Their war preparations. On afterwards at 9 00 p. M. Eastern, Karen Greenberg takes a critical look at the lots that were enacted to fight the war on terrorism. At ten p. M. , the life and career of Supreme Court justice, louis brandeis. We wrap up our brandeis. We wrap up our sunday primetime line up at 11 30 p. M. With an interviewer with senator lamarr examined and are in talks about the books that have influenced his life and career. That happens next on cspan twos, but tv. First up is Carol Anderson. We will go ahead and get started. Hello and welcome. I am ashamed host of Left Bank Books. Id like to thank our cosponsor, the Ferguson Public Library. They are a wonderful partner to have such an event like this. Left bank books holds 300 authors each each year and its with your help that we are bringing in more favorite authors. 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For information about our Upcoming Events and information on a reading group, ferguson rates and ferguson reads and much more, please visit our website, grab one of our news letters in the back and get signed up toward email, mailing list. Im proud to introduce Carol Anderson for left bank and books. As ferguson arrested in 2014 and media commentators across the spectrum referred to the angry response of africanamericans as a black rage, anderson wrote a remarkable oped in the Washington Post showing this was instead, wet white rage at work. Linking historical flashpoints when black americans was countered by deliberating opposition. White rage pulled back the veil that they have made in the name of protecting democracy. Author of the substance of hope says, few historians right with the grace, clarity, an, and intellectual verb that Carol Anderson summons in this book. There are a sample of writers whose work i consider indispensable. Professor anderson is high on that list. The editor of white rage also says this is one of the most important books he has worked on. Carol anderson is a professor of africanamerican studies at emory university. She is the author of many books, including the naacp, and the struggle for colonial liberation, 1941 1960 and numerous articles. Andersons opinion article will appear in the fire, this time a new generation speaks about race. Edited by National Book award winner, justman word which comes out in august and i highly recommend that because well. That article shaped and helped define this book and a movement. White rage is inspiring, and inspiring. It is time to diffuse the power of white rage. It is time to finally, truly move into the future. Tonight, carol will will be discussing white rage, the unspoken truth of our racial divide answering your questions. Would you please please help me in welcoming Carol Anderson. [applause]. Thank you. Thank you for for coming out on a, what days this . [laughter] i truly appreciate it. I appreciate what Ferguson Public Library has done and is for this community. Thank you. I appreciate Left Bank Books as well. Thank you. I wanted to spend some time First Talking about how i got to white rage, what white rage is, and then move into several excerpts from the book and then open it up for q a. When i first began to wrestle with the concept of white rage, it was not ferguson. It was was in fact in february 1999. When a black man in new york city stepped out on his doorstep after a long, hard days work to go get something to eat. He was greeted with 41 bullets. Nineteen of which hit him. His name was nonoaud. He was was gunned down by the nypd. He was on arms. That was bad enough, but as we know from these killings, it is the response that begins to tell you what is happening in society. And so, im sitting, im sitting there and i am listening to mayor rudy juliano in a interview with ted koppel on nightline. Ted koppel was talking about the nypd, the killing, he is talking about 41 bullets, he is talking about stop and frisk. Hes talking about Police Brutality and Rudy Giuliani says, i have the most recent and best behave please force you can imagine. Okay, yeah i had one of those scooby doo moments. What . And then he began to talk about how his policies were working. That what he has put in place in new york city has brought down crime. New york city is a safer place because of his policies and he has flowcharts graphs bars, everything. What you do not hear is that an unarmed black man stepped out on his porch and was gunned down. Im sitting there going, something is fundamentally wrong. Structurally wrong. I did not know what to call it. I didnt know to label it. What i knew something was going on. I continued working, thinking and working, and thinking. And then august 2014, the television is on and i am watching. I see ferguson in flames. And then i hear the pundit talking and what they were talking about was a black rage. Wire black people burning up where they live . What is wrong with black people, how can they burn up with a live . Will there some wrong with black people, and why are they burning up, and it didnt matter what ideological stripe, it was all centered, the baseline, baseline, the starting point was a black rage. And i found myself in this moment shaking my head. That moment when youre shaking your head something is going on and you dont even realize. Youre going no thats not right. Thats not right. And that is when it hit me. Know what we what we are really seen is white rage. What we are really seen is that we have been so focused in on the flames that we have missed the kindling. We have missed what has stoked the spire. We have missed for instance, the the disenchantment of the black