If anything, i think the world is becoming even more brutal and more engaged in genocide than it ever was before. I was just wondering what your feelings are about these trials and the role they play in terms of changing the way people feel about genocide and more important acting on those feelings . The acting is the hard part. We have not done too well. Look at rwanda, cambodia, any number of situations. But i think what has changed is the principal now. I think even every tyrant and somewhere in its mind is the thought, if i am no longer in power, somebody may charge me with work crimes. Or crimes against humanity. Those not a concern before. To me like also the stories there would lana mitts about not the hunters, like remember the voice from brazil hunting down a character not america. Some of that myth actually made people like escape justice. The hiding and living in terror at the end of their days. So maybe it is not all bad. But in terms of the principles that have been established, the reality is still a long way from it. I think that is a breakthrough. Again to get back to the principal and say that i am obeying orders when clearly orders and you are meant to every individual has to judge those orders and its like during the grouping case that one point the judge asked one of the most educated Group Leaders if you have been ordered to shoot your sister what if your chart your own sister . And analyst left him speechless. If he said i would shoot my own sister he comes across really like a monster. But if he he says i wouldnt, then he undermines the whole idea that i did not have any free will hear. The question you raises the question about deterrence. In my own mind deterrence is not a particularly strong justification for international prosecution. If you look reasonable you look example at the charter of International Criminal court which is now a Permanent Institution which is meant to supplant the need for creating these kind of ad hoc courts like nurnberg. Nuremberg was ad hoc and after the trial was concluded, all of these International Tribunals always talk about deterrence as one of their justifications. If you if you talk to any international lawyer, no one takes it seriously. No one really believes that these kinda trials are necessarily going to deter some tyrant in some country from engaging in atrocities against his own population. Nonetheless as annie pointed out, that does not necessarily impeach the importance of these cases. That is they make a symbolic statement that these type of atrocities will not result in impunity and the other thing they do is because back to something that andy had mentioned and i wrote about as well, these trials perform an incredibly important function in offering and intent and to offering a story of the history of the tragedy which then can be assimilated by both a victim population and also a country that perpetrate such crimes. I think that is more the value of these cases, these kind of trials rather than a perspective deterrence effect. Not to mention that deterrence is always a speculative thing. Its speculative thing. Its hard to prove why something didnt happen. Thats always an impossible thing to prove. I witnessed early justify the firstorder in that regard. Thank you thats my question. Apart from genocide there is an increasing prevailing antisemitism particularly in europe. In france in which the word is becoming pervasively used. Particularly one of the great allies, britain, and england the labour party now is full of antisemitism as i wrote recently, at least 50 members of parliament have been suspended because of antisemitic remarks. The muslim error muslim error of london is the most one of the strongest opponents of the seo tie semitism. Its call for the explosion his mythological still believe that or search that that hitler was a zionist. That was his claim. And so im wondering notwithstanding that we have that genocide in that kind of horror that pervasive increasing antisemitism that is in europe with the former allies, thats evidence that lessons really have not been learned. I cannot argue with that. All i would say is that lessons would be even less learnt if we had not have the efforts of these people who really kept this issue alive and brought and made the holocaust a part of the conversation. That was not inevitable. There is nothing nothing inevitable about it. Any of these trials would not necessarily taken place if theyre not had been pressure on governments and successful operations. But in europe and its also mixed in with the muslim immigration problem. Sometimes people appearing to speak up when for instance in france french are frayed in certain areas of being attacked. So the issue silence in the face of antisemitism. Im glad you brought up the new mayor of london. Ive been very impressive with how he stood up to it within his own party and its good that there are some actions have been taken. But our knowledge of history, i mean you had the former mayor of london who just called the e. U. Something akin to the efforts by napoleon and hitler to unify europe. Its a little astounding that we still have these discussions. I think another thing it highlights is it does highlight the way in which on some level the creation of International Criminal law is a terrifically important breakthrough. In fact you can in many ways see the whole field of what we call International Criminal law is something that is born out of the laws the problems of the holocaust. At the same time, International Criminal law is incredibly vulnerable to polarization. Its incredible vulnerable to be used with political ends. So at the same time its incredibly important to see people who are pm prosecuted for genocide, its also alarming to see the way in which prosecutors in Different Countries can also claim that well that is been justified in the prosecution of it is really had a state for crimes against humanity against the palestinian