The warning about the al qaeda build up one was the photograph of an al qaeda rally. 300 activists waving their guns in the air and calling for the death of the u. S. Ambassador. At the very same time the state department is denying the security for that environment. They also knew that the private life of the ms or stevens was known and used as a targeting device by al qaeda through some of his friends and associates. His schedule was posted on the Al Qaeda Facebook page before the attacks utterly ignored and then we had the account of the attacks and the value that they had been saving for Diplomatic Security personnel. So i dont think that they did. Its in the first half hour of the attack it was separated in a small building which was they were suffocated in the insurgency attackers in the diesel fuel was hit on the grounds of the diplomatic outpost ground and basic the the building on fire when they decided. But the other two die diabetes s later and this was the rolling attack. Host is a shot taken in afghanistan and itv that was in 2003. And those are navy seals . Guest those are navy seals, yes. It is i is on the target from the brotherhood of the u. S. Navy seals. Thank you for your time. Now from washington, d. C. Politics and prose bookstore in elizabeth talks about the new edition of her book washington journal. The book originally published in 1975 covers the disillusionment by september, 1973 to august of 1974. This is about an hour. Why dont you keep talking again and i will drink in your words. Its lovely to be back here. They scratch and crawl and do all sorts of things to be able to speak at this marvelous place but they always said when is your next book on and it was lovely. Its the energy and the ingenuity and they keep going and affect all of these. It is a testimony to the job they do and the reverence for the bucs that we all share. Richard mix and is a hard man to let go of. I first remember as a child the black and white fuzzy television seeing this on demand. He was on the ticket with general eisenhower and it was a problem taking money from the secret fund. He was talking about his daughters dog and i thought this is interesting. Well, he never stopped being interesting. Richard nixon was never boring. And as he mentioned, he was probably as interesting after the presidency as he was during his presidency. I chronicled in the book beginning with the spirit of agnew remember being in some trouble, and i had said to my editor at the new yorker very lamented and very justly legendary William Shawn said what do you think of writing next and i said i dont know. I just have a feeling we are going to change Vice President s and president s within a year. This is labor day. It very out there in the thought at the time. And so, we agreed that i would write a journal. Interpret them and talk about them and we didnt know where it was going and as he said at the time we dont know how to change because that would be the first order of business. We didnt know how to do anything, change Vice President s, we didnt know how to impeach a president , we didnt know how to get another president. It was kind of made up as it went along. One of the things i am discussing now is the word impeachment and the way that it is tossed around. I may not get to this later because i dont have much to talk about, but if there is such a way that Richard Nixon was almost impeached it was the model. It came from the center, it was bipartisan, the country could accept it because it was arrived in a very fair and methodical way. Succumb it Richard Nixon had no choice finally but to redesign. He held up. But at the republican senators went to see and they didnt want to conduct the trial they just want to get this over with. So, we had this iconic good by as he got onto the helicopter to take him to the plane to go to his western white house where he would retire but never be heard from again, so we thought. Well, that is not linux and. They get to the highest place they possibly could. He had done a fair amount to bring it along. He couldnt distinguish it from the enemies. He wasnt going to give up. He had always seen himself as being treated as lesser and glover and others. He was poor. His family was i wouldnt say dysfunctional was a word of end bueventbut it was a dysfunctionl family. He had been looked down on as a kid, he wasnt popular, he never really had friends come at a strange kinthestrange kind of po into politics but he was just so determined about everything so he was determined this wasnt going to be the end of Richard Nixon, no, no. He was going to work his way back into respectability. Now, imagine this is a situation which would have crushed most people and yet he was determined, said he drew out a plan. They always have a plan. A member of the aides were sent out to california with him at the government expense. And a juror with a plan called wizards, and this was to be the resurgence of Richard Nixon as a statesman. Now he was smart enough to know how do you get a statesman . People are going to listen to you on foreignpolicy, not on the environment or these things and those issues for him anyway. His greatest triumphs where that detente with the soviet union and the opening to china. Chinchina was the one dearest ts heart. Succumb he began to make speeches. He went to china and issued pronouncements as if he were president or thought he still was. Nixon didnt quite change though. He would write a secret memorandum to the president on hipresident onhis trip or some. They were not portrayed in frost and extend and i take