community in ferguson. That through all kinds of shenanigans and rigmarole, have have created where in the 2013 municipal election, in a population that is 67 of fergusons population, you population, you had a 6 black voter turnout. You have to work really hard to make that happen. We missed in ferguson schools that have been on probation for 15 years. Fifteen years where a state has an account a system of ugly accreditation of 140 points. Ferguson 40 points. Ferguson Public Schools were getting ten points per year. We have allowed that to happen for 15 years. We have allowed an entire generation of students to go through from kindergarten through graduation and a School System that we know does not work. Kindling. We have a police force that did not see its role was to protect and serve but saw africanamericans as a Revenue Generating source. That could provide 25 of the citys budget. Kindling. And what all of this kindling does, and as i started wrestling wrestling with white rage, i began to understand that what we are really looking at is the policies, as a nation we are so drawn to the spectacular. We are so drawn to what we can see that we miss the teutonic plates that are actually moving. White rage move suddenly. Almost imperceptibly, corrosive lee. Through the courts, the legislatures, government yurok receipts, and the white house through congress and it wreaks havoc subtly. And perceptively so that it is hard to discern what is the source of what you are seeing so i set out to make white rage visible. Because the first thing you have to do is be able to see this thing. The trigger for white rage is black advancement. It is not the mere presence of black people that is the catalyst for white rage but it is blackness with ambition. Blackness with drive. With purpose, with aspirations, with demands for full and equal citizenship. It is blackness that refuses to accept subjugation. Blackness that refuses to give up. And through a formidable array of policy assaults and legal maneuverings, white rage consistently punishes black resilience and black resolve. How else can we reasonably explain why government after government fought so hard to keep black children from getting an education. We saw it after the civil war, we sought sought all the way through the brown decision, we see it now. Why is it so difficult to educate black children . Why do we have this, even when at least since 1957 and sputnik when that u. S. Said we have a National Security crisis. We must educate as many of our citizens as we can to be able to effectively wage the cold war. But brown was not going to get implemented. Even in the face of a National Security crisis, even in the face of we say this is what our nation needs, white rage says, i dont think so. Why . Would this nation design a war on drugs, that incarcerates most those who sell and do drugs the least. Why . And why particularly after the trial and the successes of the Civil Rights Movement with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and four and the Voting Rights act of 1965 why do we incarcerate communities . Why would we overwhelm state budgets . Why would we destabilize families . Why would we do the to those who are not the primary users . Why would do that for those that are not the primary users and sellers of narcotics . Why . Why would state after state develop rules after rules to keep american citizens from being able to vote . And to have a say in their own democracy, why . When we say we value democracy, when we say this is why we fight, then why would we have such mass Voter Suppression . Understand that none of this was done with the mere plan. There were not any cross burning such is made all of this happen. All of this was done coolly, methodically, systematically. And so my new book, white rage i trace this pattern with signposts. The great migration, the brown decision, the silver Rights Movement and the election of barack obama. I also trace it through three key sectors, education, the criminal Justice System, and the, and the right to vote. So now i want to read some excerpts. As you know in 1954 the u. S. Supreme court ruled that separate but equal was unconstitutional. Overturn the policy decision and said that we must integrate. Jim crow was no longer the law of the land. The staff rose up and said with massive just on trent resistant said no. They use the theories that in fact dragged this process out for a long, long time. Well, in 1973 the Court Battles are still going on. In 1973 there was an area in san antonio called the edgewood district. In the edgewood neighborhood it was 96 mexicanamerican and africanamerican. It. It was the poorest neighborhood in san antonio. It had the lowest medium income and the lost Property Values. They tax themselves at the highest rate. In order to try to fund their childrens education. By taxing themselves at the highest rate they garnered 21 per capital. Meanwhile, out in the heights which was a predominantly white neighborhood in san antonio, tax themselves at a lower rate. They garnered over 300 per student. Lower rate, 1500 more in funding. What we know is that Property Values have a lot to do with public policy. Where governments choose to put the landfill, where they choose to put the highway, where they choose to zone certain types of businesses and not others has a lot to do with property value. So the parents and the edgewood district took texas to court. And they said this violates our childrens 14th amendment rights to have equal protection under the law. It violates brown. The u. S. Supreme court ruled in a 5 for decision, for the justices