Spent so what do we learn about her and spoke of we probably didnt know before . What we will learn is just not on our local paper here in washington, d. C. , she is a global figure. Because of jim crow in washington, d. C. Being the upper Southern City in which he purchased the property at 1318 vermont avenue, a National Park service site to entertain entire world so there are pictures in here of the ambassador as was the indian women fisting from various parts of the world, burnished parliamentary whim came to visit. She was able to end in the world i would have of all marginalized people of color around the world. So you learn that here. Spirit it sounds to me as if the book is partially about d. C. At the times was about her . Especially played a snapshot of washington, d. C. As an upper Southern City. Theres one incident i did not be known about but i know a lot of local washingtonians have a problem with the hospital. She was raised presbyterian but she becomes a methodist and she comes to washington, d. C. The hospital is owned by the Methodist Church and he did not allow connotations to access to the hospital. In 1945 a black woman gave birth on the street in front of the hospital because she was denied admission to Mary Mcleod Bethune and others challenge the Methodist Church to encounter the racism that they would allow to go on. Although the situation did not in favorably it was about 1950 when it the first color birth at the hospital. She health and discrimination in all forms in 1946 bill about afford what helped her so she support that in 1946 and were still discussing the Affordable Health care net. How did you go about getting a publisher . I had to turn over to my colleague beside me, he and i belong to a conference from a local, lovely conference that we have in washington, d. C. It encourages us to tell the local stores to really bring out the richness of what American Society is all about. Do you have your eye on your next project . I do. This is the pastor of the congregation, William Jernigan was a prominent minister in washington, d. C. For over 46 years and he was a global figure. He was in world war i chaplain, a world war ii jumping. He is an amazing figure that is everywhere and nowhere all at the same time. So im eyeballing him and hoping to see the pastor will gladly let me entertain that concept. Thank you very much for your time. Thank you much. Andrew graybill recalls the marias massacre of genuine 23rd, 1870. His book is the red and the white. This Program Starts now on booktv. Thanks so much. Thanks a lot for having me. Very grateful to cspan crew for being on the scene as well. Delighted to be here this evening, and grateful also for my sister for putting up a total of going to invite myself to denver and tried to give a talk at tattered cover. Theres a lot of ways i could structure what i want to share with you about my book but i decided in the end it might be easier to explain how i came to write it. That takes us back to the summer of 2006. I should say that i love like much of quite a lot. But i was tested in june 2006. I spent that month in helena is a fellow with the Montana Historical society to work on the Cypress Hills massacre. Has embittered of the Cyprus Health massacre . Okay, excellent. This is exactly what i thought i was going to be spending some time at that event because this is a notorious but obscure 18th 73 slaughter in which a group of untenable trappers slipped across the border between the u. S. And canada and killed some two dozen indians. I thought i would use this event, this is why i going to montana in the first place, use this event to explain the hardening of the u. S. Canada border ever after the socalled wild west of the United States and the mild west of western canada, north of the 49th parallel. This is what i was in montana that summer. The problem was i became very bored with this story which is a bad sign in the early going of a new project. Adding to my displeasure i guess is that of living a pretty unglamorous life, which is a typical life of an academic. I was eating tv dinners, eating Peanut Butter and joyce images for lunch everyday, allowing myself all of one diet coke. This is an effort to stretch my grant from the historical side as far as i could. This is a very generous reward by want to make sure i could get by in my month in helena entirely on the stipend from the Historical Society. I was also away from a wide and are the three old daughter of times i thought i needed something to show for my month in helena. So one day midway through my stay i decide to take the afternoon off to abandon the Cypress Hills massacre to see what else was in the Historical Society. I heard from friends of mine lived in western history this is one of the great repositories of the west. Its a beautiful building located in the shadow of the capital. But i thought ill see what else i can find in the Historical Society archives since the whole Cypress Hills business is not turning out quite as i had hoped. In decide where to look back and i thought immediately of a novel called fools does anybody know if . Shocked, even in the west. May be can go and find a copy of that after you bought a few copies of my book because give it as a holiday present it as an album in the 1980s by blackfoot author and his piece of historical fiction set in the late 1860s and early 1870s, and its a wonderful model, beautifully written but its powerful i think and giving its readers a chance to get a sense of what the invasion of montana and the wider west looked like in the era after the civil war. As such is a really wonderful teaching tool and they use all the time. I just read the book. It was fresh in my mind and so in decide where my spent a little time that day, i thought of a novel, connected to my time