that apart pretty well he did not confess. They just left out a few words that were inconvenient to the story. And they then began and moved to new york and left the california governorship and presidency in 1960 when everybody thought he is gone but hes never gone. I wish that he were back now because he is so much fun and so interesting. In any event, he moved to new york and he and pat nixon she was thrilled to be out of politics. She hated it and they brought a brownstone. They were vetoed at the coops of course. And he and the new york publishers and bankers and the council on foreign relations, whatever, almost. The dinners in the last few years i discovered this post presidency which i found is interesting as the presidency so he would have these dinners and everything was clockwork at 7 00 he met people at the front door. At the house was done up in chinese decor and the appetizers were chinese, the waiters were chinese, the dinner was chinese and after dinner there was an organized subject at the dinner and then afterwards they would go upstairs and there would be more chatting and he would look up at the clock and say its 10 30 and i promised i would get david to the house by 11, so we have to stop now. And everybody knew to leave. But theres more to new york then everybody wanted to come. He became a celebrity. After a while, he thought that new york this is in the atmosphere for his grandchildren as he moved to the river in new jersey and he wasnt finished. There was another generation so he had a series of dinners in the river where he was the operative for this and they invited journalists to young to have been at age and watergate and he could be very impressive. He spoke just with a microphone, not even the note, and he was kind of name dropping about four in leaders that i have no, but everybody was very impressed. And so, in the end, he won on his own terms. He had a funeral he just would have loved. The president came. Henry kissinger sort of choked as he gave his little talk. Bob dole had tears coming down his eye and bob dole while nixon was president and all the trouble asked would you like him to make an appearance in kansas and he said a flyover would do. [laughter] so he would have seen straight through them. He knew that kissinger was bad mouthing him in cambridge and at the georgetown parties. He understood everything that was going on. He was onto them but he would have been pleased with his funeral and i have to say that i kind of miss him but he was so interesting. Now, why did i write this journal in the first place . When we had this idea of keeping the journal at the time, as i said, we didnt know where it was going and i came back to washington and this was also why we are here again. My mentor at the time also happened to be david John Gardiner said to me elizabeth can i write this so that 40 years from now people will know what it was like then. It cannot be recaptured. Now i dont know that i wrote it any differently with that in mind. I didnt know whether i would be in 40 years. It just happens that its 40 years from now. This is not an anniversary that. Frankly it was out of print and i wrote to the mayor at the press who i had a very distinguished booklist and he wrote back and said its ideology for the buck to be out of print. We are going to issue it in hardback. And i said i will write a little afterwards declaring stuff and then became the afterwards of the 10,000 word edition. But i also look back on what is watergate. With all due respect to listen to reporters doing outstanding reporting. That wasnt it. It wasnt petty crimes were a breakin. The breakin that was caused by the way i learned this when i was doing my reporting many years later it was actually the fourth attempt of these burglars to get into watergate. The first time they could get into the building and the Democratic National headquarters. There was just one little thing that led to another and it ended up locked in the closet that night. The next time they went up they went up and they got there but they didnt have the governmentt to pick the locks. So, one of the burglars went back to miami to get a lock pick and they came back and they went in and actually got in over the memorial day weekend for the labor day weekend. The memorial day weekend summer. The former attorney general who was then the head of the committee to elect the president and they said these stink. I doubt the word that is used but go back and get the pictures. Then they went in and they were caught. They came in with a lo lovehata lot of people they hated and a lot of people that they assumed were enemies. This account he on his wish how you are to this bunch of strange people. Because he thought that ted kennedy would be his opponent in 1972, and said he wanted to get the goods on him. He always wanted him to get the goods on people. The main person he wanted to get the goods on of course was Daniel Ellsberg who headed the pentagon papers. He was worked up about this and had nixon worked up and there was actually than committed probably the most dangerous and nixon understood this. He was far more concerned about the following having been found out in the water gate breakin. And that is burglars in the plumbers, they were plumbing for the leaking. They went to the office of Daniel Ellsbergs psychiatrist to get his psychiatric files. Now, imagine that. The white house sending somebody out, to then and the psychiatric files. There was one problem though. There were no files. They broke into okay. And they had their picture taken. The leaders had their