were appointed by Richard Nixon and one was a pointed bite white eisenhower. That quote, there is no fundamental right to education in the constitution. They said that the state funding scheme did not systematically discriminate against all were people in texas and that districts in the United States use property taxes, that this method was not so irrational as to be discriminatory. Thurgood marshall, his dissent, and this is what im going to read. Fully recognizing the implication implication of rodriguez, the name of the case. Justice thurgood r scholl was applicable at dick. More than 40 of black children, 14 and under lived with families below the poverty line. Thats compared with 10 of white children. Under those circumstances africanamerican children would not stand a chance. The decision he wrote could only be seen as a retreat from a commitment to equality to Educational Opportunity as well as an unsupportable capitulation to a system which deprived children of the chance to reach their full potential as citizens. He was simply dumbfounded. That the majority majority would acknowledge the existence of widely disparate funding for schools across texas but then, instead instead of focusing on the cause of the disparity they would. What to all of the states supposed to efforts to close the gap. The issue, marshall explained, is not whether texas is doing its best to ameliorate the worst features of a discriminatory scheme. But rather, whether whether the scheme itself is unconstitutionally discriminatory. Moreover, he founded the height of absurdity that texas could actually argued that there was no correlation between funding and school quality. You cant make this up. Then from that faulty premise, there was note discriminatory processes of the children of the district. He was equally unimpressed with texas tendency to pray before the justice despite living in under resourced district as some sort of proof that funding was irrelevant. That a child could excel even one forced to attend an underfunded school with poor facilities, less experienced teachers, larger, larger classes, and a number of other deficits compared to a school with more funds. It was to the credit of the child, not the state. But they put that on the backs of the most vulnerable while walling off access to the resources of quality education. It played beautifully into the colorblind, post civil rights language of substituting economics for race yet achieving a similar result. The simple truth was that by virtue of this year demographics of poverty, rodrigues would have not only a disparate impact on africanamerican children, but also a disastrous one. I know, sobering. I then move into the war on drugs. It has so warped American Society in ways that were so profound. So i walk us through how the war on drugs emerge. I then walk us through the court cases, the Supreme Court decision that Michelle Alexander and jim crow so beautifully laid out. I laid out some of the consequences. So as i go through the court cases i then say, taken together those rulings allowed, indeed encouraged the criminal Justice System to run racially a monk. And that is exactly what happened, on july 23, 1999, in texas. In the dead of night local police launched a massive raid and busted a major cocaine trafficking ring. At least that is how it was built by the local media which after being tipped off, lined up to get the best, most humiliating photograph of 46 of the towns 5000 residents, handcuffed in pajamas, underwear, and on combed bed hair. Paraded into into the jail for booking. The local news paper ran the headline, the streets are cleared of garbage. The editorial praised Law Enforcement for ridding the town of drug dealing scumbags. The raid was the results of an 18 month investigation by a man would be named by Texas Attorney general as outstanding law man of the year. Attached to the federally funded and handled the Regional Narcotics Task force based in amarillo, about 50 miles away, tom Coleman Coleman did not lead a team of investigators. Instead, he singlehandedly identified each member of the massive cocaine operation. He made more than 100 undercover drug purchases. He was hailed as a hero. His testimony testimony immediately led to 36, 38 of the 46 being being convicted. What other cases just waiting to get into the court system, joe moore, pig farmer was sentenced to 99 years for selling 200 worth of cocaine. To the white, received 25 years while her husband, william kash love landed 434 years for possessing 1 ounce of cocaine. While the case began to unravel when the sister tonya went to trial. They swear that she sold him drugs, tonya however have video proof that she was at a bank in oklahoma city, 300 miles away cashing a check at the very moment he claimed to have bought cocaine from her. Then another defendant, billy don wafer had timesheets and his bosses eyewitness testimony that wafer was at work and not out selling drugs to coleman. When the when the outstanding lawman of the year swore under oath that he purchased cocaine from bryant, a tall, bushy haired man, only to have bryant, bald and 5 feet 6 inches appear in court. It finally became very clear that something was awry. Coleman in fact had no proof whatsoever that any of the alleged drug deals had taken place. There there were no audiotapes, no photographs, no witnesses, no other Police Officers present, no fingerprints but his on the banks of drugs. No records. Over the span of an 18 month investigation, he never wore a wire. He claimed he claimed to have written each drug transaction on his leg. But to have washed away