in montana. One incident on which the novel hinge is the murder of a character named Malcolm Clarke who is a white fir trader related to the peak in indian woman. In the novel, clarke is killed on his wifes cousin, and he named andre smith north of helena august 1869. This murder sets in Motion Series of events to call ms. Tragically the marias massacre of january 1870 to the darkest day in blackfoot history. That was an event i was fully within it had indeed taken place. So that afternoon at the historical site i said to find out if Malcolm Clarke was indeed a real person or whether or not james welch had invented them as a literary device simply to move the story along. So with help from the library, a terrific staff, i looked through pretty quickly a microphone real and a vertical trial file. You can probably see where this is heading. So Malcolm Clarke was indeed a real person and his murder was indeed the watershed event that james welch described, but clarke was a lot more than that. Is one of the most important white pioneers in montana territory from the 1840s until the 1860s and hes a page yard of a real fast in an extremely accomplished family of mixed ancestry. My discovery of clarke was ironic though because ive been looking for them, rather any racially blended family like them for more than a couple of years. Thats because ive become fascinated by people simply my first book which is a comparative study of the Texas Rangers and the canadian mounties. Increasing seating that book i came across the people of mixed native ancestry are recognized by the canadian government as a people who are neither nader nor white but people in between and to separate aboriginal, indigenous status from the canadian government. I figure that such folks of course lived in the United States as well but theyre hard to track i found because of the binary formulation in the u. S. That people are either indian or white and not much room for people in between, at least not legally, serving in the census records of the 19th century. So ive been interested in such people but given up the chase until i found the clarks that they. Pretty quickly i fell down the Clarke Family rabbit hole and abandon ever after the cyprus hills massacre. I might quickly though with the readers, put in a plug for really wonderful novel about the cypress of master called the englishman boy written by a great canadian novels. If youre interested in that event, thats the way to go. Not a project to which i will be returning. The clocks were not quite what i expected. Perhaps because of my familiarity with george bet. Does that name ring a bell . George bet is sort of tied up in colorados history, passing the painful ways. He was the mixed blood son of a cheyenne woman and her husband, the prominent anglo trader william bennett, and George Bennett grew up in eastern colorado and northern new mexico during the 19th century. And was somebody to walk in both white and native world. But after the massacre in which is family was involved as victims in 1864, which took place im not sure what the distance from 100 or so miles from here on the eastern colorado plains, he felt particularly alienated and split again between these two worlds from the white world of his father convenient world of his mother and he nursed a deep antipathy towards many white people for what had happened to his family at sand creek. He gives lots of interviews, was widely regarded as the leading expert on the cheyenne, his mothers people but he died penniless in the end of the first world war. So knowing all of it about george event i think george bent, what i found was the clarks, especially later generations race isnt always the intractable issue that itd been for george bent, our especial force younger new brother charles was really renounced his own anglo heritage and plundered whites after sand creek before he was killed by indian scouts working for the Us Government when charles was just 22. For the clarks in fact race was a very attributes that got one of them a job with the Indian Service. It was a source of creative inspiration that helped another one when fame and renown in nasa as an artist. Moreover, a different moment i found it other fables, gender, class status, stability, that were a lot more important in shaping later generations of the clarkes. To use the clarkes as a lens onto a think of as a shifting ground of race and racial identity in montana and the wider west from roughly 18501950. Specifically what attack in the book is what happened to people with mixed native white ancestry after the wider west is incorporated and absorbed by the u. S. In the period after the civil war. Let me spend a couple minutes talking about the book and hopefully i would love to answer some questions if you have any. I build it around five members of two generations of the truly remarkable family. I begin with the 1844 wedding of Malcolm Clarke and the teenage daughter of a prominent peak and warrior. Their marriage to us im sure was pretty unusual given the fast gulf between them in terms of race and customs, language and experience. And also age. Malcolm clarke was more than a decade, or about a decade older than his wife. This is common set up in for country at the time largely because of economic reasons which is not to say that love does not play a role in the marriage. Inserted in the case of Malcolm Clarke but the driving motivating factor was economics for a white fir trader by marrying an indian woman, he got access, choice access to his fatherinlaw and all his new relatives best animal skins they could then sell at a profit to the American Fur Company were Malcolm Clarke work. Piegan have been very resistant to anglos, other indian, very jealous and guarded their territory. An indian man who married his daughter