How it takes the responsibilities to one another as it anticipates so if you turned page 233 tour day into fliers but i have a manifesto how you can marry but still be progressive and not go to hell. Have your cake and eat it too. [laughter] we had we do have avoided cheese bet no cake. But thank you for coming. [applause] if. Please buy the book and host were on campus said university of wisconsin madison. Talking to professors who are also authors. Driven first is Professor William jones the march on washington came out recently. Professor jones from 1963, how long has that been in the planning . For over 20 years. The first march on washington in the Second World War and was called up so the organizers of the 1963 march had in mind during that entire period to revive this idea and to talk about that constantly starting in 1962 for a number of reasons to put that on. And then to be carried forward. What was the focus of the first march . But the march that actually happens but just before the United States entered the Second World War. In the u. S. Was officially neutral but it was supporting the allies already. This is the period in which president Franklin Roosevelt called to be supporting democracy to support the allies if europe and asia. This is a period where the mobilization and the depression. The wages were going up but to be shut out of those jobs in the Defense Industries is a horrific contradiction. So this is the Central Point and to not get jobs or shut out of the armed forces and then to be separated in the ranks and of course, but Philip Randolph that has the most widely known of the leader of the union leader and a civilrights leader. And so they were demanding to demand equal access or the right to vote. A whole range of demands and the reason it was called up at the last minute initially president roosevelt used a Philip Randolph. We cannot integrate the armed forces at a time of national emergency. So he said at the last minute when it became clear that tens of thousands or 100,000 africanamericans would march of the Nations Capital then suddenly he agreed to the most important. And that was to issue executive order to ban defense contractors. To build the tanks with the federal government regardless of their race and religion and National Origin or color. This is an executive order so to meet the demands of the war. And at the time it was seen as a tremendous victory compared to the emancipation proclamation. But the problem with this is that because it was an executive order it would expire after the war only to those who had a defense contract but that the lastminute randall said we will call off the march for now but remember we can continue and suddenly this is the moment the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement host how close was he to the Reporters Union . This is a union of africanamerican workers died into the other unions and they excluded africanamericans so as a result who worked on those luxury train cars they organized their own union in randolph was not a porter. And published a newspaper. He was wellknown speaker and writer in the checks shakespearean actor. For the growing union but the claim to fame came when he forced an operative though luxury train cars to sign a contract this is on behalf of africanamerican workers isnt affiliated with the American Federation of labor. But it established him but the most important black leader in the country. But then in the 1963 march as wall. It is known as Martin Luther kings march on washington. But at the time everybody had known he was the principal leader of the march. So what was the role . And to establish itself with to me you very well known. And formed the southern christian leadership conference. In the Movement Based on nonviolence to end the system of jim crow in the south and was a tremendous speaker. Berri he was not the only principal peter of the Civilrights Movement so that was a National Movement not just ending jim crow in the south from the Second World War and retain that effort into have of racial inequality and to end at. Everybody said get his support and martin the 13 said i will support you but lets expand the goals. It is not equal access to jobs or discrimination but winning the right to vote in the south and he had the right to vote it was not a primary on his mind vicinity living in recovery this was the primary goal to end the desegregation. To with that Civilrights Movement. And as a slogan for the 1963 march as a march for jobs in this is a merging with the northern wing in the southern wing. And then freedom to argue for a Voting Rights and desegregation. But Martin Luther king was the most important than prominent speaker in the march. With the actual day of that is interesting the last of 10 speakers. The first was randolph to set the tone to explain what they meant. The importance to fight for Economic Justice in to raise the minimum wage. And that is of mantra. In to take up that connection and. Ended is important to remember people were worn down and they had heard that as it has been going on over two hours. Before this there was an actual march. Is to travel the 94. In Martin Luther king and everybody knew he would come back to revive their spirits and then to continue the struggle. And everybody knew as a tremendous speaker he can do that. In to testify to the fact the one thing to keep in mind they didnt have to say much what the march was about. That is the speech that we remember. It is a march to give that speech and we forget what the goals were. And a very long history. Host what time of day was he speaking . Guest Martin Luther king lateafternoon. Host how long was his speech . Guest the full speech was about 15 minutes he went over the allotted time everybody was given 10 minutes but everybody went over. [laughter] host who is the most radical speaker that day . Guest that is an interesting question in many ways is how radical all of them were. Randolph who was the leader who was arrested during the First World War were being a specialist in here he was the most promise spokesperson. In to be a democratic socialist to be fully in line with the idea to achieve equality not just to remove those barriers to do access. These are very radical ideas at the time. They would not have endorsed the march in to this was the very radical message and an important achievement to bring so many people together the meursault peace and radical but the most militant person was john lewis who was now in congress he was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and a young man, a College Student the other members of his organization of sncc were extremely radical and extremely militants and there is a great story about this speech it was written in committee in the spirit of sncc hyper democratic there wrote the speech together and they also circulated it the night before the we want everybody to hear it but those former not so radical got a hold of them and rejected the militancy. Host did he tell in it down . He did. Blended became an important moment in the history of the Civil Rights Movement because the criticism of the speech was remembered as an example of the radicalism in the militancy. And in the book i explain in important new wants their principal people toning down that speech was not the Kennedy Administration or white liberals the principal objections came from randolph and Minerals Deputy executive assistant. Ruston was probably the most irresponsible to introduce the idea of nonviolence civil disobedience to United States and studied the strategy developed in india and imported it to the Civil Rights Movement. In 1941, when he saw john lewis speech he objected to one phrase a particular which she centcom this is a revolution, we need to march through the south like sherman did in reference to the general who burned large pieces of the