Overreaction in what youre suggesting where you had sort of come if you had their actual case of some had a grudge against their neighbor would say, you know what a german accent would say he was a nazi and it turned out he didnt like his neighbor. So by the 80s we were finally going after these guys and enjoy people who were not nazis were swept up in office. All this. So what from one extreme to the other. And about the death camps that have been turned into prisons for the former holocaust arrestees were was the press . Didnt the American Press look at that situation . You know, surprisingly there were actually stories about this. That report to truman which i had never heard of before, actually did get a fair amount of press in the u. S. Jewish groups were complaining both before and after the report, and were drawing attention to this but there was a report in the stars and stripes a month or two after the war ended out of italy where you still had germany surrendered six weeks, two months earlier or Something Like that, and just to let nazi ss officers running villages and towns in italy. And stars and stripes wrote a story with a headline something the effect of did we actually win the war . So there were stories. You know, i dont think the press totally abdicated its responsibility but when it comes with the cia was doing and the other intelligence agencies that stuff is so difficult to report on. I was thinking more about the conditions, yeah. You know once it got, it took a while for the reports to get back to the u. S. Jewish groups. Want to go back to the u. S. Jewish groups there actually was, not overloading press attention, but there were stories. And one final question we really dont have okay. That was going to be the last question but going to ask a quick question, we will wrap it up. Is it anticipated hoovers name will remain on the new fbi Headquarters Building . I have wondered the same thing. I dont think they have said that i would be shocked if they did. In the story that i did i mention for the times about these nazi spies unlike the cia which declined comment, the fbi actually did say that essentially a lot of this was j. Edgar hoovers fall. So its easy to throw j. Edgar hoover under the bus these days. Thank you. [applause] thank you very much. Is there a Nonfiction Author a book you would like to see featured on booktv . Send us an email to booktv at cspan. Org tweet us at booktv or post on our wall facebook. Com booktv. Welcome to wheeling West Virginia, on booktv. Located in the northern panhandle of the state it was the First Capital of West Virginia and is known as the friendly city. Due to its location along the ohio river and Historic National road wheeling boot as an additional hub in the early 20th century spent its kind uncommon in West Virginia and that it do a lot of immigrants from various parts of europe here in search of jobs and opportunity. With the help of our Comcast Cable partner, for the next hour we explore wheeling literally sing begin with local author dan weimer and this book looking at office of drug policy in the u. S. If you look at the budget for the war on drugs every year, i know its billions of dollars as i was curious as to why that isnt how does the war on drugs fit into the larger picture of American Foreign policy. The war on drugs is something that the u. S. Has used, you know i dont want to say some justification but its been able to use that as justification for intervention activities across the globe. We generally associate a declaration of war on drugs with president nixon in 1971 1970 he wasnt saying those words declaring a war on drugs. In one way if you look at that time period you can see the war on drugs is connected to the nixon administration, but if you go a little further back in u. S. History, you realize that nixon didnt start the war on drugs. The war on drugs had been in effect in the u. S. Has had stricter drug policies domestically and abroad for most of the 20th century, but what nixon did is was he expanded he enlarged it, the scope and size of both domestically and abroad which is kind of the area that i was interested in the although in the book a look at both areas, whats happening in the United States and also whats happening around the globe. Nixon had a few things in mind. One of there had been growing drug abuse inside the United States. Part of his Domestic Campaign was running on the mantra of law and order that is good restore law and order to the United States after some of the quoteunquote disorder of the 1960s. So theres that law and order theme. Also hes just been looking at drugs, sort of this menace and connecting it to the antiwar opponent, and thats one way to kind of discredit them. Theres a various reasons why he declared the war on drugs. Other than nixon at the nations governors met in washington today discuss what the president called indeed a national problem, drugs. He proposed a nationwide campaign of education waged at the committee level. David shoemaker reports. It was an unlikely setting for a psychedelic happening. The president , Vice President cabinet officials and the nations governors all been at the state department to worry together over the drug problem or the drug scene, deep in the on your age. Nixon is not the first president as president s before him and after him, you know, drugs are pretty easy political issue. Theres something most people can agree on regarding being tougher on drug