming from one set of people like doctors at this time, medical textbooks and advertisers of the drugs. There was a range between thinking it was just phoning that these complaining when they were kind of annoying, they were bored and so do what the doctor to doctor because their the doctor had to talk to them educated and instructed how to get them out of your hair. From that to a general, deeply sexist belief that women were just inherently ill in every stage of the life was a new risk for them that they were frail and vulnerable, and that most of the problems came from being sick and had come that they might come and complain about feeling really a lot of come to my complaint about the wide range of things and the doctor would think its just females in passionate and there had troubles come a little tranquilizer will ease you engage out the door. When it became clear to tranquilizers could become addictive, women and allies who see mass tranquilizers used as a way to get advertiser problem of women are constrained into the home, they say addiction has got legs. Youd like to talk about addiction. They like to think about addiction, and stories about addicted women are especially good for the media. If we tell the story as you are these women who are unhappy in their roles and doctors addicted to drugs which can ruin their lives, that is a store that gets why duplicate it plays in all kinds of places that are not the places that are reporting on feminist fatigue of household arrangements but the report on this story. When prozac comes one of the reasons what is so successful is that all of the various things they say prozac can do are designed to answer one of the feminist criticisms of the tranquilizers. Tranquilizers just are supposed to sedate you and make it okay with a situation thats not okay. Osac will lift you up, did you more spunk, lie you to push back. Valium is addictive. Prozac is not addictive. Valium kind of legion not doing much. Prozac will give the energy to go and work in the office and then come home and do the things you need to do at home. A debate about prozac look different because there were some people who were saying, widespread use of prozac shows women have made all these advances and that they are no longer being handed these savages, whereas others were saying you still cant fix biases in the workplace by taking a pill that just changes your inside. User got to do something about the structure of yourself. Most of these medications were used by women. Thats still means there were millions and minds of men who use them, even if they used and that only half the rate. I can pass filter with this story from the 1950s when, this was a time when after decades of depression and war does a push from different corners to try to restore men to their proper a wall is considered the proper and traditional role as heads of household and important people at work. Then along comes this tranquilizer, milltown, and millions are taking it. Most of them are women but there still a lot of men. When it gets noticed that a lot of men partake of tranquilizer when theyre supposed to being strong and tough, theres a minor panic over it, americans are getting soft and will be beaten by the soviets because our ms. Fudge is going to be relaxing on a tranquilizer while they are building new Nuclear Missiles. This causes a problem for the company that makes milltown. They want as many people to benefit from the drug as possible, and so they develop a whole new exposition of why men are taking the drug. They say heres the thing. American men are not begin going soft american men are so much too strong, underneath the suit underneath that suit is a caveman, just like one layer of skin away with a big club that is always ready to buy a jaguar. But in modern society you dont have a club, theres no jaguar. So the things that make you anxious are more abstract, Nuclear Missiles like a thousand miles away. That will never go away so they are saying these men were so strong, primitive and final, the fact that many to take a tranquilizer just to bring them down to Something Like normal, that shows they are strong, not that they are weak. That in itself is an argument about what it means to be human. It means to our caveman sitting inside our brains come they only talk about men having caveman, but thats a theory about the mind that came out of this complex interaction between the cultural pressures on men from the economic pressures on advertisers and this attempt to address this phenomenon of mean taking more these tranquilizers. Medical advertising ironically was less regulated in some ways than advertising of other goods because medical advertising was restricted to positions, and physicians are supposed to no more than idle regulators. What is a federal regulator going to tell someone to put in an advertisement to positions . They say you cant fool a doctor so that was wide leeway and constraints on what you could say in a medical advertisement. Even the requirement that you tell the truth, that doesnt become a requirement until 1962. Its clear and it always has been that to some degree having a set of drugs that are understood as relatively safe, that make people feel good, but thats just on this been in the doctors told back since the late 19th century, especially for the relatively affluent white respectable patient, giving them these drugs has been an in was part of medical practice for one of 20 years. If you have gone back and reconstructed the percentages out whats in prescriptions, late 19th century, 25 of all prescriptions had morphing into. When you get to the early 20th century it was up to 30 had coding to buy arguments into some of which went 3050 had either a sedative like a barbiturate or stimulant like amphetamine in a. It goes on and on like this. That part of medical practice weekend to discover it every few years as new, doctors are prescribing a lot of mind influencing drugs as if its new but its inconsistent. A lot of these medications are almost literally the same substance to a classic example of amphetamine which is the ingredient in active, hyperactivity attention to set the sake of medications are amphetamine at the same time theres a war against illegal use of amphetamine. Theyre channeling a lot of amphetamine to College Students which you could imagine 20th we may say i wonder if that was a good idea, but at the moment it makes sense because of the giveaways we think about pharmaceutical drug use and street drug use. Does a brief moment in the 70s when the logic, the logic which is very racialized logic, gets challenged. And for a little while you see a sharp drop off in the use of mind influencing medications. Button does work prozac comes in. Prozac is the first drug that really breaks back through it and says youre worried about addiction, sexism, all the stuff. This drug is the answer to all those problems, and its a sign the pharmaceutical industry has learned its lesson, its been out in the wilderness, its learn to make better drugs to deal with those problems and a whole new slew drug of come as a whole new slew of drugs, a claim to overcome those problems through the magic of technology that another when people a hobby for me with is the narcotic oxycontin or extended release form of a drug has been rough for her longtime, hydrocodone but new Technology Made so they could release its medication slowly over time and this made it supposedly resistant to being abused. And, of course, everyone knows now that you can just crush up those bills and snort them or find ways to inject him. So in a lot of cases what you see is, its another chapter in that where weve ended in a truck that takes care of those past problems. This one really is magic. Whats interesting about that is it claims to magic, claims to transformation, like this is the pill that will give you your dreams