to a white fir trader got access to his soninlaws trade goods, kettles, nice insulin. And, of course, and also alcohol and other good. This is important for the for patronage, to be able to pay tribute to the members of the tribe or his particular band. This could be useful in winning power in the tribal authority. So economics really underpins a lot of these relationships. Malcolm clarke had come up river to the upper missouri around 1840, thats a rather checkered youth. He had been born in the midwest at fort wayne, indiana, which the military outpost, his father was a mystery man, raised primarily at Fort Snelling which is now Downtown Minneapolis saint paul. He became quite an outdoorsman, became quite a marksman with a gun and very fond of got into trouble later on. All come back to that in a moment, but clarke had a pension or short temper and a penchant for violence from a very early age. That is what got in hot water of these military academy when he enrolled in the fall of 1834. Pissed off had moved heaven and earth to get malcolm and appointment. This is all done then as now largely by certain number of as i understand the admission system at west point. Certainly been there only a few slots per young men from each of these states of the union. So making clarke worked very hard to get malcolm to west point. Malka manages to enroll in a class of 1838, but his very first you to come the end of his first year he is expelled for challenging a classmate who ago. He felt his honor had been insulted. Malcolm is called up, purchase but in a courtmartial and is expelled but however he is then reinstated by none other than Andrew Jackson it was a close personal family friend. Because Nathan Clarke had been stationed with his family in 1820s just before andy jackson goes to washington to assume the presidency in 1820. So jackson intercedes. And for showing up dusting of its own way, so in the fall of the next Academic Year he is expelled and for good with no one left to speak for him for being a classmate and threatening him with a knife for reasons that i cant quite get to the bottom up. Probably again some from to his personal honor. He leaves west point in the fall excuse me come in the spring of 1836 and the rise in texas right after the end of the Texas Revolution swing misses out on all the fortunes and the glory and he bums around texas like a lot of shirtless young men at the time. Ultimately, does what a number of those young men do which is because india for trade and he goes to the upper missouri and he arrives there with the help of probably a family connection. Its awful hard to track but he ends up on the upper missouri in the fall of 1840. He becomes one of the most successful traders working a number of the most important posts, 14, fort mckenzie, but clarke never masters his temper and his penchant for violence, and so as i told a moment ago he is murdered at the age of 52, for reasons still debated on the blackfoot reservation. Was it because a long festering family dispute over horses and a saddle . Thats one story. He might have assaulted a wife. That is the one that seems more compelling to me. At any rate clarke is murdered iand the first two chapters of books are about his relationship with his father what would you use to explain the history of the blackfoot, in terms of their contact with the expanding and the american nation and the Second Chapter looked at Malcolm Clarke and concludes with his death on his ranch in august 1869. Turning to chapter three, the eldest son of malcolm, and on the night that his father is murdered, horace is traveling, sort of pretty clever ruse, drawn away from the branch is another one of their indian can, and here is his campaign seeing a death song, pretty unusual since the crow are pretty hot enemies of the blackfeet, so he becomes suspicious and turned and faces his companion, and horace is shot in the face that point blank range, exiting just below his ear. And he falls out of his saddle but he is a drag some yards before he slips loose analyze their bleeding profusely and plays dead. Because of his kinship relation to the assailants, he is left for dead. They dont discount them which turns out saved his life because if they turn his body over they wouldve found he still lived. At any rate, horace survives this miraculously. In fact, he makes a full recovery so much that four months later he is able to ride with his younger brother nathan with a second u. S. Cavalry which goes out to chastise the piegans. This leads to a tragic event at the big bend in the marias river and janet 1870 in which horace and nathan were in their early 20s and late teens respectively but despite in the slaughter of their own blood relatives. The marias massacre, one of the things that got me interested in this project is agreement totally obscure. Wounded knee in 1890 and these are sort of the book in the socalled indian wars of the civil war and reconstruction era. It takes place in the middle but it belongs in a conversation with any discussion of the worst such atrocities committed by military American Forces on the planes in the postcivil war period. A second u. S. Cavalry assembled on the camp as it turns out which is so often the case in these indian massacres, sort of a ray overlooks this big ben and the marias river in northcentral montana. Bitter cold, whether brutal given by montana pretty robust stage. 