picture taken and they were so proud in front of the Doctors Office store. And they were using cia equipment, cameras, voice changers, and so the cia got these pictures and said whats this . This is a violation of the Fourth Amendment beyond anything that we could imagine. That is what the cover was reading about. They messed up everything they did or we would have been in for deeper trouble. Living through what her date was an amazing time. Things were coming at you all the time. With all due respect it would have been total chaos. But we had the morning paper, we had the radio with an occasional bulletin coming and we had the evening papers and the evening news and we had the gossip, by god have you heard this, you wont believe what we just heard. And it was like that all the time. There was a famous saturday night but was called a saturday night massacre and are you refuse to call it out. I was actually on a Television Program at the time, and we were sitting there and it was like being in Banana Republic all of them came in and of the president he president has orderel to fire Archibald Cox who was the man that was over the tapes. Richardson has refused and he had been fired. Next up was the deputy. He was fired. This went on through the night and the bulletins were coming in and it was Banana Republic. Downtown san diego. It was very disturbing. The fbi surrounded the headquarters of the independent counsels office. It was this kind of stuff, so do you just never knew what was coming next. I did a reflection on this later about what kind of people were these and how does this happen . We didnt have time to even think about that than to read i have various reflections about what are we to draw from this and how could this be . And i said there is too much going on to think these things through. We are absorbing one after another events that run our imaginations and trying to prepare ourselves for months of they struggle to come. Some in the administration have said to me that the administration is full of people that were in over their heads. There may be something to that but that doesnt explain it. There was a fanatic quality to some of the men. Leading together in their public piety which may have deceived even then. And one cannot escape the thought that the president sets the code. My feeling throughout this coming at you can look at any situation and say you dont have to know who knew what and when, you know, how did this come about. One cannot escape the thought of the president sets the tone. A man with a striking lack of deep human connections. Theyve gone through life as if in a constant combat. He refused to go confused the opposition with a vendetta and most of the staff. Most of us have with my friend called and enter jury peoples judgment we trust and who matters to us and we counted to level with us. Nixon does not seem to have an inner jury. He was also very welcome he was interesting that he was very strange. Just to give you the flavor of what it was like to try to follow dixon and see what hes trying to tell us there was a famous event he spoke at orlando to a group of editors and adjust to give you the sense of the language of this man, tell me when it is time to pull the plug, okay . Now, we were in the disclosure stage and we had learned the breakin was june 17 and nixon came back from florida where he also had a place in the keys near his one friend, and he came back and immediately said they would help and we know that he called John Mitchell but this is when the coverup began. But we didnt quite know that to them because the tapes hadnt come out yet until later that summer that told us a lot but there were still more to come and there was still more that i learned in the last couple of years. Tonight the president disclosed he did call John Mitchell in 1972 in order to cheer him up after they were caught in the watergate. He goes on in detail. Suddenly we discovered there were 18 and a half minutes missing on the tape and so they try to pin it on his secretary Rose Mary Woods and he was trying to act out and putting her foot on the pedal but it didnt work. In the end it was next in mixedn sitting at camp david running the machine and the raising 18 and a half minutes from that conversation. That is not anywhere except when i put it all together later. He goes into detail, but why the tape ran out and we are further and further from the point. He explains that the taping was a little funny and there were these little marks on my desk he said. It was mixing that started the business in the lapel and i remember john gardner saying we should all wear depends. We should all put them on the car. Dont let them take it from us. But they were not that smart and so they have appropriated symbol to this day said he was the flag and says the equipment president johnson had was much better material. There have been reports that kennedy and johnson had the phone and he added im not criticizing, you see. Far be it for me to do a thing like that. That would be wrong is the way he would talk. An editor asked him his reaction on the conversations and mitchell didnt exist and the president replied was one of the great disappointments because i wanted the evidence out. He said they were established and endangering National Security once the series even though senator agreed it should be disclosed. They were a critique of the Johnson Administration in the vietnam war but it raised questions which they continued for five years and in the end of they got about the same deal they could have had when they first came in but