users, criminals, traffickers, things like that. Its a rather easy issue for politicians to gain political capital. The countries that i look at where thailand, burma, and mexico. And the reason i looked at those countries was the drug that u. S. Policymakers, officials, were most concerned about and that they thought did the most damage or cause the most crime was heroin. Some looking at where the flow of heroin was coming globally to the u. S. , focus on those three countries, thailand, burma and mexico. And the gold with the policies was nixon look at the Ford Administration and some of the Carter Administration was what we call source control and that is attempting to eliminate or limit the amount of Illegal Drugs being produced at the source. Its a more efficient policy, use of resources, versus an interdiction you know, trying to interdict drugs coming into the country that usually nets may be 1015 of the flow. The thought was and still is that if you can go to the source of drug production, and in this case places where poppies were grown from opium poppies and heroin is being refined that if you can delete those sources then you can reduce the amount of Illegal Drugs entering the country and subsequently claimed that you can limit the amount of addiction happening in the United States. Another thing might the point about the history of the war on drugs is that each one of these countries i look at, thailand, burma and mexico, the strategies implemented their became pretty much permanent features of the drug war. Signage and alternative development in thailand to that still going on today. It happened in thailand was the first largescale attempt at that. Mexico with herbicides and that continues to happen. And then burma is a strategy that we still see today. And burma there was a lot of illicit opium production, and theyre still lives. At the time burma in the 70s became the largest illicit producer of opium. But in burley also had a civil war going on which meant the Central Government and a bunch of different rebel groups either based on ethnicity or there was a Burmese Communist Party was fighting against the government, and each of these rebel groups was one way or another involved in opium production and trafficking is one way they funded their calls. So the United States would have been in firm and as such will be done in many places across the globe, is it provided no to assistance to the burmese government in the form of helicopters, surveillance airplanes, surveillance equipment, night vision goggles things for the burmese government to build up their capacity to track down these rebels. They defeat the insurgents which they thought would then decrease the amount of Drug Trafficking, or to destroy the insurgents opium supplies or heroin refineries, which would also enter we can the insurgency and also limit the amount of drugs being produced. In burma, even though its not call this, this whole concept of the narcoguerrilla in which comes into being in colombia stated narco guerrillas in colombia in the early 1980s, that term is not around in the 70s. That concept is already there and what the United States is doing in burma. So, for example, in thailand where there was the illegal opium production happening, the United States that high government and the United Nations implemented a number of these programs aimed at getting poppy farmers to grow other crops, and that was called crop replacement, and that was referred to as alternative development. But essentially it is just that tinted to get poppy cultivators to grow other crops for export. And in the case of thailand, it was a whole host of things but the program in thailand which took about 20 years to have an effect, was seen as a model, as a Successful Program and therefore, if we could do it in thailand, it should be tried in other places. And it has occurred in lots of places around the globe, particularly in some cocoa producing countries in south america. Ultimately though in the long run, so even in the nixon and Ford Administration, the Carter Administration, the u. S. Is providing funds for crop replacement in thailand is seen as a successful model because illicit production in thailand does go down. In the long run, i mean up to today, alternative development really has had mixed success in reducing the overall amount of Illegal Drugs being produced. But nontheless, it was seen as a successful policy and worthy of repetition elsewhere. Dea agents would look at the amount of surety of heroin that was in the United States to determine if there was an effect eradication programs were having an effect on the amount being produced. So purity is going down in the United States. They know the supply has gone down. The amount being a seized was another measure of success. So those are two of the metrics when it came to eradication policies, to see if youre having any type of positive effect. So we look at the history of crop replacement or alternative department, one of the problems is that people who grow poppies, finding a replacement crop that brings a steady price and a good price is hard to find, and we can see that even today in afghanistan which is the Worlds Largest producer of opium that tends to get afghan farmers to grow Something Else really runs up against a problem that the price you could get four week get four week is 40 or 50 times less than what you get the same amount of opium. So while policymakers claim that he predicted