30 or 40 degrees below zero and the troops made a pretty grueling fourday march overland to find this camp, and to do. About 400 in total and even if every fourth than also think a horse, somewhere between two and 50, 300 guns trained on the village. Just as the sun comes up the indians, and mixed blood scout i should said lead them to the inning cant see the sun and it is precisely the camp that the troops had been ordered to avoid because it was the camp of heavy runner who is a noted piece chief much like black kettle at sand creek. And even though the scout realizes at the last moment, its still a moment in time, enough to avert the disaster that ensues the Commanding Officer orders the troops under his command to open fire it and so they annihilate this camp which involved shooting of all of but also shooting at the cords that are binding the key piece to the poll so the indian lodges collapse on the fires within, cooking fires competing fires and incinerates or suffocate the women, children and old men, primarily, for inside the tv. Most of the able bodied men were off on a bubble hud vespertine defined something to provide for their family. And, of course, as th as a goodn that later on the most tragic part of all is its a smallpox cant get most of the people in the camp are dying from the socalled white scab disease which would erupt periodically on the great plains. 173 women and children and old men, many of them suffer from smallpox died initially horrific event in which the clarkes, to which the clarks are intimately tied. That is in january 1870. Sopac United States horace. Because of the murder of his father, he marries a piegan woman in the late 1890s, and he lives among the piegans on the reservation it effectively becomes one of them is i think its an interesting twist in the story. And eventually he sells a portion of his land is anybody here been to glacier park by chance . Dean of the Glacier Park Lodge . That was built on land that once belonged to the Clarke Family. He sues, applies for and receives an allotment from the government. A lot of the blackfoot indian owned property. That is horaces story. Usage, helen, is the subject of chapter four. She has an extraordinary life. Frankly, if theres one story that probably compelled me to write this book more than any other, its helen. And she is a fascinating career. After her fathers murder she had ceased for a time and has a brief but acclaimed career on the broadway stage when whatever content was described, and i love this, as quote five feet 10 inches of magnificent womanhood. Shes really striking. Theres a picture of her in the book. Very striking woman with sort of gray hair with a shock of black running through it. Very tall and apparently had a deep voice which is made her special as a theater actress pics returned in montana reason i cant quite track the acting might have something to do with the bankruptcy. She ends up as a schoolteacher in the montana Public Schools in the mid1870s. And then have sort of a second installment in a really fast in korea virtue becomes the first woman elected to office in history of montana territory in 1882 when she becomes the superintendent of schools for lewis and Clarke County which is the wealthiest and most sizable count in montana at that time. Thats where helena is located. She has political patron, an old friend of her fathers who helped her win election. Shes the first woman to win election. She served in the position throughout the 1880s, and then considered to be the most fascinating installment of her career which comes in the 1890s when she travels to oklahoma, which is then called indian territory to serve as break out the indian reservation, groups that have been targeted for allotment by the federal government because of the act passed in 1887 which legislated that indians needed to live like the brown white people, being forced to assimilate by taking up individually held plots of land, farming and so on, and get it was to break up, pulverize the mass. So helen was in on infield to do this job. Expressly because of her Indian Heritage, and the group she was sent to a lot were groups that were particularly reluctant to accept allotment. And to the commission of Indian Affairs who knew of the clarkes because this is a prominent family even in the 19th century suggested in his many words that maybe helen would have more luck in the faction indian ancestry. So the fact of her race wins are this job but she is as far as i could tell a totally generous individual in this regard. I know one of them who serve as an agent and a with the indian or mixed ancestry. The many indians in the Indian Service but none in position, high ranking positions of power and authority. Has a fascinating true. She returns to montana in the early 20th century and finds herself ostracized by the socalled 400. Im not sure if montana at 400 residents at this time, why president of the 400 is the social elite in any social setting. So helen supposedly felt ostracized by those folks. She denied it rather vigorously, saying she was proud of her Indian Heritage but the whispers apparently doctor atsushi ultimately seeks her own allotment and lives on the resurrection with her brother with a roster rustic literary salon until her death in 1923. I finished the book with the most famous Clarke Family member of all, John Lewis Clarke who is horaces son, helens nephews and Malcolm Clarkes from the murdered Malcolm Clarkes grandson. John was born in 1881. Deaf and mute by scarlet fever come under the academic disease that would occasionally burn through the reservation. But john became a world renowned sculpture of a western wildlife. Selftaught. Takes one art class at a Pivotal Moment in his youth, i believe, but basically taught himself how to carve by molding figurines out of mud that he dug from the banks of the missouri river. His career takes off in the 19 teams in his late 30s and 40s. He is friends with Charlie Russell, his patrons included john d. Rockefeller, jr. , warren g. Harding, and what i was able to discover and John Clarke Kerr is that the is a very famous cover, the foremost carver of western wildlife, and lines, grizzly bears and so on, he