the evidence when he showered. [laughter] so im either thinking he showered once in 18 months Additional Investigation led to no cooperating proof. When the Police Arrested the 46 people in searched their home, no drugs were found. Nor were weapons, money, paraphernalia, or any other indication at all that the housewife, pig farmer, or anyone else arrested were actually drug kingpins. What was discovered however was judicial misconduct running rampant on the wire in drugs into leah texas with a clear, racial bias. They are going to string you up anyway. This wasnt 1930s. It it was the beginning of the 21st century. It was a powerful Civil Rights Movement that had bridge those two eras. Then the last excerpt i want to read, the last chapter deals with the election of president obama, and how white rage veered up in really deep profound ways, ways that we havent seen in years. So as i walk through Voter Suppression and then i move into the threats on his life and the disrespect that the office of the president received, i then began to deal with the violence. Black respectability or appropriate behavior doesnt seem to matter. If anything, black achievement, black aspirations and black success are construed as direct threats. Obamas presidency made that clear. Aspirations and their achievement provide no protection. Not even done a lot. On june 17, 2015, south carolinian dylan roof, a High School Dropout was on a mission to take his country back. Ever since George Zimmerman had walked out of the courthouse of free man after killing trey von martin in a racially polarized nation debated the verdict dylan had looked to understand the history of america, trolling through the internet he stumbled across the council of conservative citizens. The progeny of the 1950s white citizen counsel that had terrorized black people, closed schools and worked handinhand with State Government to defy federal civil rights law. Despite the groups of about racial belief system, the group boasted of having 34 members who were in the Mississippi Legislature and have powerful republican allies including then Senate Majority leader trent lott of mississippi. By 2004 mississippi Governor HaleyGovernor Haley barbour was chair of the Republican National committee and 37 other powerful politicians had all attended try see events in the 21st century the chair of the tri sea gave 65000 to Republican Campaign funds in recent years including donations to the 2016 president ial Campaign Campaign of rand paul, Rick Santorum and ted cruz. The tri sea then enjoyed precisely the cachet of respectability that racism requires to achieve its own goal within American Society. Its website of hatred and lies provided the selfserving education dylan roof so desperately craved. He drank in the poison of the message, got into his car, drove to charleston, entered emmanuel ame church and landed in a bible study with a group of africanamericans who were the very model of respectability. He prayed with them, read the bible with them thought they were so nice and then he shot them dead. He left just one woman alive so that she could tell the world what he had done and why. Youve taken over our country he said and he knew this to be true. Not a engine even a full month after he gunned down nine africanamericans at manual a any in Charleston South Carolina republican president ial front runner donald trump filed up his silent majority audience of thousands with a promise, dont worry we will take our country back. No, its time instead that we take our country forward into the future. Thank you. [applause] and now im going to open it up for questions but i would ask, because cspan is filming this that if you have a question please go to the microphone. I have read your book and weve discussed it with a ferguson book group here, readings on race book group. My one question, i find it very helpful of things that i kind of know but its good to have it all in place. One concern i have is that you really detailed problems that happened under republican administrations. With eisenhower and nixon to bush and than the present situation under obama, but you didnt talk much about clintons ending welfare as we know it or other things that might happen under democratic administrations which also had disproportionate effects on black people. One of the reasons behind that is because i was looking at these moments of advancement and in those moments of advancement, where you you are seeing the pushback come before 68, youve got the republicans and the democrats but one of the things, in a piece that i did just recently i do begin to unpack what bill clinton and what he has done. The article focused in on the gop but understand, there are couple things happening here. White rage moves through parties. It isnt just isolated like in the republicans or in the democrats. That is also really important to understand. During the Great Depression when Franklin Delano roosevelt is creating a whole series of programs, one of the things that you see happening there are the southern democrats are saying yes, we really do need relief. We need agricultural funding and support, we need Social Security but black people cant have that so you can create this whole new deal but you have to exclude africanamericans. I couldve talked about that but its a crunch piece of time. Thank you. I really just wanted to thank you so much for this work. Its incredibly profound and the things in here that you cited that i was completely unaware that the state of mississippi didnt ratify the 13th amendment until 2013. Yes, the state of mississippi finally got around