to grow to grow Something Else, it will be better for them. In many respects these farmers have already made a really rational economic choice and that poppies make sense but also they are less intense and sometimes to cultivate particularly in place like afghanistan to take a lot less water to grow, poppies and does wheat. While these programs can have small successes overall i dont think that they have had a great deal of success in limiting the amount of drugs being produced. Traffickers adapt and so if you break up one organization, it fractures into smaller ones. Demand is relatively stable in places like the United States or western europe, are wherever there is high demand for narcotics such as heroin. I think another thing that lots of people have talked about is the quoteunquote era of globalization we have increased trade across the globe and not just trade of goods but also opening up of the Financial Systems across the globe that its harder to police when you have, theres a real tension or contradiction between, you know im the one level saying youre going to increase the amount of free trade of legal good, but at the same time be able to police the trade in illegal goods. The war on drugs in terms of saying that its going to reduce the amount of drugs globally being produced or the rates of addiction in the United States has not occurred. And i think a lot of those criticisms that the war on drugs is not producing results is correct. One of the interesting things that i found what i was writing the book is that at the time in the 70s officials when they were thinking of these different types of eradication policies and source control policies thought that while they could totally eliminate illegal Drug Trafficking and addiction in the United States that they could put a really serious dent in it. That is something that could be managed. And subsequently what has occurred is that yeah you could put temporary dance in things but you can break up organization, but that doesnt mean that the trafficking is going to go away. Mainly because the demand doesnt go away. And so the thing that i focus on my book is source control policies abroad. The United States and other countries, and that has been a main feature of the war on drugs. But one criticism of the war on drugs i think is correct is that the demand side in the United States has not been as the dress with equal amounts of Effort Energy and resources. How has the war changed since the 1970s, the time period i looked at . Its only grown in size and in school. That dea that was created in 1973 has continued to grow as an organization. And we are seeing some questioning of a global level of liters of latin american countries, European Countries came together and declaring publicly that we need to rethink the global war on drugs and its current focus on enforcement and source control and that it has not worked and we need to find other ways of addressing this issue that dont come with so many harms is not so wasteful dollars. Youre watching book tv on teewun. This weekend were visiting West Virginia. Next we visit the Ohio County Public Library and discuss some of there rare books and photos. Known as gateway to the west. The suspension bridge is really a way to get to the west over the river. Before that it was going around. As a transportation hub at a city full of creeks, streams, and rivers bridges were an important way to make commerce possible. Part of our collection of photographs was the foundation of our collection that was donated to the library by wc brown. These showed various scenes from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. I chose to focus on some of the historic bridges. They still exist. This one was under construction in 1891, the main street stone arch bridge. The longest single span stone arch in the United States in 1892 when it was dedicated the stones were all locally quarried, and one of them fell on a construction worker was killed and drowned. His ghost is said thought the bridge to this day. The the bridge is still in use. The 2nd bridge over like to show you is another stone arch that was built in 1817. It is the help grow stone arch. Some some people noted as the humpback bridge or the monument plays bridge because it is very near where the shepherds lived. Youve probably heard of herod moses. Moses. Moses shepherd allegedly used his influence was senator henry clay to have the bridge built close to there home. It is still in heavy use. Unfortunately covered in concrete now but it still is the oldest bridge in West Virginia still in continuous use. The 3rd and most famous bridge is our developed a willing suspension bridge which is just of up main street on 10th street. This particular is one of the oldest if not the oldest photographs taken from above the bridge near 10th street. You can see it here. During the 1852 flood. The entire island. And this is a famous photograph. The suspension bridge a competition to design it featuring mr. Broadway. Actually prevailed on the bridge was opened in 1849. During its early history the city of pittsburgh to not like the bridge because they claimed it interfered with river traffic, it was too low, so they filed the suit. Eventually they prevailed. Restored by mr. L. It would lower their section of the whistles rightsofway. Very unpopular. It is a beautiful a beautiful piece of work. Was really an engineering marvel. Still all markable a remarkable structure. To transition