turns almost, not exclusively, but quite intensively to native carvings and does some beautiful pieces. There again are some pictures in the book. But some gorgeous freezes, mostly meant i think to capture the piegan lifeways during the buffaloed days of the early to mid19th century that were on the wane by the time hes more in the late 19th century. He rarely leaves the reservation for all of his accomplishments. I think is disabilities probably made travel difficult, but i think also that very heartening racial boundaries. Its a boundary between the blackfeet reservation in montana was pretty coarse, it was much less so for him in the early to mid 20th century. John was inducted into the gallery of outstanding montana concert at the montana hall of fame in 2003. This is a really neat thing they do. They have sort of a photograph and a sheet, a plaque i should say in the rotunda of montana is really gorgeous big capitol building. That only two or three dozen of such individuals. On clarke is one of them, and allen will join him in 2015. They are the only family members that are in this rotunda. The others are folks venture whose names you will know. Gary cooper, Charlie Russell himself, randall stewart. And so the clarkes, two of them, two out of 30 something. To 115th, thats math i can even do, are commemorated in the gallery. So today, the clarkes i associate with the piegan history, am rights massacre but their names are also etched in the landscape in northern montana. If youve been to glacier National Park you maybe have seen not helen which is in the upper valley or helen lake which is in the upper reaches of the swiss guard foun down or lake il which is in the Southwest Corner named for health and horaces younger sister, isabel. They are literally inscribed in the landscape in this beautiful place. And so their story as i tell it is a journey through the complex landscape of race in america with it pension to what they gained at the plate again but also with the lost irretrievably along the way. Thanks so much. [applause] id love to answer some questions, if folks have any. Sure. I have a definite unrelated question. Okay. What do you think about the controversy about the Washington Redskins name . Actually im not unhappy you asked that. Not often we historians talk about Current Events and anybody bothers to listen. So, i made this point with some friends whove asked me the same question, i understand the argument that Daniel Snyder and others who would defend the use of the name. I understand the arguments that have made him and insist it sort of rooted in the team legacy, the teams history. And its meant to be, the most important argument, that they become its meant to be it honors native people. What i would say is theres just no way that particular moniker can be used to honor the native people. Ucf throughout the historical records. Redskin was never applied in the 19th century kindly, or benignly. Its a racial epithet right up there with the worst ones that we can imagine today. So there really is i dont think any defense for and i think its a matter of when, not if youre the redskins would probably be wise to change the team name to do it soon. I think theres only one way this can end up. I think this is a conversation that will probably engulf other teams as well. Rather, offensive cartoon, the cleveland indians. That conversation has already begun. I think this is probably, those may be on the way out as a worker the redskins is a particularly i think painful one for lots of indian people. The sooner it is retired i think the better. I have a question about the matriarch of the family. Sure. You talked about how there are economic underpinnings, undergirding these relationships. I wonder if she herself was a part of the economic transaction oon was that Relationship Building a giveaway . In terms of what kind of economic relationships she and her husband had . [inaudible] i see what youre saying, yes. She would have been seen that way by her relatives, by her indian relatives. Husband enjoyed total control over his wife worldwide. Malcolm clarke took a second life in the 1850s. Not uncommon. Not uncommon for country because the more wiser the more animal skins you can process. So polygamy, the fact of having many wives was very common throughout plains indians decided. Among indians, indians made other indian but also among fur traders as well who relied upon their wives as a labor force to dress buffalo skins or beaver skins before the. That having been said, theres disagreement about this but my sense of it, certainly having researched the clarkes, there really was a love relationship between them. We stayed with them until the time of his death. Many, many, most white fir traders abandoned their socalled countrywides when they returned to the east, the United States after the time and effort trading at the. They would leave their children behind as for which i found as a father of Young Children almost unfathomable. But clarke alone, almost alone state on the upper missouri. There are other reasons for that. I think if he had lived more than half his life there, i think he liked it. He liked the socalled vigorous life no doubt but i also dont doubt that he loved his family, his wife, his wives and his children. They all lived together on the ranch at the time he was killed. Most of them were there, sort of witnessed this murder first 10. I think only one son was absent off looking for some cattle. It is economic steadily but a fair amount of love between them is what i dont think i am reading that romantic into the record. I think the record supports that. Whether any repercussions to the massacre from the indian side after the second . Good question. No. The piegans had resisted white, particularly americans since the early 19