with no cost. Thats kind of a consumer culture promise. Thats what the new car is going to do for you. And its less something that in the long span of medicine has been associate with what a doctor promises you. But what happened at the beginning of the 20th century and a special with the discovery of antibiotics like penicillin, inmates injured his suddenly medicine did have some miracle drugs. What can you say, the cure these illnesses and they dont seem to have any problematic side effects. And so it made a medical enterprise in new ways that, could make these promises, like maybe, if you can cure tuberculosis with a pill, maybe you can take a pill and it would just make you a brighter, funnier, better person. So that in some ways distinctly american desire for magic has kept this thing going. We are now living in the aftermath of one of those moments, right, with the epidemic of Prescription Drug abuse. That came along with what was in some ways a really beneficial decision that now they can treat pain. Theres a kind of human suffering that weve been so scared of narcotics that we are not treating it. Now well take it seriously and treated. Thats a Good Development but it gets mixed up with the desire for magic and his powerful engines of the pharmaceutical industry to take the desire for magic enter into blockbuster drugs. And to become something very different than it started out as. Now on booktv a literary tour of buffalo, new york, with help of our local cable partner Time Warner Cable we start our trip with the coeditors of go, tell michelle. Please know your you are not alone. You on your beautiful family are thought of an in pray for dailyy the millions you inspire, for your journey may not be easy in the coming days, weeks, months or years, think of is to issue burden and pain. Think of those who you inspire. Think of those who have given hope to. Think of those whom you filled with pride. Think of your city, think of your sisters friend, your favorite cousin, think of your mother, think of me. We are the same. Sincerely yours in christ, laurie jones. The book is a compilation of 100 letters that were written to Michelle Obama from africanamerican and african actually caribbean women in 2009. And the letters were written to express encouragement and support from michelle at the time after the election. It had been a very grueling election as you may know. Very difficult for mrs. Obama and the president but also very, very exciting in that we had our first africanamerican president at our first africanamerican first lady. And so we wanted women to express their feelings about this historic event. We want them to express their encouragement, express their messages of joy, to send messages of support for the first lady and she would be entering a new role in her life, and certainly in the life of the United States. We thought it was important to be able to give the women a chance to express the ideas. We were expressing our ideas, and we thought perhaps there was a group of women after they may not have had access and perhaps we could facilitate that for them. And we were right. We reached out to people and no one had reached out to before. We work in a communities setting, and so we have doctorates but theyre not in history. And so we would have been classified as community historians. So we reached out to people who may have doctorates. We didnt know, but for the most part we got responses from women who didnt. And so it was extraordinary because of these ordinary people who never believe that anyone would give him a chance to appear in writing and a book to the first lady, and the conversations we had will stay with us for ever about the signs we got from people who said i do anything to center by my recipe, my grandmothers recipe. You know, pecan pie i believe it was. And thats one of the things that was very attractive, was that when i depressed to hear from people, whether it was a village in kenya of weather was a place in the caribbean or whether some place in your city or california. We thought that was really quite extraordinary. We were looking for heartfelt letters that would say to the first lady, we understand you, we encourage you, we love you, we support you can we stand by your side. We know that this is a historic moment and we want to share with you what our sentiments are. We really had an advantage because 1999 really we set up something called the uncrowned queens of buffalo, new york. And the project was a project was going to recognize women, africanamerican women, that no one from many people didnt even know about. So we ducked into the history of buffalo and other places, they developed a major regional first time webbased historical document or so to say, that was ongoing of hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of women. And he became nationally and internationally known. And it was from that base of emails and phone, you know, phone records and so forth that we utilized at first. So we were at an advantage to do. We did we know it at first but to really make a difference. And in each one of those people contacted other people. People were in europe saying someone called us from ethiopia and said is this true parks will you take my letter . We really had quite a fantastic time spent did you only ask africanamerican women, and why . We only asked africanamerican women again because of the significance, the historic significance of having the first africanamerican woman and the first africanamerican and become president. Based on that we wanted to win the document what africanamerican women felt. During the campaign michelle was attacked a number of times. One of the things that set us off was the cover of the new yorker magazine when she was doing a fist bump with the president. She was dressed in african chad, she looked very militant, very hostile, very angry. Many of the stereotypes that are used to characterize africanamerican win. At the same time theres a wonderful woman whos name escapes me now who put together a Major International group of black women who are expatriates and you lived all over europe. It was a daily process of speaking with her, talking with her, and does a lot of going back and forth what we knew was that these women, no matter where they lived, they were rooting for Michelle Obama and they knew it and they supported us. And so it was a daily conversation. We grew ourselves as individuals in understand what peoples concerns were, no matter where they were. You know, from the president s hometown are some place in malawi. Everly was quite extraordinary to see that i did not important was for these women. And the choice to decide whether some would be in or not had a lot to do with how the letter was written, whether it really gave a different flavor. Some letters were so powerful that it left us speechless. And so when you got a letter like that, in fact it was a letter like that from a faculty member at rochester, new york, who wrote this poem, historic moment which just reduced us to tears. And that was a letter, i think the publisher really didnt believe us. He said, do you have any letters that all you can share with us . We have 100. They couldnt believe it but you got to take a look at this one letter. To respond to email was wow. By the letters did, that only a wide range of themes but when we looked beneath the surface of the themes, we were able to discover the kind of Cultural Capital that we have available to us that we dont think about. And its a Cultural Capital that is the ordinary man on the street that nobody talks about. We certainly belong into the association for the study of africanamerican life and history and a lot of other come off like associations and what have you, and all of them at the Ivy League Academic level. Thats one thing but this was different. This is the ordinary person and the