people. So i think it highlights the way in which this thing that we call International Criminal law as important as it is is also a doubleedged sword. Thank you everybody. Our two authors will be out front. [applause]. The books will be on sale. I can say personally theyre both really engaging reads and have been getting great reviews. So come out, asked more questions, and buy a book. [inaudible conversation] book tv continues in prime time on tuesday night with books in our best sellers. Our lineup includes author of if you can keep it, the forgotten promise of american libey. Then Matthew Desmond shares his book, evicted which takes a look at poverty in america. Will feature in annette gordonreed and peter onuf who coauthored a book on thomas jefferson. Watch book tv in prime time tomorrow night starting at 8 00 p. M. Eastern, here on cspan2. Democrats are meeting in philadelphia this week for the national convention. You can watch every minute of the event live on cspan, or listen on cspan radio app and view video on video on demand at cspan. Org. In addition to the convention, there are several other activities taken place in the city this week. Heres a look at week. Heres a look at one of the places open to the public. It there telling market section of philadelphia where gino stakes with professor bruce hardy of temple university. Professor hardy, the food and photo op, what did it become a staple of of Political Campaign . It basically coincides with the campaign, the more personalized president ial campaign. They come into the community, they want to show the community that i understand you, understand your values, care about you and it gives them a personal lights their campaign. In terms of years this started, what decades are we staying when it caught on . I think its been going on since postwar campaign since we started introducing the campaigns in the 50s. When the candidates, they stop at the right bar, they drink the right ear, they they shake everyones hand and it connects with the community. In the language food is higher among the community so we refer to food in terms of geographic region, telling, telling, indian, socially connected to the community. What are some more memorable food ops of recent years. What are some examples. For example here in philadelphia in 22004 john kerry came in and ordered swiss cheese on a cheese and 2012 romney walked into a campaign in order for chicken but chicken but took the skin off because he wanted more nutritious or healthier option and Everybody Knows you donate Fried Chicken by taking the skin off of the south. In 19801980 gerald forbidden to an on check to molly and built into the corn husk. So some risk involved in the food photo. The professor of Strategic Communication what is the advice you a gift. Make sure you know the community. Its not just rude comments anything community bound. For example remember brock obama role in a gutter ball in a bowling alley. Or when he spoke to farmers in iowa saying have you been into whole foods lately seem the space of a reglan there is not whole foods in a place near iowa. And hes talking about so you have to be careful and know the community and know the values. These campaigns are always the opposition is always out to make the candidate look like theyre out of touch. So when you get to the ordering spot at ginos what is the right way to order a genus cheese steak. So you say with onions and with cheese and then you get your drink at your second window. In the the right way to that she say . Hot and greasy and with your hands and he went it went look good eating it with us for connive. We are across the street. How do the candidates candidates choose between one of the other. I would tell the candidate to go to both. And which candidates have been to one the other both the cycles . I dont think our front runner candidates, donald trump nor hillary have been here yet. Maybe hillary will come through this week washes here at the dnc. Scott walker was here during the primaries but some protesters for him were behind them so his photo op got wrong. So well see about hillary if she stops by this week. Enjoy your cheese steak this morning. Thank you. Take you very much. The cspan bus stopped in philadelphia pennsylvania test people about this weeks Democratic Convention and issues most important to them to the 2016 president ial campaign. The most important issue to me that is facing our country today is gun control. Too many people should not have access to guns have access to guns and that makes me and many other people feel very unsafe. Im a state senator in pennsylvania. So the you have may have heard of my opponent and he is one of the reasons i am here today i want to show the rest of the world that iowans are moret concerned about pollution then creating division, medicaid for seniors as well as security for all families. I and a delegate and i ran to be a delicate for the Common People i decided to become a delegate this year so we could fight for the Little People to make sure that utah had a voice in the democratic process architecture and provides details of the city from the early times until today. This is 50 minutes. I am david johnson. Staff events associate ion the staff the bin secession it with the university my connection into architecture was through the project written in 1927 through 40 completely stretches out the parisians city life for those covered passages extending the culture of people watching when the maid says jade past time feasible. In some ways Adina Hoffman has the strong biographical architectural meditation and end is not unlike the work with the view into jerusalem which is one of the most beloved and trouble the citys. The the book examines the wave day neil goal and collided in constant conflict as three via a puts it he brings out the diversity they work in a period of political upheaval for those that could that make up their minds and provides of sufficient findings