to our rare books collection for this particular book contains one charles holds original design for the suspension bridge and it was more of its a lot more decorative than fancy that initially conceived. Also conceived. Also from our rare books collection is the 1st city director very important to researchers and historians to lower businesses relocated and also where some of the important families lived in their occupations. This one is writing 39. Very few of these exist. Alphabetically arranged. Families and businesses they are engaged in common names of streets and alleys upon which they wrote, business places and families etc. So we have all collection of city directors heavily used by researchers. The city directory to find where business was located and how long a business existed by checking each year and also to learn where someone no where their primary place of businesses. Many of them also contain the structure of the town or businesses relocated. You can determine you no where the commercial section was already industrial section was, that sort of thing. This was to show you. In 1876 also the same same collection of the rare books you can see. On this particular way dont see them very often. It is nice to see how they were laid out because it was sort of a frontier outposts in the rough and ready city a lot of people were drawn here. You can pick up one of these books and feel the history coming out of the pages. Reading excerpts and look at these photographs capture a moment in time photographs dont lie. They are subject to interpretation but are invaluable primary sources of affirmation. During the recent visit we met with joseph roxby who details the lives of the citys citys founders and life on the frontier. Title the heroic age, taken from a schoolteacher from that area. Manuscript formed a lot of the primary sources that we used for the research when he was writing they refer to this as the heroic age. He would have been very familiar. He was a teacher taught 1st settlor share. Quite familiar with the stories. First of settlement in 1768. With that the 1st families that came to the area were considered the founders. This was in effect the western theater of the american revolution. Fort was built and named after the governor of virginia. The rural governor and is waiting for you. Fortson to be located in terms of some strategic reason. Basically for wheeling it was considered the head of navigation on the ohio. It made sense to build a fort here. Beyond that they would have a symbiotic relationship. A lot of places where forts were built where there was no population, population, they were simply abandoned because there was no garrison. Support so for henry protected wheeling and really protected for me. Of course the trilogy of questions. The 1st occurred september 117 of december. The frontiers that actually been expecting attack. They got word that a largescale attack was coming and called all of them publishing groups together figures before. Of course the indians were nobodys fool and he came to work for. They definitely have the belief that time spent in reconnaissance of the enemy is never wasted. They actually september 11777. Only one company left to garrison the fort. The indians were not siege craft was simply not what they did. They were outstanding writers. In the woods and open fighting there were truly the masters of run again. The people not realize they their were the finest infantry of the day. By contrast the militia were parttime citizen soldiers and quite poor at it. Most of the time militia were never stand backed by redcoats regulars. The real emotional zenith becomes about between the two apart that they. People made it from shepherd if the people i got to shepherds for the people no the folks at fort henry were in dire straits. This is express riders are for help. One of the express riders went to a small family fort located about 5 miles. The commanders major;. When he gets the word there is not a lot he can do in terms of rounding up a lot of people. Communication. Communication can travel faster than men on horseback the Militia Companies had just been dispersed. So basically the only thing that he could do to bring relief to the fort himself, his brother brother john and another man by the name of thanks to have the idea that what they would do was approach the fort, they saw the indians put the spur to their horses and ride down our shootout anyone that gotten their way. Of way. Of course plans like that never work out quite likely want them to. Was a lot better mounted than the other two. His worst way out in front. The indians are right around him trying to pull him out of the saddle. Takes off with the indians on foot in hot pursuit. Unfortunately his fortune goes from week to black. Theres another group of indians coming up the other side. Basically between two fires and there is no real easy out. So preferring a quick death to a slow torturing capture with dispersed resource and both of them go down 300 feet below the creek. Literally with the to legend what it meant in a larger sense was he was actually very serious tactical defeat. The indians had destroyed most of the foodstuffs but just the fact that fort henry held which was the elder transportation western theater with the kentucky settlements. The 2nd legend was betty saying. Second the 2nd seeds took place september 11, 1782. It took place a year after cornwallis has surrendered. The british still