to ratifying the 13th amendment which abolished slavery in 2013. They they said it was an oversight. There are really difficult pieces in here and i wanted to thank you for telling the story. I had only recently learned about it but being a witness to her story is so important and so powerful. I read the book for the ferguson readings on race book club. Its such a great book club. I learned so much. I was really diligent about reading it and i had to put it down sometimes. It was so difficult and painful. My question for you is was it like that for you writing it . It had to be so much more difficult to write it and research it. It was tough. One of the things, but ive been through this before in the first book, eyes off the prize, i had to deal with a lot of the lynchings that happened after the second world war. Im dealing with a blowtorch lynching and theyre talking about his blood boiling so hard that his eyeballs popped out of his head. Im in those records, im reading through this so ive been in the bow. Thats how it felt in these moments going through this, the mary turner lynching is tough. It is a woman who protested because her husband was lynched. She is angry. Shes eight months pregnant. So the lenders come after her because she didnt know her place. How dare she protests that her husband was lynched. They snatched her, they stripped her, they hung her upside down from a tree, doused her with gasoline and set her on fire. Then they saw her stomach because shes eight months pregnant and they saw her stomach quivering and they sliced it right open and the baby falls out and makes dom on the babys head. When you are reading through those records, because one of the things i think is important to understand about the way white rage works is that we focus in on this violence but it is the system around that condones and legitimizes that violence that allows it to happen, that allows it to occur and that sanctions it. Thats what gives it traction. Everybody knew who killed mary turner. You go to the naacp paper and walter white is writing to the governor of georgia and he is naming the names soandso who works with standard oil and this man who works at the furniture shop and nothing happened. When you have that kind of violence that happens in the community and then the powers that be are like yes, thats white white rage because it creates the kind of policy, the kind of judicial system that allow that to occur. In order to keep africanamericans in their place, to stop their advancement. We talk about this a lot in our book club, but what can we do . You are doing it. This is the thing, i study movements, i love movements. How do we change a norm is what i study. There are these moments, so for instance, before the civil war 80 of the nations gdp was tied in slavery. We got to the point, we had to fight and mean hard war where the norm changed and we knew that slavery was wrong. We came to know the jim crow was wrong. We came to know that apartheid was wrong. The movement that it takes to change those norms, its bit by bit. Its neighbors talking to neighbors, its mobilizing and organizing and writing and talking and thinking, its voting its laying pressure on policymakers to make this a much more just and decent nation and world. Thats how we do it we have to work together. How you doing. Recently i was completing a job application and under the nationality it listed latin, spanish, mexican africanamerican, african asian or african. It said Asian Pacific or japanese but it just said white under caucasian. Nothing to reference european or russian or anything like that. Why do you think its so hard for some caucasians to recognize there are also immigrants in this country that are quick to say this is their country . I think a lot of that has to do with the way history is taught as well. It creates a civics lesson and not a history lesson. It creates cynicism in terms of a very flattened narrative about how the cool and by whom and how the nation was founded, who built the nation, who created the railroads, who built the citys, who invented this, who invented that and if you go through those kind of standard textbooks, what you will find is very minimal discussion about anybody else. It is whites who have built america, whites who have sustained america, whites, whites who created america, whites are america. Its that framing in our textbooks from k12 have really solidified this narrative. So we do get that were a nation of immigrants. You get that thrown out there but then we have the melting pot and we all become one, but not really and so, and i think i saw a statistic that said only about 20 of americans have a bachelors degree so that means somewhere around 80 , this is the history they know you know how it is when somebody tells you something, the first or you hear is the one then that Everything Else has to be weighed against. Its the first store you here and its the story you have heard over and over again. Trying to say you know, your folks came from poland. Let me tell you a quick story. I have tons of stories. I was teaching u. S. Cold war foreignpolicy class and i broke my students up into Research Teams and they were to be the president s Transition Team for theories of issues. We had things like human rights and energy and the environment and i had one on immigration. That team actually wrote a great policy paper on immigration but i required that they then presented to to the rest of the class as part of the President Team the responses were so vitriolic. Things like yeah, so my parents were immigrants but i really do think we need to build