they are responsible for the top layer of the ancient civilizations providing another cheer to jerusalem archeological history. Well inclm author of portraits river jerusalem neighborhood in the revolution into happiness that i thank you talked about that here. Also the coauthor of the lost and found world named the American Library association in jewish. Of the year. Nd pay close now i plan to sit down and pay close attention to Adina Hoffman and i ask that you do the same. [applause] i they give for the introduction i could not control the brush fires i apologize for the delay. Thanks for reading so i will jump into chile you what happened one day in jerusalem. Hen i se a few years ago when night set out to mail a package at the Central Post Office i go there almost every day for aev dead 25 years i lived there it was a hot day everyone, was irritable the of lines were long i get to theac counter i hand the clerk my package it was a black issue probably heard by a foreign accent she threw it on the scale and grabbed it from my hand in sneered from everyamps e possible all angle crooked upsidedown and say to her what you do win . She lifted me with utter contempt and she announced to me that we dont have time for aesthetics. [laughter] bettis is a pretty common idea that you hear that often in jerusalem with politics and violence and ethnic strakes theyre all in excuse for ugliness and other kinds. But now on this occasion it hits me like a sucker punch and i thought i have time i doubt theyd historically i have been alone so the werent so much of corporatete extremely irritating to me in a sensitive way theyved provoked and made me want to understand what does she mean we dont have time . So as i walked around the city and looking at buildings just thinking ion would turn the phrase over in my mind we dont have time for aesthetics. What did that said did not say about the citys debt and what i came to was that the people live built the finest buildings now from the first half of the 20thcentury into that period from the end of rolled war was in the collapse of the british as they took control of palestine in 1948 to the people that built those buildings had time for ascetics but it was in thehe aesthetics that somehow that was ignored to turn up your nose the question of context but those aesthetics that took into account political historical and geographical context which is to say coming from luxury or diversion it was survival so all this thinking is an th irritation i end up breaking the book that i will talkabout t about tonight which really is what it means when he tried to build in this is a win conflict is a president and that overshadows almost Everything Else specifically about architecture but i am also writing about what it means to put something positive into this context i think the same thing holds for an actor or teacher or social worker the book is autobiographical focusing on the three men all from somewhere else theyll brought with the radius but theyre all fascinated also as they manage for in the way of what they were bringing in finding but this had become part of theare landscape to become interval to the cityscape in fact, people are very proud of these buildings that is during the time of each of these men in jerusalem with this declaration that we dont have time for aesthetics but in fact, over the course of their time in one way or another they were told his great sensitivity will make it very hard for you to work here. We will get to back to but i would to take the water fast walk quickly down the road read the post office is is the main road of the modern city jerusalem also along the street where it developed some of the middle of the 19th century jerusalem was a walled city and it just so happens that on this street there are buildings of these three men second give you little tour docile looking into their prayer griffey how they dealt with this tensionhetics i physically it is a very small area but it would leave us across a lot of time taking a few detours as well. If you walk just a few hundred meters you will see the first building until recently was known as the International Bank when it went up the was actually the Palestine Bank the tallest building in jerusalem at seven stories into me itlltown received like one of the biggest buildings the way it sets in relation to the streets and the hills just to be constructed with thewa incredible awareness of its own context so that it was no great surprise when you learn the man responsible was the man of the threehe with the International Reputation he had a sliding career and of the busiest and most productive and his most famous building was not the most difficult that was known as the einstein towerng a it was a strange building on the interesting buildingte. Thisidering i masterpiece ofof expression ashley prefer building is like this this is the movie house the he late 2 built in the late 20s and to me it has an incredibleta sense of a motion part of the largest commercial interstate commerce during our entire period he is famous for the kurds in the way he handles corners in in the field i hear in the also in this building which is one of my favorites, for the publisher and cultural businessmen and together they built a series of Department Stores aroundrt of germany he was no physical architecture one dutch architect with a bias one of those responsible for bringing into palestine eventually. A and before then was fascinated by palestine and been there in the early 20s. This is a sketch from the first trip. He found himself drawn to the landscape and the possibility of building there as a jew and architect. It unnerved him and i think this sense he had a tribal affiliation distressed him. He was interested and worked on several architectural plans that didnt work out but he had it in the back of his head it was a possibility. He was interested in a serious way in the wider Mediterranean Region and how palestine