occupied new york, charleston, and i believe savanna that their were no active campaigns. They were negotiating peace terms. There is no real federal government that they no an attack is coming and i ask out. The 15 or 16yearold boy is probably 20 miles deep into ohio and what he sees alarms and vary greatly, huge force of approximately 24260 indians in the company of british rangers headed directly eastward for henry. Again he comes to the edge of the water fires his rifle is a signal. The british and the indians realize that they have been made. They demand the surrender. At this. 300 of the finest special forces of the day. Basically 100 young women and children defending themselves against these folks. One of the things, these were intimate battles. This was not like gettysburg. When youre there herein there there here and there with your rifle, kids, family, brotherinlaw, motherinlaw, favorite neighbor, whatever. Again you dont do serling know what sort of fate awaits you with your taken. Chances are we will be bad. They find their basically out of gum power. You wonder why Something Like this would happen, how come there was not more powder fort. It was very simple, theft. Just a couple of months prior to that Ebenezer Zane had sent to the commander at fort pit saying effusion may powder a promise anything you give us will be burned at the enemy, nothing will be wasted and nothing will be stolen. A small supply was kept in the fort. Him simply to keep the indians of babies is typically indian raids only lasted a day or so, but what kind of put that out the one window is the fact that these indians have british rangers with them much more determined enemy. So now the sieges lasted about a day and a half a lot of gunpowder. But there is more in his block house approximately 60 yards away. Look for a volunteer. 16yearold girl 16 yearold girl steps up and said ill do it. She steps out makes and when she takes off the indians see her and curiously enough they dont shoot at her. She is over there and relates the fact that their is a crisis at hand. A tie it around her waist and she is sent back. She runs back to fort henry. All the british indians everybody who had a rifle opened up. The bullets cut around her like hail and came so close they cut her clothing but miraculously she made it back to the fort. It doesnt sound like much. But when you think about this shes carrying maybe 25 pounds of gum power running uphill and perhaps across the sites of a couple hundred rifles. This is what legends are made of. What ive written here is not history for historians with history for general folks. When i 1st into it, i was familiar with the books and things like that. In the primary sources and read the stories of what actually happened my found that it was every bit as exciting as in the mythological things that people have attached to it. The truth was actually better than fiction. This weekend book tv is in wheeling, West Virginia with the help of our late to stop local cable partner comcast. We comcast. We continue our trip with author sean duffy, whose book the wheeling family traces the history of the family. Massive population growth it was a boom town. Of course it is not anymore. It is boom or bust. The population was never higher than the early and mid 20th centuries in the steel was in full production. So the impact economically was huge and turned it into a major city for West Virginia. Because of its location on the ohio river and because the National Road came through as i mentioned before, it was a Transportation Transportation hub. And there are a lot of resources around here it was easy to transport goods like steel to market from wheeling. Some industry was naturally drawn here. Industry requires labor. And so because it wasnt in the because it was an Industrial Town their were a lot of jobs. So many times the patriarch, the man of the family comes to the United States many times the companies actually go to new york or one of the other ports of entry and recruit for the business. That is how they ended up in. They would send back money for a time. In terms of the Italian Community there was a coal mine owned by a gentleman who had come from middling himself. He came from a town called poor finial in italy and he eventually did well and bought the combine. He essentially brought a large percentage of his neighbors to work in the mine. You provided their jobs. Essentially all of these italians are from the same town. I just thought that was fascinating. He essentially drained the italian town and brought them over to a small town eventually incorporated into the city. You know they were grateful to them for providing work and opportunity and came here by the droves. I spoke to a gentlemans father worked in that coma. He had the opportunity in his 80s to go back to italy and actually visible female. A photograph of his father leaving italy at the train station got taken to the shipyard and he was able to visit that very same spot where his father had boarded the train to take a photograph of himself immigrants changed the city in that prior to their arrival wheeling was a typical american town. When they came they gathered with their countrymen and neighbors. You might get a East Wheeling known as little italy. Center had a lot of greek and lebanese. South is primarily polish. These neighborhoods these neighborhoods became distinctive and brought culture and tradition with them and it influenced everything