they would be prepared to sit for quite a while as he explains that that is not the case. Asked how watergate could have been and president replies 72 was a very busy year. Arguing measures had been taken to hold down the consumption of fuel on his trip to the south and it was in his disney world which was fitting, and he said the backup plane hadnt been brought down so they hadnt used up as much. We did have a crisis at the time so if the own plane goes down and this is the president talking, it goes down then they dont have to impeach me. And he talks about the Vice President ial papers that he had held out from the government and then he said this. I want to say this to the television audience. I made my mistakes but in all of my years of public life ive never profited from the Public Service. I have earned every cent. Questionable and in all of my years ive never exited the extracted justice and then he says he welcomes this kind of examination because people have to know whether or not their president is a crook. Well, i am not a crook. Now this is the president of the united states. Remember dignity . Because they period it was funny and we were laughing in the same way. It was scary. We didnt know some peoples phones were tapped. Some journalists were. A friend of mine was the life as a columnist and she learned that her intimate conversations with her very close friend who was ted kennedys wife were being listened to at the Justice Department or in the white house and this was not funny. A friend of mine went out on the front lawn and the paper hadnt come and she said they stopped the papers. Nothing became preposterous because it was all so preposterous but also scary. The president suggested that they blow up the Brookings Institution because he believed and was told by these plumbers that some papers left over from the pentagon papers were still in the office and they should set a fire and in the confusion go in and get these papers. The president is suggesting. Somebody on the staff had the sense to stop it, but that was rare. So you also have learned later a president but frankly wasnt on the lot of the time. He was a heavy drinker and he slurred his words and he was also on a medication which was really for convulsion, it wasnt meant for depression but someone gave it to him for depression. It enhances the effect of alcoholism. So he would pick up the phone at 3 a. M. And call david cohen. This is the president. Fire everybody on the sixth floor. Slam. And then another president with callback. That isnt appealable. Slam. Now it was up to people to decide whether or not to carry out his orders. This was a scary thing we didnt know at the time so we knew a lot later. As i told you i have a pact that is thrown around so easily now and it is very, very dangerous. Its a very Serious Business in a very serious people went about it seriously, and he would have been impeached by the house, but some people were so afraid. He still had a following. He wasnt an easily dismissed figure. It might seem so now that he had a substantial following and republicans were very torn. They wanted him out of there to go away but they also didnt want the followers to be coming at them when they were up for the reelection. So, they were saying where is the smoking gun. I have had to take the concept of a smoking gun because that makes it simple. That simplifies it. It was a whole array of things, but this one was found that showed him ordering and abstraction of justice, and that gave the republican senators an excuse to go down the white house and say youve got to go because they didnt want to deal with it any longer. What is the moral of the story clicks thclick the moral of thes watch out. We had several occasions on which during the distinguished journalists would go to see him where he was living in california. There was a new mixing. No, there wasnt. Read it delete cookies stories with care. We have some reforms that stayed with us and some that didnt. But if they did that Campaign Finance on the agenda and many other things he himself was involved in. I have a passion for the subject i wanted to keep u the puck ali. I hope you would want your children to read about it. We have generations that have no idea happened in this time when the constitution was truly at stake. And i hope everybody if you read it before you will enjoy it again. I found myself laughing as i read it again. And i hope ive made some little contribution to history and to your childrens understanding of the history. Thank you. [applause] from generation to generation this is perfect for lots of reasons. We are going to begin the question period. So just go to the microphone if you feel comfortable say your name. Its a Public Meeting and elizabeth will be begin to answer your questions. Dont be shy. Dont you have a question . You always have a question. Youve got one coming. Okay. My name is gregory. I am from the caribbean so im a different part of the world. This is a whole other set of questions. The most important is do you believe based on your own experiences that what happened to nixon and Ronald Reagan they were taught basically but iran contra. But they said its too dangerous, but its an important question. Do you belief that watergate might show that there are problems with a constitution that maybe there is too much power within the office of the president and that if you have people there surrounding the president that things can quickly get in control in comparison with the parliamentary system where we are under certain conditions the department has