ordinary person really struck a note with us. The whole issue of racial solidarity, the whole issue of the nonresolution of issues of repatriation or reconciliation in the south. Peggy and i both wrote letters as well. Again, my letter is based on an issue of family history, in association with my father who was a photographer, was a biracial man born in 1910. I speak a bit about that. I would just like to read a little bit about this time, because this is about the time of my dads birthday as the. So i say when i think of my father on this day, the 98th anniversary of his birth, i am certain that he would be just as excited as i am that your husband, barack obama, has been elected the first africanamerican president of the United States. During the 50 years that his photography business tape would have it, one day somebody saw this and there at the headers and they said dgc this . This is ms. Perry. Just talking to Michelle Obama. This person happened to us and then that person called us and said whats up with that . So i got in touch with her and sent her a book and said this is a great. She says, Michelle Obama has invited me to the white house since she is see me. So this woman is going back and forth to the white house. Having a petition at christmastime. Than him so when the president gives his first speech before the congress, who is in the second row . Ms. Mary. We never get any work close antims. Mary said the president return everything is and how are you can what have you. She says all i need is for you to sign this book. He said oh, no, you need michelle to sign the. We know one person who got it signed. We never got that close. So why didnt we get that close . I believe that we didnt get that close because what i was told, we talked to these special assistant to somebody named rice, congresspeople, all over the country. They said send me the book, i will see that it gets signed. Nothing. One staff person sent me a request for a books which we immediately sent off. We said look, ill be want to do is an acknowledgment from the first lady. And then find a got down to the light and said, well, what really came out was a this, you know, the first lady really cant them this book what are you talking about . We are promoting it. We dont need her to promote. Know, this is maybe a little too black. We were disappointed. I will speak for myself. I was quite disappointed when not able to get an acknowledgment of serbias peggy said, we were not expecting an endorsement. We understand that. Nonetheless, the first lady did interviews with essence, ebenezer magazine at other magazines. And given again the unique nature ebony magazine. The early timing of this coming out really on their heels of the election, and right in time with the inauguration, it was quite disappointing. We have won awards for this book. Weve been before on weve been before on booktv, thank you, and we were all over the country promoting this book and giving lots of press. Still unhappy about that. Because we loved this work. It was if anybody could have seen us, they would have thought we were building, you know, a mounting from scratch in the years that we worked. What would you like for people to take away after reading your book . Well, i would like, you know, people to look at, again, at these letters as an extraordinary document, a document that represents a period of extreme historic importance and a response by africanamerican women to that historic event, you know . A response that not only signals support and encouragement for the first lady, but also for africanamerican women, an issue that were still dealing with to this day, and that is how we are seen, the image of africanamerican be women, how were portrayed and, you know, how we respond to that portrayal or the stereotypes that are still out there in the media, you know, in individuals minds, etc. Youre watching booktv on cspan2. This weekend were visiting buffalo, new york, to talk with local authors and tour the citys literary sites with the help of our local cable partner, Time Warner Cable. Next we hear from tim bohen about the history of irish immigrants to buffalos first ward. The name of my book is against the grain the history of buffalos first ward, and i literally was just starting out, didnt want to write a book. I just wanted to find the correct spelling of my last name which my dad had told me it wasnt the way we spell it today. That led me to this neighborhood where may family my family lived for about 100 years. That answer became less important as i up covered all these colorful characters and historical events that happened down here, and i thought my family and friends would be interested in learning what life was like living in this community, and it turned out thousands more people were interested as thousands of people in the United States have roots in the first ward and love their history. At the peak it was about 70 irish. There were enough germans, poles, italians and hungarians to make life interesting. So about 1830s you have people settling in this area right after the opening of the erie canal. 1842 joseph dart invents the steampowered Grain Elevator, and you have more and more Grain Elevators that open up into this area. So as millions of irish are emigrating and coming to the United States, many of them are settling in buffalo and getting unskilled job jobs along the war front, scooping grains in the hulls of ship, working in the elevators, milling flour, on railroads, building ships, so there were numerous jobs. The first wards history is very, very rich. As i mentioned, you have joseph darts Grain Elevator in 1842 which revolutionized the transshipment of grain. Then just two years later, in 1844, parts of this neighborhood were devastated by whats called the lake safe which is, basically, a lake tidal wave that came and hit the unsuspecting residents of this community. 78 people, unfortunately, were drowned. It wasnt the last devastating natural event to happen in this neighborhood, but it certainly in terms of the deaths was the worst one ever. So, yeah, the irish settled in this neighborhood because they were desperate, came over across the atlantic during the famine and years after the famine things still werent great. It would take maybe one relative to find out about these plentiful jobs along the waterfront working in the Grain Elevators or in the mills, and then word would go back to ireland, you want to come to buffalo. You werent going to become rich, but you were going to have steady employment. So they came to this neighborhood called the first ward. It has its name because when buffalo first was created in 832 as a city 1832 as a city, it was divided into five political wards. And this area along the Buffalo River has always been the first ward. This was very important to irish immigrants, because where they came from they didnt have a lot of control over their lives. Now, by controlling a ward, they had a say in their city government, and they also, most importantly, were able to bring Civil Service jobs back to the community. This community was a very, very tightknit community. Its one of the reasons they used the i used the term against the grain. They had an independent spirit, they took care of themselves. Because they were cut off from the rest of the city with geological borders, this community was insular, and i mean that in a good way, as they looked out for one another. People stayed here for generations, some as many as five generations in the same house because it was just a great place to live. You can imagine how it must have been living with these homes right up against this industrial, bustling area, railroad tracks, you know, steamships coming in at all hours of the night. The noises, the smells. It was a very vibrant place. Many people chose to stay because they loved the action. Other people moved to