a wall. Wow. You talked about we only Pay Attention to the flashpoints. Here in Ferguson Michael brown is shot and killed. He talked about the fact that people only Pay Attention to the flashpoints. Here in ferguson, Michael Brown is shot and killed, people take to the streets, the police and the politicians and the governor overreact in ferguson blows up and suddenly it is national and international news. In baltimore, people march peacefully and nobody pays attention until people start looting and writing and suddenly once again it is national and international news. My question is, from somebody who is about as nonviolent as you can get, how, it seems like the only thing people Pay Attention to or white people Pay Attention to is when things once again turned violent. How do you protest peacefully and still get attention and make a difference when it seems like the flashpoints are the only thing that people will listen to . One of the reasons i wrote white rage is so we begin to Pay Attention to the kindling. We need to really understand the power policy, we need to begin to Pay Attention to our officeholders and what they are recommending or doing and asking that next set of questions and i would pushed back just a bit on that whites only Pay Attention to when something blows up. In movement, in struggle, you have whites who are there on the ground, who are doing that hard heavy lifting, you have asians who are on the ground doing that hard heavy lifting as well as having latinos and africanamericans. You have people who are doing the base work, the organizing, the strategizing, the letter writing and social media has helped so much with that kind of mobilization. You have that going on. The thing that happens then is that we dont see it but it is happening. That is why when something jumps off mad, crazy, because that kind of organizing has already been in place you have people and organizations that step into the breach. They help provide policy rationale, policy policy options who provide safe spaces. We just dont see that heavy lifting initially but it is there. Thats why we have to keep at it, keep doing it. Its not sexy. We love sexy and this kind of heavy lifting isnt sexy. As i documented and tried to go through looking at what the Supreme Court is doing, this is why we have to Pay Attention to who the Supreme Court nominees are. We have to play really close attention because their decisions help shape this nation to follow up with his question, i think we do Pay Attention, we, we whites, but we Pay Attention in a different way. One of the things that i noticed in charleston, when we dont act appropriate as whites do then the media starts talking about whether it was parents or environment and we go on to this intellectual assessment so we can figure it out and keep our image intact while we never dreamed that the death of eight or nine of our brothers and sisters but theyre africanamerican so it doesnt count. We charge ourselves by our best example and we judge you by their worst and there is and not by never allowing ourselves. We mislabel it. The media then presents it in a narrative that we whites want and endure and support and thats violence for me. We know flashpoints. That was a boom. Im working on a piece dealing with the politics of respectability. One of the elements in this politics of respectability is how africanamericans dont get the benefit of the doubt. I walk through why the politics of respectability was deployed during the Civil Rights Movement as a means to try to humanize africanamericans to the larger American Society, to the powerbrokers and white systems because there had been a series of killings, brutal horrific killings, like the lynching of mr. Neil in 1934 where he was dragged out of in alabama jail and tortured and sent down into florida with the spectacle lynching on a stand and tortured the florida said he it wasnt a crime because he wasnt from florida and alabama said it wasnt a crime because he wasnt killed in alabama. Now if you cross state lines and its a federal offense and J Edgar Hoover said well there was no ransom required. No crime. So seeing what this kind of violence on the black body has done, you saw the Civil Rights Movement deploy the politics of respectability as a way to make visible that the only way, the only reason that you are seeing mrs. Amelia yanked onto the concrete in selma is because shes black. This cant be anything but racism. It was a way to say you cant say, you had a criminal record, this is why you see this deployed. The politics of respectability does have some good pieces in it. Im not one of those who just crops it off as some victorian thing because being sober is not a bad thing. We know that alcohol and drugs destroy families. Being sober is not a bad thing. Education is a good thing. But what it doesnt do is protect black bodies from white violence. One of the things about charleston, charleston drove drove me to this because i looked at that, than nine who were killed were the model of respectability. Esa vicki haley in South Carolina going okay that was really bad then you had to have their killer. You got respectability, thats one. Then their killer had to be an about white supremacist. They had to find in controversial proof that he was an avowed white supremacist. He had a have the apartheid south africa flag and the Confederate Flag, im not done yet, and then he had to have his manifesto where it said he wanted to start a race war. Thats still not enough. Then you had to have the families of the slain forgive dylan roof. Wow. And then they are going to take down the