sat within that region. And in fact he was involved in a project to form a europen mediterranean bow house. He took his time to get to palestine but everything changed in march of 1933 when he and his wife fled berlin with a suit case and a stamp collection. Hitler had come to power and they understood they had to get out as quickly as possible. They went to holland and london and he setup an architecture practice there in london. He was still considering going to palatine. Maybe build a hospital and a campus at the hebrew university. I want to read a short passage from around 1934, he just arrived in town in december and has taken one preliminary walk across mount scope where they want him to build the hospital and he is trying to figure out what to do with himself. Was this the beginning of exile . Or was it the end . The once campagna car filled berlin had to wonder as he camped out in hotel rooms. Lewis swept to cairo for a few weeks of sight seeing before coming back to london to plan their daughters wedding. He worked, he said, too much. He found time to marvel at the pair of rainbows that appeared over the city one day. A mystical image with no presence only past and future and unforgettable in the air edged with sunlight, he paused to take in the scent of the flu flowers. The smells and colors moved him. He continued to circle the prospect of staying put and writing what obliges us to live in a Northern Country . Isnt our place here . Isnt palestine for 18 million the only island . He wasnt really asking her. Neither was the fate of all jews his primary concern. He answered himself in the same letter mostly with himself in mind. I am resolved to remain here. Every day i come to regard the people in the field, even the european jews, my real brers. It took effort to feel that kinship and when he was franker with himself and admitted the passion for the hills and the revolting feeling he had at construction he sounded more like himself. Stubbo stubborn, irrational and honest. A few days after the trip to the hospital and expanded university he returned with counter, pencil and what he called the eye, the food of the soul. Ege the architect was prepared to be swept by the view and he put it forward with a sketch. Instead of lifting him up and inspiring him, this visit prompted nothing short of a howl. I have visited all of the buildings on mount scope, a god given piece of country, has been violated by hands and selfcomplacency. I will deeply wounded in my soul. He had in other words decided to stay. He would need to find a more suitable office. So the office that he found was this place. A quite remarkable building which his wife, louisa, notes in her publish unpublished memoir it looks like the einstein tower. He setup shop here and they lived in this wind mill and he opened an office the. He got down to work. There he reconfigured the arct tecture he wanted to be associated with. He would have to rethink the possibilities. The first project he completed was this villa and where you can see this is not that big berlin movie house but there are elements. You can see the curves. But everything changed in terms of the landscale and the hills and figure how to make the landscaped garden. The curbs are there but they are restrained. He cannot allow himself the exuberance of the big german buildings and you see he is working with things over here and trying to deal with the hot sun and reconfigure the possibilities in this climate. Those of you who have been to jerusalem know everything by law must be build in stone. Not necessarily load bearing blocks but at least faced in stone. So this is a very big challenge for someone who has made a career out of reinforced concrete and steel. He has to rethink what it means to build in this environment. He did that with the library. He is proud of this window and calls it the rembrandt window because of the light coming up. It is important to understand how difficult he was. He was not his egg ego wasnt small and he expressed him inphatically and one of the things he expressed was he thought his peers were simply imitating their old european designs in fact his old european designs which especially got under his skin. He said it was the same buildings there and called them bastard buildings and railed against thim saying we need to learn from what is here. He said palestine is not a virgin country as far as archit architecture is concerned. In the case of the project, the campus on mount scopis, he is essentially trying to take cues from this local vunacular building. So this is a translation of the way the palestinian buildings are built in the hill. He is ecoing the domes which is hard to see them in the village but there are domes and he is echoing them and you can see his domes closer up. This is the dome on the front of the book in fact is one of these domes which the workers called the press of the buildings. Of course for him, not surprisingly this notion that the country wasnt a virgin country was connected to a Political Program and he made a point in saying palestine is part of the arabian world and writing about a commonwealth that would bring jews j palestinians together to work on this. Needles to say this didnt make him that poplar. The difficulty of his personality didnt help. The situation in palestine is getting harder and harder politically. There are all kind of things that make it hard to construct in a practical way. There are first fights and brawls about which workers are going to work on the construction sites. Will it be arabs . Jews . Among the jews will they by labor zionist . People are pounding on each other. There are curfews, strikes, and riots. You can see the curfew path limiting the amoupt of time you can be out. This per tains to everyone. This violence was making his life harder and harder as an architect. No matter what he believed in he had to get stuff done. What i want to do, we are still on the road, i have not