south buffalo, but many people stayed here. So i think one of the most colorful characters to come out of this neighborhood was a guy named william j. Connors. He dropped out of school at 13. Classic american ragstoriches story. He was a tough guy. He had a gang. He inherited a saloon which brought you a lot of power and money back in those days in this neighborhood. Eventually, he wrestled control, and he was the one that the shipping companies would come to to decide who was going to work unloading the ships. From that he became a very wealthy man. Unfortunately, he did in 1899, he cut the wages of the workers. These were people that he lived with, grew up with, cut the wages in half. They went on strike. Thanks to efforts from the local Catholic Church and local politicians, connors had to get out of that business. But he went on to become one of the wealthiest and most powerful buff loan januaries. Other interesting historical events from this neighborhood would include this neighborhoods involvement in 1866 in what was called the teen january raid. Basically, that was civil war veterans almost all of them irish decided that they would cross the niagara river, go into canada, and they had a multipronged plan to hold canada ransom in exchange for irelands freedom. Many of the participants actually came from this neighborhood. Its reported that guns and munitions were stored here in the church basements. A lot of the men that had come from all over the country for this invasion would have camped out in this neighborhood as well. So thats one of the important historical events that has to do with International Relationships here in the first ward. Other important things were the violent railroad strikes of 1877, 1892 that really helped move the labor movement. And then in 1899 the great strike that involved connors when his workers went on strike and ultimately forced him out of the grain transshipment businessment and the workers pay was restored. That made National News because the workers here, in essence, shut down a lot of great lakes shipping. So ships were lined up in lake erie trying to unload goods, but they were unable to. Probably the most important person to come out of the first ward would be general william wild bill donovan. General donovans grandfather settled here in the first ward, came from the southwest of ireland, was a grain scooper. Donovans father became a railroad man which was kind of the next step up. You had yearround employment. And then donovan himself had his High School Tuition paid for by a priest, was able to move up, go to college, went to columbia where he was a star on the football team. He then became one of the most decorated world war i soldiers. And at the outbreak of world war ii, president Franklin Delano roosevelt tapped him on the shoulder to organize these disparate security spy agencies that were in the u. S. Into one unit. And that unit was called the oss, and at the end of world war ii it became the cia. So donovan is considered the father of american intelligence. His portrait hangs first at langley on the wall there. Hes also the only american to have the highest four medals that you can receive, the distinguished service cross, the distinguished service medal, medal of honor and the National Security award. So in 1959 the st. Lawrence seaway opened up. Prior to that, since the opening of the erie canal, buffalos strategic advantage was all the goods that came from the midwest had to be unloaded here you couldnt get any further east on the great lake, because you couldnt get down niagara falls. Once the Lawrence Canal opened, you had no reason to stop in buffalo. Within just a few years after the opening of the st. Lawrence seaway, there were no more additions to the Grain Elevators behind me. In fact, they started to close up. In 1962 shipbuilding, which had been one of the Largest Industries in the first ward, closed up. That had gone back all the way to the 1830s. So almost overnight you had thousands of jobs that dried up. And there was less of a reason to live in this neighborhood. As i mentioned, the opening of the Lawrence Seaway st. Lawrence seaway in 1959 really devastated this neighborhood. At the peak there were about 15,000 people in this neighborhood, now theres just about a tenth of that number. It still has an irish feel, an irish designation. The shamrock run, the st. Patricks day parade comes through this neighborhood. But the ethnicity is much more mixed. You wont see a predominant list of irish names, surnames in this neighborhood. Its a very, very mixed now of mixed american neighborhood. Some professors have said that this is one of the longestentouring work enduring working class irish communities in all of north america. People came here in the 1830s, some of them never left. So multiple generations that stayed in this community because it was a tightknit community, because it was geographically isolated from other parts of the city. During booktvs recent visit to buffalo, new york, we visited the mark train room at the buffalo and Erie County Public Library which includes the original handwritten manuscript of adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Welcome you here today to the mark twain room where the room is dedicated to the idea that the manuscript of adventures of Huckleberry Finn lived here and that mark twain actually lived here at one point in time. This is a littleknown fact and one that we like to share with people because a number of biographies historically have overlooked his time in buffalo entirely, and we feel it was a pivotal time for him. Mark twain had just completed writing innocence abroad, and he shortly engaged to olivia lang done from el mirely, new york. Theres a nice portrait of her in the case here. And he decided upon this engagement that he needed some sort of career that could sustain his beloved olivia and eventually a family. And he decided that becoming a newspaperman would be his choice. And he started shopping various newspaper markets including those in toledo, cleveland and hartford. He decided upon buffalo because olivias father had coal interests here in buffalo, and the family would be able to very vitally visit back and forth with the young couple and eventually young family. So he set about gathering the money to pay back olivias father that he had borrowed for the onethird interest in the Buffalo Morning express. And by the time that their wedding rolled around in february of 1870, they were probably going to move into a boarding house. This was his plan, a modest boarding house that would keep the couple well and begin their life together here in buffalo. Well, little did he know that olivia and her parents were conspiring, and they purchased a quite lovely mansion in buffalo on delaware x they actually and they actually made several trips to new york to gather all the furnishings for this household that would be their honeymoon spot and the place that they would take up residence. When they pulled up in front of the mansion, twain was dumbfounded. This was not any modest boarding house by any means, and anybody who lived in such a house would not be renting out rooms. [laughter] when they arrived at the front steps, the lang dons were there to greet them and welcome them into their new home. So they started out on lovely footing, if you will, and started their life together. The happiness, unfortunately, didnt last very long. As soon as summer, olivias father was suffering a terrible indigestion problem, and it turned out to be stomach cancer, and he actually passed away. Olivia was with child, and her health was not terrific. Her friend from elmira, new york, came to stay with her on her way out to further points west where she was fulfilling a teaching position, and while she was there she actually contracted typhoid fever and passed away, very unfortunately, in