about cultural life in wheeling from religion and the churches to education and Language Arts music, art, music, so prior to the immigration, and was largely a german settlement. After that it was quite diverse and each neighborhood had its own distinct flavor, character. It suffered from the collapse of those industries namely from foreign competition that can make steel more cheaply. Namely pittsburgh steel. They just cannot compete. If you are from immigrant stock unfortunately you are just dark. The population has diminished significantly since the start of. Were trying to reinvent ourselves now the effort that is under way and at the same time preserver past. I think i think that immigrant history is overlooked because it lacks the sort of glamours of say the revolutionary cofounding or civil war periods you know, it is industrial history, gritty a lot of people we will get so they dont necessarily celebrated when you when you talk about the neighborhoods that formed as a result they are much more interested in talking about that. It was both a sad time and the vital time. People an opportunity, but these jobs were hard work work, backbreaking work but these people essentially built this town. There were the ones who laid the brakes made this deal brought the cigars, the economy, provided labor for the factories. Book tv recently visited wheeling, West Virginia. Thank you for joining us. Thank you for having me. I have always been interested in the 2nd world war. To my mind the war between nazi germany and the soviet union. I went to look for my dissertation topic. I was also interested not just in the military confrontation with the ideological struggle that the knots is waging against the soviet union. Hitlers dream was to create this racial empire. So i went to look at how the german army fought the war not just the military struggle with the ideological struggle. There has been been a lot written in english about the military struggle and a lot written in german about the ideological struggle. I want to combine those two narratives to come up with one overarching view of the war. I focused on three infantry divisions that i believe had been kind of understudied. A lot of work on is the chairman divisions panzer divisions but i wanted to look at three divisions made up of ordinary men. Regular german menu had been drafted or construct conscripted. As relatively understudied. A a fair amount about the siege of leningrad itself but not a lot about the german occupation, so i wanted to add a bit to the literature most of which focuses on the center of the front with moscow or the southern section of the front with stalingrad. Hitlers goal was to create this economic empire. The idea the main goal was food. Very interested in feeding their home front. In 1918 we see see that the german home front brakes. So they are convinced that if they can grasp food feed the german home front and armys there will always be enough food at home in the german reich will continue to expand. So the majority is to grab as much food as possible. Natural resources such as oil and other resources needed for arming and production. So the idea is that the soviet union is to be as india. The germans think about this food that we are going to have to get the other aspect is the war against false reason. The immortal enemy. For hitler if we can destroy the bolshevik state we get rid of the jews as well. So these things come together. This leads to an ideological war that is perhaps the most savage in european history. What was the german approach to back. Works well, here we have that dichotomy. This is the 1st complained to the campaign that they planned as a blitzkrieg. Quick moving panzer units, groups such. Press on while the Infantry Army closed. The group that i looked at we we dont see the same kind of blitz campaign. Primarily due to the fact that Army Group North only has one panzer group. Also has to do with the terrain of the area kind of a swampy, for city area. So becomes one of infantry but we also see the flipside, the ideological war, one of the orders issued basically states that all the political officers attached to red army are to be immediately separated from other red Army Prisoners and delivered to ss units to be shot or to be shot on the authority of the officer of the front. So we see the ideological war. There is nothing similar to this. We we also see this ideological war we look at food policy and what the germans do in this attempt to ensure that their troops are fed and that the homefront does not have rations to the front they are told to live off of the land. About two to three weeks and to the advance one of the traditions that i like the 123rd entry treat teeth of infantry divisions word to find assistance. The soviet union during the 1940s through the zerosum game. Were they going to get it. If they lose their last cow or goat but on the star. To take a different approach to the soviets. Well well this is where that whole racial hierarchy comes in to play. For the germans there is an approach to war based upon readiness. They readiness. They see the denmark they view that as racially similar to the germans. Germans. They deserve a better treatment. For the frenchs quite as high, but nonetheless theres a civilization there. They do not compare. They do not deserve what they have. Im brutality we do not see in the east. This is a a huge role in it. Many within the german army itself. We still see communism