much more control . So i was wondering if maybe you thought about that and what you feel about this. Ive thought about it a lot and i read about it in this book, too. The Founding Fathers were pretty smart man but there was a lot they couldnt anticipate and they certainly didnt spell out what they meant by an impeachment they said high crimes and misdemeanors and i just want to add there is a lot of time spent discussing what did James Madison mean coming and it was kind of a heady constitutional discussion that went on. The iran contra your right. I actually broadcast those on pbs and they made a decision that the country had just come through and mph wind and we shouldnt do one again but i have to say i think theres a gigantic difference. It was a very serious problem. It was an off the books operation that went against the congressional law. Watergate was a series of events. It was acrosstheboard. Im often asked, i expected survival answer it anyway. This is nothing. We have nothing remotely like it where the president himself comes owned not just the criminal activities, but this whole atmosphere of fear and vengeance and enemies and there was nothing like it and i pray there will be nothing like it. I think we just have to be sure to hold the president accountable and get after the congress if they are not doing so and also get after them if they are going crazy on one particular issue because they are still looking for the corruption and they just sort of cant find it, so it should balance out and in the end it did. The constitution worked, barely, but it worked. And i cant think of a better system, and i am also very concerned about the ideas for tinkering with the constitution and the First Amendment. That is a whole other subject anybody can play and you dont want to Start Playing politics with the First Amendment or any of it. My name is richard. Do you think there was any truth to the thought when nixon had a flaw phlebitis that he was not sort of taking his own life but not necessarily fighting to live . Did you all hear the question . Though, i dont think so. He wasnt a quitter. I actually had the final section with a quote of his that struck me. A man isnt finished when he is defeated, he is defeated when he quits and i am not a quitter and he never quite. He was as down and out as a person could be when he landed. Imagine the shame and o the horr of being driven out of office. But he didnt quit and for that i have a admiration for that. It would have crashed most people, but he just kept going. As you say, they did show that the constitution would be upheld, but i also feel that watergate probably coming after the vietnam war also ordering the end of it really robbed us of respect for our institutions, which i think has been very longrunning. It may have opened the door for a problem with the government ideas that floated ever since while the Current Republican Party thats a long way from there to here and in fact it Richard Nixon was probably the last one who believed that the government could do good things. He was a liberal. He was a centrist kind of by circumstance. He leaned over to the conservative side tha but he haa Democratic Congress very strong on environment and astronomy members of issues and associate compromised, and a lot got done domestically although it bored him to tears and he wasnt really interested. I think you can take it as you want to see it but you can also see it as the institutions worked. In the end of this ma this man s government have gone so astray there were three articles of impeachment. The first obstruction of justice which was a procedural thing. The second was abuse of power and to me that is where the story was and should be today in certain circumstances, not here but maybe certain states. But that under the administration of this person, these things went on. They were very, very careful about what they put in this abuse of power. I think that we are going to be able to recognize it when we see it coming and so it didnt discourage me. I didnt think it was a triumph that everybody else was saying because we almost didnt get it done and dispose of it in a way that it should have been. I always thought that gerald ford did the right thing pardoning nixon. As he he said, enough of watere is enough i think that he put it, and the country had to move on. And i agree with that. Imagine we have years in a nixon tried out and we would have been able to think of and Pay Attention and a judicial friend said no, thats wrong. He should have been held to the judicial account, and we could go on and on that way and have their opinions. I think it worked out kind of the way that it should. A lot of the people went to jail. Most of them went to jail and you see this parade of, you know, all of the men, air with benjamin mitchell, pohl said, so there was an accountability that went on. My name is ted and i was a College Student and a still remember watching president nixon when he resigned. Ive read quite a few books on want her date. Is there anything still that we dont know about watergate or anything that needs to be answered that hasnt come out . I dont think so. Because i think in the end it wasnt the little detail. I could get arrested for this, but i didnt really care who it was. Whats the difference . This is what nixon and the white house were doing. It was who was sneaking into these very, very hardworking and smart and good reporters but no theres nothing im curious about if there is a detail i dont know. We have enough to understand it but it also reflects on them as it is happening