the young couples bed. So they suffered, you know, tremendous tragedies in a very short time from their marriage. And as i said, olivia was with child. She became sickly x they actually carried and they actually carried her out on a mattress and back to elmira when they finally disembarked from buffalo. You could say in a lot of ways that it was a tragic time for the couple, but it was also a very important time for mark twain. He, upon departure, had pretty much decided that his career would be as an author, not so much a newspaperman. Now, the proceeds from innocence abroad had started to roll in while the couple was here, and he was beginning to move on to other writing ventures. So it was a very important time. Other things that we have on display in this room that is, you know, the ultimate, we feel, homage to adventures of Huckleberry Finn and mark twains time here in buffalo, we have the wood cut for his edition of adventures of Huckleberry Finn. We have a couple of the games that mark twain designed. One of them is his memory builder. Mark twains memory builder. Although mark twain was quite the marketer and he could pretty much sell anything, he did try to sell this game. It was a memory builder game that works by grids and pins, and it was designed to help teach his children how to remember dates in history. Although he tried to market it, it failed because it was so complicated. It was actually likened to as much fun as preparing ones income tax returns. So didnt really take off. Another board game which was a little bit more successful was his game of the adventures of tom sawyer and huck finn. Just a simpler, typical board game. So we, as i said, he was a marketer. He was also used in marketing. So there are examples of the cigar bands that have his name associated with them, the cigar box as well. And just a variety of wonderful collected works around the room. We have an example of when a copy of an illustration in the manuscript was used in publication in National Geographic kids magazine. This library owns adventures of Huckleberry Finn manuscript, the actual penned paper, first incarnation of the Great American novel. And that is owed to the fact that a young lawyer and member of the young Mens Association who was a manuscript collector in his own right, he actually brought many of his manuscripts and donated them to the library. He actually wrote to mark twain on library letterhead. This was a practice of his. And he said if you will, you know, entrust your manuscript to the library, well keep it in perpetuity, and itll be here for the public to enjoy. And mark twain agreed to this. It was in 885. And 1885. And he sent along a first packet of manuscript leaves. And it was only a small portion of the manuscript at this point in time. And then later awe long the way along the way a second installment came, and that was about 200 leaves. So were up to about 665 leaves or so, and that was only the second half of the manuscript and a couple of the front pages at that point in time. He expressed in the letter that possibly the over half of the manuscript had been destroyed at the printers, a plausible idea. So for years and years, it was understood or assumed that the first half of the manuscript was not to be had. And strangely enough, it turned up in a trunk in hollywood, california, many years later. So in the early 1990s, as it turns out, the grandchildren of James Frazier gluck went to auction the half of the manuscript that they discovered supposedly in their attic in this trunk. And the folks at the, at berkeley, at the twain papers project, contacted this library knowing pulley well that we own fully well that we owned the other half of the manuscript and that it was intended to belong to this library. Needless to say, a number of lawyers swooped in. There was about 17 months or so of litigation until a settlement was arrived at, and the manuscript was seen to rightfully belong to the library. That is when this room [laughter] came to be. And what the library did was they transformed a former smoking lounge into this nicelyappointed room that is a tribute to mark twain for his having lived in buffalo, but probably more importantly that the library owns the adventures of Huckleberry Finn manuscript, and we show it here. We have two leaves on display in the case at all times. We rotate these on a three month basis. The reason for that is even though the conditions in this room are archival and protective, as protective as they can be, any light exposure can fade paper and ink over time, so we rotate the leaves out. And we have as a little special treat for you twains notice to readers. And this is just as he penned it. Persons attempting to find a motive in this narrative will be prosecuted. Persons attempting to find a plot in it will be shot. By ordinance of the author. So i think it clearly demonstrates the twain type of humor that weve all come to know and love. So many School Groups come through this room to learn about mark twains time in buffalo and see the manuscript, please. Many english classes. And when they do, i think theyre delighted to see handwriting on paper which is not quite the practice these days. Most writing taking place on computer. But to see the handwriting process on paper and to see his crossouts and his word changes, i think its encourage anything a lot of ways for young writers to see this. You can see that he was, he didnt have every word exactly arranged in his mind before he put it to paper. He went back and he edited and he changed, made multiple changes. Some of the kids refer to it as sort of a sloppy copy which it is in a way. And this is, this is part of book history, its a part of the literary process. So this room tells that story. There are some scholars who do caseally occasionally contact us to study the manuscript. And when they do, we do provide for them as a first option a digitized copy, and that can be viewed in the grosvenor room. If theres a specific reason, maybe the study of the paper or the inks that a scholar needs to look at the original manuscript, were more than happy to provide them access in a secure rare book reading situation. The leaves that were once bound from the first installment have been disbound for the digitization purposes. There are over 1300 leaves in the entire manuscript, so it is something that sees the light of day as a whole it isnt something that sees the light of day as a whole very often. But this room is the place to come and see representative leaves and understand the context of the manuscript and the fact that mark twain did live here in buffalo despite the fact that many biographies skip over that. B. Youre watching booktv on cspan2. This weekend were in buffalo, new york, with the help of our local cable partner, Time Warner Cable. Next, we learn about frederick law old m steady, an architect who designed parkside neighborhood as well as new york citys central park. Parkside is a neighborhood which was designed by frederick law olmstead. It acts as a buffer between Delaware Park and the hustle and bustle of buffalo. When olmsted came to buffalo to design this park, buffalo needed park space because it was filled with factories and tanneries and, you know, all sorts of industry and smelly things that people wanted to come to a park to get away from. Olmsted thought, well, im going to build this park, but i dont want all of this nasty stuff people are trying to get away from right on the edge. So he built, designed this neighborhood to go around the outside of the park to give it a buffer, you know, a residential area that would separate the park from the factory ands some of the more unsightly things that people dont want to be reminded of when theyre in a park. Thats what parkside is. Its a little buffer between Delaware Park and the hustle and bustle of the rest of whats going on in the