is a real threat. All of this comes together. The general population. Our soviets looked at germany. It is interesting. They go through the Baltic States. These people have just been forcibly incorporated as a result so they greet the germans as liberators. As the germans pushed deeper into the Baltic States there are some russians agreed them in a welcoming manner. The soviets seen them as practicing their religion again. Certainly not throw the sauls policies. Solids policies. But as the year advances we see that the special support of the germans dissipates and this is most noteworthy in the town of pop mosque more of the smaller teeth of a small city, large town town that sits outside of leningrad occupied by the 141st infantry division. They settle in the siege. The seized by the germans. Begins in september of 1941. Hundred and 21st id moves and we see these policies coming together. One of the 1st things that happens jewish populations are murdered. It is clear that units attached. We see this later on in the year. Once this is carried out and receive the same pattern carried out for the same reasons so its clear they work together. The Biggest Issue is food. As the germans moved and they immediately confiscate all of the food and warehouses. They speak of the germans going house to house. What we see is this incredible starvation and this is familiar to people who have read about leningrad. Suffering somewhere suffering somewhere in the neighbor of 800,000 of 1 Million People die primarily from starvation when all the cities and towns see the same thing. The germans got an error in late september by the end of the war it was down to 6,000 with the majority of these people die during the 1st winter, just incredible sense of desperation and misery. What is interesting is that the highest levels of the german army they see this as a necessity. The german army was going to do whatever it needs to do to win the war. They see this as the starvation dispersed through the town. And we see that german field commands at the Division Level are radioing up the hierarchy to the army level and then back to berlin. We push in the city and have about 50,000 people who are going to start. And they are instructed to let them starve. Basically its better to let them starve. So there is this idea within the german high command that it is okay. It becomes a big problem for troops on the ground. Divisions complain about it being intolerable to see women and children starving, intolerable for their morale. Many would write about their efforts to give a little a little bit of food to russians, especially children and women. One one soviet report said that german troops are especially kindhearted or softs. So the high command is okay with this. They would try to help out. Whether or not they connected the fact that their occupation policy as a whole is open for debate. Starvation began to set in. The german certainly talking about other documents. This mentality one where the germans thought they were going to win, the necessity, they dont have to treat anyone in a conciliatory or kind manner. We see this ends in december of 41 the soviet counterattack. Winter crisis is when we have this major soviet counterattack. And also it also affects the Army Group North. One of the divisions are worked up surrounded this. What we see is the german army believes it is fighting his existential war. So it starts to wage a very different war. Now it becomes one in which everyone is a legitimate target. Civilians are seen as being especially problematic. A lot a lot of pressure on this exhaustive force the more the germans realize rowing to growing to have to use the soviets feelings to workforce. So so soviet to have soviet civilians began to be targeted. This leads to an uptick in violence and savagery. From what i can tell my interpretation is that this change in behavior was based on how the germans appreciated the war. Now they had to fear civilians. Is simply disintegrate and everything becomes to have the whole area is now a combat area and everyone is treated as such. The germans master this crisis will they survive this winter crisis probably because the soviets are not well enough equipped organized, trained for lead to completely destroy germans. So everything just stops. And during this time the german high command realizes that what has happened is the german army is no longer Strong Enough to defeat the soviet union in one massive campaign. They they shift their forces to the south. Overseeing the north is theyre told to go over to the defenses. Will we see is that the battlefield in the north now become somewhat all we had the 1st world war attrition warfare. So the german army has to dig in and defend the position as one is leads to the 3rd. The only way they can win this war source to mobilize the population. The experiences of the 123rd infantry division. Not the most and i think really they are surrounded by superior red army forces. These divisions are all greatly weakened and smacked around pretty well. Well. So they are not strong combat ready divisions. What i found and what was surprising was that instead of becoming more aggressive, more ideologically motivated and will likely lash out at civilians these divisions became much more conciliatory and acting program so civilians. Help soviet civilians. Now clearly it does not do this for humanitarian reasons. It does it because it understands people were fed are not going