Confederate Flag with dignity. The way the killer has them become the avatar for all muslims in the world, that you did not see the same kind of rationale be in use for instance with tennessee mcveigh. So that is part of the way these narratives work. The way that they begin to under guard policy. You hear as you are talking about muslims and terrorists that they are talking about what policies to put in place based on this. Another thing with bringing you that story when they looked up and saw three flags flying at half mast and they saw the confederacy find apple mass and then it strategize and was going up the pole and then a white tall guy was standing which said to taser which wouldve electrocuted her. They stopped and looked at the white man, this is my interpretation, they backed off and let her live. The only reason i think shes alive today is because that white man was at the base of that same he grabbed the pole and said kill him and they would not kill him to kill her. People dont have her. People dont of that story because they wont reported. Im a historian as im get it run with this one. In 1946 in columbia tennessee, a white shop owner slapped a black owner. Her son, black veteran was standing next to her. You do not lay your hands on somebodys mother. That veteran pick that white man up and went. [inaudible] and flew him out of the window. They wanted to lynch the black man. The black veterans in that town were not having it. Basically it is cold it is called the columbia tennessee race right. After it was over, 23, African Americans were arrested for murder. No whites were arrested, although as you know, lots of shooting and killing happen. Thurgood marshall came to defend the black man in columbia, tennessee. But he cannot stay in a hotel because it was a white only hotel so he at the court every day he would have to drive. So Thurgood Marshall had one of his colleagues without white man, as they they are driving out of columbia, tennessee one night after court he looks behind and theres a cop car behind them. They go left, the cop car goes, they go right the cop was right, finally the cops pull them over. And they said you need to come with us. Thurgood was like, oh snap. [laughter] there again gets up, gets in the cop car, the white man gets up and realizes there are several cars behind that cop car and if they do not turn around to go back into the columbia, tennessee their head and off into the woods. Thurgood marshall Thurgood Marshall is getting ready to get lynched. The white man hops into the driver seat turn the car on and he starts following and he is scared. But he is not going to let this happen. They speed up, he speeds up. They turn right, he turns right, they turn left, he turns left, and he is going and finally they stop and they get out of the car and say what are you doing . And he says, i am not says, i am not going to let you do this. Now think about the courage that it took in 1946, in the middle of tennessee, this alone white man standing up for the sheriff and his posse. Saying, i am not not going to let you do this. It was one of those moments, im so glad i have some folks my age here. Remember those old aqua velvet commercials . [laughter] thanks, i needed needed that. It was like this bracing moment for me i had not seen anything like this before. I went, okay fine. Yes. So there is in this kind of solidarity. It is absolutely essential. I have not read your book yet, what i was going to ask you about is, i am a believer that the problem with im involved with a lot of groups and solving racism and getting rid of it, but i think we have a problem. I think we really need to know more about really what happened and we have not been told the real truth. It may offend my caucasian friends but im sorry, i think they need to be offended. If the truth is going to offend them, it will help them become whole. I think that is really one of the problems. We are not really telling the truth and i am glad that you and Michelle Alexander are writing the way you are writing and a lot of things are coming up. As an example, i heard on Sirius Satellite Radio which i enjoy, i hear ms. Hunter and she always talks from a historical point of view and she was talking about something about the lynchings that took place. I did not know they had lynching parties. S. They would roast animals and then they would bring the person into be lynched. They would not only lynch them, they were cut off their head and they might barbecue it. They they would not eat it, they with right away. So things like that, we really need to know more about. The things you brought up about, theyre saying that 49 people that were killed in orlando, the, the worst massacre that we have ever had and she said thats not true. You work at evelyn, i think i someplace in arkansas, 500 blacks. Elaine arkansas. So i say, keep on writing. I want to ask another question. Ive been looking for some books by fraser. I read about him in the late 50s and 60s, a great social theorists. I would like to know where i could get get some of those old books on the book she mentioned, i dont remember the authors name about the lynchings that took place. A lot of these books are out of print now but if you could kind of help me, if you dont know it now. I will do it after. There are some really good books that i use my class on lynching. Most of of my students have not heard about this. One of the things that happens for instance in many black families there is a lynching story. When you begin to think about what that means to have a lynching story in the family. How it shapes the way you move