city. Its interesting that this was all one guys backyard, a very wealthy newspaper publisher who lived up on main street and the hustle and bustle a couple of blocks away from here. He sold his land, his backyard, his farm to the city in order that they had a place to build this beautiful park. That was in the 1870s. During the war of 1812, this was an encampment for hundreds of union soldiers. Now, Everybody Knows what a buffalo winter is like. There were guys from virginia and maryland who were here in light linen uniforms trying to spend the winter in this meadow, and it didnt go so well for them. 300 of them died, and theyre actually buried in the middle of what is now the Delaware Park golf course. Its sort of buffalos time of the unknown soldier. One of the things thats unique about parkside within the city of buffalo is that it was each lot was sort of developed individually. So you had your own architect, you had your own builder. Each house has its own sort of unique style and feel. And this was during a time in the, you know, 1880s19 20s where you had all sorts of, you know, incredible different forms of architecture that were just coming on line. So theres a queen anne house next to an arts and crafts house next to an american four square. To somebody who doesnt know architecture, they just look like big, neat old houses. But the fact theyre different and unique all next to one another, build differently, just gives the neighborhood a different feel than many other parts of buffalo in particular where, you know, it would have been one builder or one designer who sort of built out an entire section. So a lot of the houses while big and beautiful and old all are sort of the same look. Parkside is different in that way. Daryl martins a name that people know. If youre a fan of architecture, if youre a fan of frank wright. He was a guy who brought in wright to design a whole number of buildings. There were actually four Frank Lloyd Wright structures within parkside, and they all have to do with the larken soap company. Martin was an executive of the soap company, and he had him design his house and also had him design two outbuildings on his property. Walter davidson was another executive in the soap company, and he had Wright Design a house for him further away in the neighborhood. Wright also designed martins summer home a few hours south of here and designed the Larkin Soap Company manufacturing headquarters which, as many people in buffalo will talk about, was horrifically and terribly condemned during the 1950s. Its one of the sad pieces of buffalo architecture. People are amazed by the audiocassette techture in buffalo. Sadly, one of the things that would be most celebrated was torn down in the 1950s. Tiny little stories that, you know, you dont have to be from buffalo or parkside to appreciate and love that happened here in this community. You know, a great moment in American History thats sort of lost in the history book, its not even written much about in buffalo, when harry truman came here for a big democratic dinner one day in 1945 and he went to church in parkside. He actually took the Church Bulletin up to the vestallyman and said you asked me for my autograph yesterday, i want to ask you for yours today for my wife so i can prove i went to church. So he had his bulletin at church autographed. He was president three days later. It was his last public appearance was in buffalo and at church here in parkside. Another interesting story about parkside involves all sorts of fbi agents crawling through the neighborhood and, you know, one of the biggest counterculture people in buffalo during the 960s. 1960s. Its interesting that right across the street from where this man lives was the Frank Lloyd Wright martin house. At that time the Darwin Martin house was owned by the university of buffalo, and it was the president s home. So he lived across the street from one of the biggest counterculture professors at ub at the time, and it always created a lot of tension. And theres one great story of a time where the ub president was having a party, and this counterculture professor was also having a party at the same time, and across the street at the carr one martin house, of course, you have women in furs and lincolns are pulling up, and im sure there was caviar and champagne and a very nice what you would imagine from a 1960s, elegant event. Meanwhile, across the street there were naked people jumping out of the houses windows into the swimming pool, and there were kegs of beer everywhere x there was the smell of marijuana in the air x there were peace flags in the front of the house. So a really neat juxtaposition of what University Life was like in the 1960s. Accidentally, one person its a beautiful house, by the way. It was just festooned with counterculture of the 60s. Couple accidentally went to the wrong house. They saw the party going on, and they pulled in in their big, fancy lincoln into the wrong driveway and went into the house, and they were hit by the smell of marijuana and saw, you know, people swinging from the chandeliers, probably not literally but figuratively, for sure, and went running out of the house saying im in the wrong place. Those folks were followed by the fbi. Dr. Ed powell knew that the fbi was following him and staking out his house. There was always, you know, like a darkcolored sedan with sort of tinted windows. And to sort of razz them a little bit, the kids would always go out and bring them coffee during cold winter days, and they never acknowledged that they were fbi officials, but years later his kids went and found the file, and it was a pretty decentsized fbi file on their dad. And there wasnt much in it. It was all, you know, he went to work, he did this. There wasnt much to watch, but it was definitely something that j. Edgar hoover was worried about this, this one counterculture guy in buffalo, enough to keep watch on him for a long time. I dont know that theres necessarily a spot for parkside in history. Its just that it seems to be to one of those places parkside, to me, is sort of like forest gump, you know . You watch the movie forest gump, and you see this guy just randomly show up in these most amazing historical mace, you know . Hes places, you know . Hes with jfk, hes with lbj, hes here, there and in the vietnam war. Its amazing to me that all those stories seem to exist about parkside. Parkside just seems, you know, whether its harry truman showing up here on, you know, shooting the great parts of the movie the natural here, you know, an alltime american film, whether its this beautiful park, one of olmsteds greatest accomplishments, building this park in the city of buffalo. The house that Frank Lloyd Wright considered his finest, he called it his opus, built right here in parkside. So its sort of the forest gump of neighborhoods. Everything seems to have happened in or about parkside. There was nothing spectacular about forest gump, and theres not anything particularly exciting about parkside. The people here are amazing. Its an amazing neighborhood and just a lot of really neat stuff. I would have never thought i could have written 174 pages on the history of park sield, but the stories just kept coming. And theyve continued to come for the last five or six years, so theres probably going to be another 174 pages soon. During booktvs recent visit to buffalo, new york, we toured the rare book room of special collections at the buffalo and Erie County Public Library. Were here at the buffalo and Erie County Public Librarys rare book display room, and weve pulled some items from the rare book collection for people to see. Some of them include items from the milestones in science collection which will be exhibited beginning in october of this year and continuing for two years. Okay, were going to look at a few examples from the milestones