forgotten and i want to take you down the street and explain in 1936, the arabs of palestine, seeing what was happening, the jews were not only having england promise a National Home to the jewish people in 1917, but with hitlers rise, the ports were flooded with immigrants. A revolt broke out against the jews but really against the british who were responsible i am making this very simple to move along with the story but these are the broad outlines of what is going on, against the british and there is a great deal of violence so that then in 1939, here you can see to bring us back to the road, this is the bank that is going up in the late 30s. In may of 1939 this is probably take six months earlier, i am not sure, but the British Government issued a white paper and the white paper in response to the revolt. This fear of the arabs and also to the war that is imminent massively limited jewish immigration to palestine and limiting land. As a result of the white paper the Jewish Population rises up and there are nonviolent protests, and riots with windows smashed downtown and bed springs thrown in the seek and a full blown terrorist attack ledge to protect what they call the black papers. In this building, which was the Central Post Office, several explosives are setup and one man is killed and there are holes around the room. This was a picture taken before the bomb blast and oddly enough it is the room i had the irritating encounter with the postal worker. That peek that the bomb went off erics bank was opening next door. He is thinking of construction and there is all of this destruction next door. He writes an article in the palestine post explaining what he means with his architecture to a very distracted public. People had a lot of other things on their mind given the Political Violence and what is going on and he talks about echoing the work, and talked about it being connected to the wider med terrain area and talked about damascus and this is the front of the building. You can see the contru pcontras color schemes of the mosque. People were not so interested in this as this stuff was going on next door. But it is clear this post Office Bombing has rattled him. He doesnt refer to the bombing itself but talks about the building next door and he called it the most frequented public building in the city and one whose architectural value is of greatest. The post office was a logical target were the terrorist. It was the largey and costliest building and it is an emblem of foreign rule. What the terrorist couldnt see, and what Eric Mendelson was aware of it, it more the private stamp of its builder and that is a man named austin saint barb harrison. Harrison was the chief architect of the british mandate. He is named after his deceased ancest ancestor, jane austin. He embodied a kind of britishness but he was a brit when left england going to college in canada and never went back. He was not at home in england but was in this area of the wider mediterranean and spent most of his life in egypt and greece. He was next door neighbors and friends with lawrence dur well who dedicated the book bitter lemons to him. He was fascinated by the architecture of the region. So what i want to do is take you on another detour to show you a little of that and these influences in his work in jerusalem in particular. This is labelled palestine town house. This is the classic shape of a building there. The cube with the dome on top. He is sketching and trying to figure it out. There are lots of Amazing Things but one of them is the way he takes this humble form and then move it over into these very grand official buildings he is building for the British Government, for his majestys government. Take a good look at that. Now look at the building which is a Government House and essentially like the white house or, yeah, of palestine. The home of the high commissioners and it is echoed this the same cube with the dome. Very clearly some kind of nerve and i want to read you another piece of the book on this building. As he whispered riddle akin to jerusalem itself. Many style of the building echoes the ramparts and the domes beside it but it transforms the chaotic powers of the actual jungles and landscape into a single harmonious whole. The museum isnt exactly utopian is no place since the fault and the stone market this place, but the building is in a way aspirational. His own private vision of the city not as it was but it might in a better world be which brings us back to the post office and this is the last building that he completed and its a much more re streamed building but hes stil he is stg out these influences. If you go around the back again hes doing Something Like using hand cut block stones to work as steps as the village is due on the hillside and hes using a form of masonry with the assault but hes doing this all in a very sophisticated way. Not simply attempting to replicate keys working out a fusion between the new and the old, the east and the west. He was having a very hard time working in this context. He was a pacifist and there was no place for him in this struggle he wasnt partisan at all. He also founded harder to work in the confines in the british bureaucratic setting as they crank out more and more laboratories and police stations and he was an artist. So he essentially fled the country in autumn without telling anyone. He left for the museum had its grand opening which was canceled at the last minute because one of the archaeologists making its way and murdered and left before the grand opening of the post office and the definition. In fact the word he uses his heat escape. Mendelsohn would also leave thereafter. The excuse that his wife was in the memoir is that they landed in north africa and palestine was going to be invaded. I dont think that has much to do with it at all. He felt lonelier and limb here and were dismayed by what he saw taking hold in the country. They were not Close Friends but