through society. How it frames frames what you think about justice and how the system works in the society. It is staggering and so there are several books i use and one is philip trey, at the hands of persons unknown. Anyone else . Thank you so much. I really appreciated this. [applause]. [applause]. Heres a look at some of the current bestselling books according to the Washington Post. Topping the list, former secret Service Officer gary byrne talks about his experiences working in the Clinton White house. In crisis of character. On the, hamilton the published scripts of a pulitzer of a Pulitzer Prize winning in tony winning broadway musical. In try, author and journalist sebastian younger explores the Effect Society has on returning veterans. In tonya hasse coats we look at black america between the world and me. White trash with nancy looks at poor whites from reconstruction to the new deal. Ill look at the bestselling nonfiction books according to the Washington Post continues with fox news Host Bill Oreilly second companion book to his legends in my series. Followed by the lifechanging magic of tidying up by marie kondo. , the they recount facing mortality in the memoir, when breast becomes air. And comedian michael black, michael black, parities the trump 2016 campaign in a childs first book of trump. Rounding out the list, president ial biographer Jean Edward Smith chronicles the george w. Bush administration and, bush. Thats a bush. Thats look at the bestsellers according to the Washington Post. Many others have appeared or will be appearing on book tv. You can watch them on our website, but to be. Org. I was told by several people that you really should start showing up in d. C. In mid june. This is a big decision and typically they hold off on the decisions until the end of the term. But they said start showing up in mid june just to be there. So starting to 15000 d. C. For every decision day. At that point we all thought, monday june june 29, because they had only, they had scheduled only decision days on mondays. So that is is likely when it will happen. The week of the 22nd i was there on monday, that was the day they announced we will release decisions on thursday and then the added friday. That was when we started to think friday june 26, that is the important date for the gay Rights Movement. So we all started to think that is going to be on friday. That morning i got to got to the Supreme Court, took my place in line and is in the public line with 50 or 60 of the people who are there to be in the courtroom. The emissary that morning was vastly different than every other morning. It was lighter, it was looser, it was happier. I think it was because most of us in that line but june 26, we, we think this is a sign, people seemed happier and more upbeat. The other amazing thing, every time i have been in court, standing in the public line when i hand out the tickets for the public spectators, every time we had been in line for oral arguments for other days those tickets were bright orange. That morning they handed out the tickets and while still just chatting, i looked down at the ticket and i noticed something that nobody else had remarked on and i held up the ticket and said, did you notice Something Different . The tickets that they were lavender. What better sign and they had been orange every single time. That morning there were lavender. So we thought it may be assigned. Okay so were you inside . I was inside. After standing in line getting the tickets and they let us into the courthouse we have to kill some time standing in lines more. Then we entered the courtroom and were seated. The proceedings started and the chief justice said, Justice Kennedy will be the first decision. They read the case number and i had only finally memorized at the day before. When the case number came out high jump to my seat, i know i squeak, i made some kind of annoys and i sitting between friends and grab their hands. And im happy to report that they still have all their fingers. Justice kennedy started to read his decision and my first reaction was, we want. Well i think we did. He read more, i thought we won. Well, im not really positive yet. I meant it sunk in that we did actually win. I. I just burst into tears. All of in that court you could hear and see people crying. There is this amazing electric feeling of joy and happiness, and for me theres a wonderful moment of perhaps for the first time in my adult life, the the first time in my adult life and being honest with myself with who i am and honest with others. In that part of my life is the first time i felt julie like an american. To hear is up in court just to say, you know what, john and jim, joe and rob, they are plaintiffs and their frank cooper, kelly and kelly, having to call all of the other plaintiffs in the case, more than 30, you matter, you matter, your relationships matter, your children matter. I felt like part of we the people. I felt more american than i have in in my adult life. It watchlist and other programs online at tv. Org. Tv recently visited capitol hill to ask members of congress what they are reading the summer. Im looking for to reading alexander hamilton. Im one of the lucky few that got to see the broadway show before it became impossible to get to get. It it really did what my appetite to read the book and to see how that was transposed into the broadway play. During the break it will be a Good Opportunity for me to sit down and enjoy alexander hamilton. Book tv wants to know what you are reading the summer. We test your your answer apple tv or post on her facebook page