of science collection. That czechs of 19 collection of 196 titles. The first one i want to talk about was the first book that was acquired towards the compilation of this collection, and that is copernicus day revolution of us. This book was acquired at the urging of a young bookseller who wanted to make rare book dealing his profession. He approached Chauncey Hamlin and said he could get a copy of copernicus allimportant text at a relatively good price. This is a revolutionary image right here. It changed the way we think of our world in so many ways. The person behind it, nicholas copernicus, was kind of at the end of his life. In fact, the year that this book was published was the year that he died which is interesting when we look in contrast at the next book. So he was 70 years old when this book was published. Hed been working on the idea and considering the publication for many years. Im sure that the idea that this would be an affront to the church was a reason for him not to come right out and publish it right away. He didnt really, as i said, suffer for having published this. It did make the banned book list for the church. So its, essentially, that the sun sol on the diagram is at the center of the universe, and the celestial bodies rotate around that. When previously the geocentric model was the idea that the earth was at the center of the universe, and all of the celestial bodies rotated around that. So this proposal that takes the earth or our world out of the center of things was considered a crazy, radical idea that was not acceptable for those who believed that the earth was the center of the universe. Copernicus magnum opus is published the year that he dies, at the end of his life. And thats an interesting contrast when we move to the next book in the milestones of science, and this is the great work of anatomy by andreas [inaudible] [speaking in native tongue] this is a collection of seven books that documents the Human Anatomy in ways that had not been done up until this point. Its a phenomenal work, and this title page tells a thousand stories. The title page includes some references to the science that led up to this text where galen of [inaudible] who died in about 200 a. D. Was the standard for the study of anatomy. And so in this title page in its illustration youll actually see a dog with a human foot. So its an allusion to that idea that he studied animals to understand Human Anatomy because it was not allowed that you would work with a human cadaver. You were, you know, subject to roman law actually to use other animals but not humans. The next book were going to look at is a little bit later in history, and it involves this man right here. Edward jenner. Edward jenner was observing that milkmaids in england seemed to have a Natural Immunity to smallpox. So why was that . There were some other people who were reaching the same conclusion, but jenner gets the credit because hes the one who documented it in case studies. And this book unfolds case by case which is kind of early for that type of documentation to be thats the way we understand medical science today, but this is 1798. And Thomas Jefferson is of this time period, so he felt compelled to write to jenner and thank him for this gift to humanity. So we have here a letter written by Thomas Jefferson. Its dated monticello, virginia, may 14, 1806. And it reads i have received a copy of the evidence at large respecting the discovery of the vaccine inoculation which you have been pleased to send me and for which i return you my thanks. Unfortunately, he sent it to the wrong jenner. [laughter] the two were related, and were pretty sure that eventually it did get to the proper jenner, but he cement it to j. C he sent it to j. C. Jenner, and Edward Jenner is the person responsible for the vaccination. But its just a beautiful letter. Last item that we have is a very important little book called the federalist papers. The federalist papers, as you may know, were essays that were written to new york newspapers at the time when people were trying to pass the constitution. And these letters were in support of passing the constitution. And they were written by pen names. We learned later, after the fact, that represented the three authors of the essays. There are 85 essays in total, and about 51 of them were written by alexander hamilton. And a few by James Madison and even a few by john jay. Now, whats significant about this particular book is this was one of Thomas Jeffersons three copies that were sent to him while he was in paris. And so it has these unique inscriptions, and the first one reads for the honorable mr. Jefferson from his obedient servant, john jay. And then next, dugold stewart, a present from mr. Jefferson. So Thomas Jefferson gave his copy to stewart, a scottish philosopher. And mr. Stewart writes i was told by mr. Jefferson that the greater part of the papers in this collection were written by mr. Madison. I think people are fascinated by this book because of the ownership, because of the prove nance, the fact that it was john jays copy, then it was passed to this scottish philosopher while jefferson is abroad, is in paris. And the interesting thing that dugold stewart wrote this piece about mr. Madison being the majority author of the papers when we know it isnt true. Weve often speculated maybe jefferson said that, but he didnt probably want it to be written down. [laughter] and then i think its extremely significant that jefferson actually wrote, annotated in response to something that hamilton is trying to push forward that he disagrees with. Well, the federalist papers are an example of a text that we go back to time and again to really understand the meanings within our constitution. I think its insightful to see the inscriptions for an understanding of the different perspectives, and so i know that scholars are interested in our copy for that reason. We want people who come to see the milestones of science exhibit to walk away with a sense of appreciation that this collection exists in a Public Library in buffalo. And for the residents of buffalo, we hope itll rekindle a sense of pride, because its because of the citizens of buffalo the collection exists at all. For more information on booktvs recent visit to buffalo and the many other destinations on our cities tour, go to cspan. Org citiestour. Booktv covers hundreds of author programs throughout the country all year long. Heres a look at some of the events well be attending this week. On monday were at the New York Society Library the in manhattan for shane whites recount of 19th century africanamerican wall street broker Jeremiah Hamilton who amassed a fortune equivalent to 50 million today. Then on wednesday at the free library of philadelphia, sarah vowel looks at the American Revolution through the eyes of the frenchborn marquis de lafayette. That same evening, booktv will be in attendance at nor witch bookstore for a talk on the future of drone technology. On friday were at Sidwell Friends School in washington, d. C. For investigative journalist Bob Woodwards discussion on the life of nixon aide Alexander Butterfield and the role he played in divulging president nixons secret tape system. Also on friday historian dan jones will look at the creation of the magna carta and its impact on democratic principles. From Andersons Book shop in la grange, illinois. And next saturday were life from the wisconsin book festival in madison. Our coverage will include David Maraniss be look at detroit in 1963, evan thomas on the life and political career of richard nixon, and former labor secretary robert rice will weigh in on the current state of the economy. Thats a look at some of the author programs booktv will be covering this upcoming week. Many of these events are open to the public. Look for them to air in the near future on booktv on cspan2. In