and then afterwards i go back to what was watergate and who was Richard Nixon, and i think that ive got him. He was a very complicated person, and he was. But he was fascinating. I didnt know abraham lincoln, so i think that hes the most fascinating president zero and extraordinary story. So no, theres nothing. I am not the conspiracy type anyway. I think we have the big picture, and thats the important pictu picture. My name is jack and chris buckleys wonderful phrase im a selfloathing republican. [laughter] it happens i was running the House Campaign committee all during the watergate, and so forth. And therefore i was in a very tense position. But im taking this microphone for two reasons. One is to compliment you. I think that you have dealt evenly with president nixon. He was an extremely complicated man, wonderful intellect by the way. I admired him tremendously that he had a character flaw. I had a lot of differences with bob haldeman. I hated his guts but i am convinced that he was the man that stopped those idiotic crazy president ial vocal orders more than anyone else. I think that he gets credit for that. He disregarded his bosss orders when necessary. You may know more about this than i do. I do not see recorded who stopped the not a lot was stopped after all. It was some of the middle of the night calls where they get together and to say what do we do now, its the boss again. But except for the brookings order, i dont know if any of the period that were stopped. There was a supposedly horrible plan that was drawn up called gemstone and even j. Edgar hoover has a simple libertarian thought this was a bit much and he wouldnt implement it but it was implemented and so there were not a lot of governors or people who understood the boundaries around the place. As you know im like you, a watergate junkie and theres a lot of us around. I agree with you that it wasnt destined that nixon would get caught and taken out of office. It might not have happened but for a series of lucky happenstance is and having the right people in the right places at the right time, so i agree with you on a lot. Im still troubled about the gerald ford question because the first one who tried to do something about stopping the watergate investigation was gerald ford when the first investigations started in the house. How else do you think that he became Vice President . Thats going to be my bottomline question. Do you think that he was that there was a quiet provost there was a deal along the line. I know many people looked at it including the border directors of the profiles and the courage award which i worded that honor to gerald ford that came out and decided that what you said when he helped the country avoid a protracted fight. But do you think there may be more that we dont know . I dont think so. The question is was there a deal and it was very much a question went for pardoned nixon had they made a quid pro quo and there are various investigations. Nobody has found anything. And the president had to go to the hill was at before the subcommittee to justify . On what had happened. Gerald ford was picked by a belief a lot of people were nominating themselves because they saw that there was a great opening because he was safe. He had entered and a big critic, but everybody thought of him and i think this turned out to be true he was a decent guy, good midwesterner from michigan and ohio, so no impartiality for the midwesterners, and he was safe, but he was no sparkling figure and i described the scene in the white house when mixed in is going to announce who is going to be his Vice President after they got rid of spirit agnew for accepting the cash and the Vice President ial office come in the executive Office Building from some contractors in maryland. So he was out. And i described the scene as mixing is talking in a sort of building it up and people stand up and applaud and i thought there has to be a mistake. He isnt standing up. He must be confused and sure enough it was gerald ford. He was no star, that he turned out to be i think just right for this. He was steady, he set the right tone to say lets put this behind us and keep going. There was a big discussion on a bi, abig argument with the new prosecutor and so on as to whether or not extend should be prosecuted. I dont know how he could have been shamed anymore. And he would have written another book. He did actually come of it as the impeachment was closing in on him and of course we all thought is a certain name that is thrown around too much he says some of the greatest books have been written in jail, but no i dont think there was anything there, anything towards their. Are we done . Not quite. There is a question. Do you have a question . I just wondered if you had a theory on why he was so paranoid. Is there such a thing . The question is do i have a nutshell why he was paranoid . I stay away from the psychobabble hearing. It began very early. Very early he felt people were looking down on him and he was reasonable. He wasnt surrounded by a lot of love. His father was very superadded and he kept failing and the mother we kept calling a saint im not sure why because she was very cold, and it was very difficult for him to win her approval even after he became president i think that she finally said something nice and he had two brothers who died and she was focusing on them. So who knows what happens in peoples heads that he grew up presenting and presenting. And he did and know when to stop. There is a wonderful way that he did after he got to san clemente about how it starts