to be as rebellious and dont have disease which will then be spread to german forces. The only way we will win this war is we simply have a pacified population behind the line determined to link up with the red army or partisan unit to cut our throats. So during this time of 42 to 43 i think that we see this concerted attempts by at least elements of the german army in east to work for the soviet population. So this i i think, breaks somewhat from this ideological conceptions of war. If we look at this from that ideological perspective the idea would be if things get tucker to thought of or they we will prone to wage the war. Israel with you. Go to cspan. Org local content. Saturday, january 24 is being called National Readathon day. What is National Readathon day . It is the day in january, coming up january 24 for all across america we are inviting readers to commit to spend the app and reading a book that they like. You can do it at home or any of the venues across the country which include libraries and bookstores in schools. And why are you promoting this . That is a wonderful, large, and complicated question. Our hope is to foster a culture a culture of reading in america and remind people what they experience should be dedicating time to reading. People read less because they feel they dont have time but there is pleasure that comes from getting lost in the world of book that is different than if you check your phone every few minutes or on the go between different venues and we wanted people to remember what that experience was like. You were setting a time frame from this 12 noon to 4 00 p. M. Saturday afternoon thats exactly right. We right. We agreed it was not so onerous that it could not be done. Is it seemed a reasonable amount. Other groups participating . We have a lot of different groups, book clubs to local libraries go their to see if a place near you is already participating and ninja scheduling. If someone wants to do this at home, how can they stay in contact with the larger group . Besides the website, is there a . Absolutely. Time to read reminding people about why we make the time to read. You can search it on any of your different platforms. Participating, talk about what it is. You can share yourself photos of your reading participate in the larger Virtual Community that way plextor is a money aspect as well. Similar to how people do want caps ons fund a marathon for charity if you want to consider raising money for those famous for the National Book forces awards that they give out every fall fiction and nonfiction and poetry they also do incredible work around the country home libraries, authors to speak to kids and needy communities around america because the hope that her ongoing efforts how do you contribute . Great question. You can find the link to a platform for donations that many people are probably already familiar with similar to what is used for marathons and water ponds and donate any amount or set up around fundraising page and raise funds that way under the event called National Readathon day. Of 1st year trying to do this. Until that theres a 15,000 raise already. Im pleased to see the diversity of people donating. Its the kind of thing were smaller amounts are going to make a big difference in overall getting as to a nice a nice number to give to the National Book foundation. It benefits the National Book foundation, foundation, but who are the corporate sponsors . We had a great group that came together. They will be having a party in San Francisco where their headquarters is its. Mashable is also participating and has been talking about it on social media. From coast to coast some by sponsors. And dont forget your own, random house. Thank you. I would have been in trouble for that one. Pain when random house, the publishing company, we have been supporting the effort as well. A member of our authors on board to make these lovely videos which just started releasing yesterday. Why books are important and why they make time to read. Making time to read is important because. If you dont make time to read your brain will rot. Of book can educate entertain. There is nothing like a a book to make you see the world in a way. The sum of books and packed on my life, they they have saved my life. Ive never been without a book. A book does not require a a password. Are reply should be looking at television. Its hard to find time to read. I developed my love for reading as a boy. By the age of 10 i 10 i was already reading all kind of crazy stuff. Don quixote of ivanhoe. And trash too. Ian fleming. Alice in wonderland treasure island. How appropriate. It comes into a childs life you no that the child was lost in the story. To me that is the ideal ideal childhood. By local neighborhood bookstore because i like the random encounter. Words with Cass Sunstein former administrator the White House Office of information and Regulatory Affairs in the Obama Administration and coauthor of wiser getting beyond groupthink to make groups smarter. He shares his thoughts on the group decisionmaking can be flawed and offers ways to make better collective decision to keep discusses his book with susan cain, author of the bestseller quiet the power of introverts in a world that cant stop talking. Host so i love this book. It was fascinating. And i would love if its about that grapples with complex ideas so can we start with laying out the basic thesis . Guest it has two parts. The first is why do