march of 1911, in a famous be incident that many of you know, 146 young female, mostly immigrant workers died at the triangle shirtwaist factory fire in new york. Two years later the cost of tha. Because it was in downtown new york on the lower east side, famous people saw this happen. Wealthy people saw this happen. Literally saw the workers who made their close died. Because of that they finally begin to identify with these workers and began to file for accountability in this industry, so that leads to a series of reforms on workers, on business safety, fire safety, et cetera. That is a beginning point of the 20th century when americans said we want to stand up to the excesses of american capitalism, but the bad old days of corporations being able to do whatever they wanted to do needed to end. And over much of the 20th century americans made enormous impact in attending the excesses of capitalism that leads to all sorts of laws that ranks on the Social Security act to minimum wage to the 40 hour week, to high rates of unionization. Enemy 20th century and after world war ii, americans continued this and begin to see corporations able to dump the pollution wherever they want with no accountability is also a bad thing. So they begin to demand accountability understand. So you have the upper right of clean air acts, clean water acts, all sorts of environmental legislation that truly clean up the american divide so that we today dont really experience the kind of Environmental Impact our ancestors did, whether here in brooklyn or in pittsburgh or anywhere around the nation. So this is a really successful story. But corporations begin to look for a way out of this. They want to escape the unions. They want to escape these Workplace Safety regulations. They want to escape these environmental regulations. From a very early point, theyre kind of start and begin to do this with some companies beginning to move to the south where you dont have the same level workplace regulation, but beginning in the 1960s you really begin to see Companies Start moving their factories overseas in order to escape the regulations because what corporations want is to repeat the highly exploitative nature of production overseas. They were never accepted the existence of unions, and so that they tend to move overseas. First in mexico in the 60s and to begin to move to places like korea and taiwan, and to china and eventually in the 21st century essential america and the poor countries in south and southeast asia. That brings us to the end of our story. In 2013 over 1100 workers died at the runoff plaza in bangladesh rundle plaza. The story is almost exactly same as the triangle fire. Young women working in the apparel industry with powerful Department Stores like walmart putting high cost pressures on the local contractors to make sure that the goods state chief and the profit from walmart stays high. Unsafe working conditions. Factory collapses on them. It is probably the greatest single workplace disaster in international history, and it is almost the exact same thing as 1911, except we dont see. Americans dont see. We cant even find bangladesh on a map. Forget about seeing the workers died and working to improve those conditions. Whats happened is that corporations have escaped the legal code that came to them. We are still bound by them here in the United States, or in bangladesh or in honduras or in mexico. But if the Corporate Corporation says that is essentially applied, this race is too much, that pollution, regulation is too strong, we are going to move to another country. And in doing that we have triggered a globalized system of exploitation that allows these companies to create tremendous amounts of process while profits while under when workers around the world. You can watch this online at booktv. Org. Heres a look at some books that are being published this week. The fiveton of plutonium bomb plunged toward the 640 miles per hour. 47 seconds later and powerful implosion forced obamas Pavilion Court to compress from the size of a grapefruit to the size of a tennis ball generate a nearly instantaneous Chain Reaction of nuclear fission. With colossal force and energy, the bomb detonated a third of my above the valley and its 30,000 residents and workers. At 11 02 a. M. A super brilliant flash lit up the sky visible from as far away as the hospital more than 10 miles over the mountains. Followed by thunderous explosion equal to the power of 21,000 tons of tnt. The entire city convulsed. At its first point this an explosion reached temperatures higher than at the center of the sun and the velocity of its shockwave exceeded the speed of sound. Onetenth of a millisecond later although the materials that make up the bomb converted into an ionized gas and an electro mag ways are released into the air. The thermal heat of the bomb ignited a fire ball with an indoor temperature of over 540,000 degrees fahrenheit. Within one second the blazing fireball expanded from 52 feet to its maximum size of 750 feet in diameter. Within three seconds the ground below reached an estimated 5400 7200 degrees fahrenheit. Directly beneath the bomb, infrared heat race instantly carbonized human and animal flesh and vaporized internal organs. Get a macleod bill of two miles overhead and eclipsed the sun, the bonds vertical blast pressure crushed much of the valley. Horizontal blast winds tore through the region at two and a half times the speed of a category five hurricane pulverizing buildings, trees, plants, animals, and thousands of men, women and children. In every direction people were blown out of the shelters, houses, factories, schools and hospital beds, catapult against walls or flattened in east beneath collapsed building to those working in the fields, standing in line at the ration stations were blown off their feet or hit by plummeting degree and pressed to the scalding earth. And iron bridge new 28 inches downstream. As of the buildings began to implode, patients and staff jumped out of the windows of the Nagasaki Medical College hospital and mobilize High School Girls jumped from third story of their Elementary School half a mile from the blast. The blazing heat melted iron and other metals, scorched bricks and concrete buildings, ignited clothing of this integrated education and caused severe and fatal flesh burns on peoples exposed faces and bodies. A mile from the detonation of the last force caused nine its brick walls to crack, glass fragment bolted into peoples arms, legs, backs and faces, often puncturing their muscles and organs. Two miles away thousands of people suffering flesh burns from the extreme heat lay trapped beneath partially demolished buildings. At distances up to five miles, wood and glass splinters. Through clothing and ripped into their flesh. Windows shattered as far as 11 miles away. Larger doses of radiation than any human had ever received penetrated deeply into the bodies of people and animals. The offending fireball suc suctd massive amounts of thick dust and debris into its churning stem. A deafening roar erupted as buildings throughout the city shuddered and crash to the ground. It all happened in an instant, a 13 yearold remembered. He had barely seen the blinding light barely seen the blindingly have them away before i powerful force hit him on his right side and hurled him into the air. The heat was so intense that i curled up like dried squid, he said come in what felt like dreamlike slowmotion. He was going backward 130 feet across a field, wrote i into an irrigation channel, then plunged to the ground landing on his back in a rice paddy flooded with shallow water. You can watch this and other programs online at booktv. Org. Many of you should president ial candidates have written books to introduce themselves to voters and chew gum their views on issues. Heres a look at some of their books