out as a piece of cake. You work out your raise and friends and then you get carried away and you realize you dont need to stop but you should have stopped. Anyway he did it much better than im doing it. It was just so clearly they are and it came out in the tapes and this affected things when i went back and read my conversations with members of congress about what they want to do, about impeaching him or not. But the language on the tapes, we heard that lbj had kind of bad language, but he was nothing compared to nixon. He had this hate trick and they were all psychiatrists and just down from the trees and things like that and the language was not fit to repeat, so it was from a very early age he got away with punishing people he thought were enemies getting them off the tickets and elbowing them away from being his rivals and he just didnt know when to stop. Im going to get the last question. But first a story. Many of you will remember a fellow by the name of harold who was an appointee to the Supreme Court that was rejected because they said that mediocrity is entitled through representation on the court. And i thought about a fellow by the name of Richard Harris wrote three articles for the new yorker and turned it into a book and its a sort of case study of how he was defeated. Everyone mentioned in that the book and every organization mentioned in that the book that opposed him was audited on their tax return. That was under Richard Nixon and John Connolly as the secretary of the treasury, and that is indeed what happened. And some of those organizations that were taxexempt status president , so it is a live example of how we move to the vendetta enemies into distinguishing between the opponents and enemies. Now my question is this was also a remarkable period of people rising to greet Public Service into going well beyond what was expected of them, people in the congress, people in the stabs of the congress shared a little bit about that with us because people want to know there is such a thing as Public Service into such a thing as outstanding Public Service. And you dont know where its going to come from. I dedicated this version of the book to those that rose to the occasion. The publishers to save a page or so put it on a copyright page but thank you david because that is one of the most important things that happened. There was a lot of thoughts made over the hearings because sam caught the constitution of life but he was a bit of a ham and so it was a great show and he did show that country this parade of bizarre people who were populating the white house or running around and doing deeds for them or deep fixing material in the Potomac River and if somebody told him to fix some material that had been found in all of these bizarre things but it was when it got to the house that it got very serious and very, very important. And there was a relatively new chairman of the House Judiciary Committee who was from newark so depressing cliches being what they were coming days that he must be a mob that nobody could find anything. So he was a very quiet man, modest, and he set the tone. He hired somebody who was 27 at the time. He cant be here tonight. France is at the time lies about his age. He said he was 34. He was kind of the brain behind this thing. He helped them to find a counc council. He understood that this had to be seen as nonpartisan as not fair. They had a council for john doerr who had been in the eisenhower Justice Department and bobby kennedy. He was a hero but nobody could call him a flamethrower or partisan figure. And they understood that this had to come from the center. It have to be bipartisan for the country to accept it. And thats why the vietnam war, cambodia, other things were suggested to be a part set aside. And if they had as much trouble pushing aside the lefties and the people on the far right but could find no wrong with mixing. And then you have these members they really didnt know about and. James van looked like a founding father. We thought they were all James Madison and they were very serious. Now comes he was a real conservative on the democratic side. A southern democrat who died in the war, and he was very involved in this. There was Paul Sarbanes who was very involved in shaping the article and they worked together and there were republicans. There was larry also from maryland. We saw the sort of average years, house members. No one had done anything very upstanding. He was a very plainspoken, not terribly eloquent man. And if they all rose and they took it very seriously. And we took them very seriously. I can tell you afterward i had dinner with one of these heroes to clear up the suggestions for the buck and he invited me to this Cocktail Party on the hill and it was a lobbyist party and he started telling me stories about how people really wanted to get onto the judiciary committejudiciarycommittee becae such wonderful trips you can take over the world. It was the character that came out. They all knew, they all knew the gravity. The book will show you, i was talking to a lot of these members who truly couldnt make up their mind, but they talked to me because the deal was i wasnt going to write about it until afterwards. And they were very serious, what is a crime . What is a high crime . What is a misdemeanor . What does that heene . What does that mean . You know, do they have to burglarize something . Is it beyond that . What is accountability . This is a very, very serious set of questions. And, but it was sort of a model impeachment. The stuff that goes on now, and, ofur