south to the ground in said march to the south and burned jimcrow to the ground then he paused and added non violently. This was a quotation made dramatic affect the sncc not talking about our revolution but the references to violence were too much for randolph and other nonviolent leaders you can be militant end actually one they did call for revolution a massive moral revolution. But the references to violence were too much another objection raised by a lot of leaders john lewis said there would not support jfk civilrights bill. Which was the major part of the demand aimed primarily at ensure equal access for the desegregated schools. All of the civil rights leaders were very critical in did not have enough enforcement power and as kennedy introduced it, it did not include the fair employment what of the principal objective of the march on washington was prohibiting employment discrimination on race or color or religion and kennedy didnt support this provision so everybody behind the march on washington wanted to push kennedy farther but sncc said we dont want this lot. So the two ways they got him to tone that down with the explicit reference of violence marching through the south. To say this is week we have a lot of problems with it but that was the official message it wanted to pass the law but make it stronger and in fact, one of the principal outcomes of the of march and washington was to organize a National Movement adding the employment clause to the kennedys bill so as to much more stronger and powerful in part because of that criticism that john lewis originally said we dont want it to at all. He has written a memoir and has talked about it he says how hard it was to challenge the older leaders. They convinced me to change the airlines of a message but not the central thrust of the speech that what is needed is a massive revolution. host for speaker then second speaker . And we are going to do all than by the way. [laughter] the president of the United Autoworkers Union a union and supported the Civil Rights Movement for a long time and is the most important white labor leader randolph is the most important black one. Number three re wilkins. President National Association of defense would of colored people. The naacp was the largest Civil Rights Organization that had one a tremendous victory victory but bringing that legal case with brown v. Board of education. And then to segregate Public Schools is and in the decade after in that court to victory they pushed and pushed to turn that legal decision into a reality. Klay in with the schools in the south have become integrated. They were focused on pushing the Kennedy Administration theyre pushing for desegregation of schools but the elements of his speech and in his opening speech that with the desegregation those laws that were aimed at ending the right to go. These would not be effective to a decent paying job. One of the important things about his speech at is not central to the naacp into not be achieved in isolation. And was extremely critical and he likened that to be watered down and would not be any good so he also said we need to push with this bill. The fourth speaker was john lewis and not so the previous night he would change his speech is to cut the important thing to remember is it is interesting i teach about the Civilrights Movement to use these documents with the john lewis original speech is printed all over and by far is a fiery speech. He left out of the calls for violence to burn jim crow to the ground that will really achieve a quality equality in and goes that how this law to be introduced might affect various african americans. Then it wasnt pushing for in then to the maid that earned 5 that week with a total income of the house and said we need a bill to achieve equality. To achieve equality for the unemployed. So he called for a tremendously strengthened the civilrights bill that is seen as for India Official demands to of called for a federal policy to end unemployment to provide jobs for two black or White Flowers for the call to raise the minimum wage to provided decent standard of living. 2. 50 today would be 15 per hour so it was the very dramatic wage increase. It would be one thing to ensure integration that the only way to make them equal to have access to the standard of living that they would provide decent jobs and decent housing in decent education. Host who was the best speaker . She was not an official speaker or a spokesperson for the march but the leader of the naacp branch in famous for leading the integration of Little Rock High School with these young black students under tremendous opposition of a white supremacist yelling at them she was a newspaper publisher in very well known and it is extra fascinating she was not invited to be the official speaker and in fact, several weeks before the march number of women involved that were central leaders was the very principle leader those that would help to organize the march on washington the principal strategist ed initial march on washington dash another leader of the naacp with to randolph and instead we are looking at this plan for a march and you dont have one woman invited to speak and they have been central to this moment movement. And their lead to Martin Luther king they did not say anything but then later the rest of the officials have not one woman on the list but what he threatened to pick it was randolph he was giving a speech at the press club to call for the march and they threatened to picket him. To say we want to support this is important and with the last minute deal then then agreed it as a further insults she was not asked to give a major address but introduce the heroines of the move with a ceremonial break in the march. She was allowed to stand up and introduce rosa parks who was famous from the montgomery bus boycott and a young Student Activist incredibly powerful women involved in the movement to introduce them into day stood up and people clapped then that was over at the end to see these of the women but after the march a number of them talked how they would have to push much harder for gender equality to represent a number of these women that are involved to build the National Organization for women that emerges as the Principal Organization for the feminist and it is important moment at the time and a lot of womens on this so she was not the official speaker but when they went with the official program of the day. Host starting with randolph white, lewis, a bates who followed . There was another white speaker blake was the representative of the Catholic Council all love the major denominations from rabbis and catholics mostly giving their support explaining those traditions that they upheld the principles of the Civilrights Movement and interestingly there were questions as if the catholics or the protestants were very supportive of the ags of racial equality with discrimination but how do they think of the other aspects of this march . Of a federal Jobs Creation program and what they found user all important parts of these religious traditions as the catholics are very supportive of calls for Economic Justice so they emphasized these connections in to pick up on this for jobs in freedom. Floyd represented the organizational core and one of the principal organizers of the first march on washington that the associate director of the merger had helped to form during the Second World War and this had first implemented these ideas across the country was in prison he was supposed to speak that day was on the official program but rosalynn arrested for protesting the south and the Kennedy Administration action offered to arrange a leave but he refused and said i will not leave for when there other people arrested i will not leave my comrades year in jail like a to washington to give this speech that they had written from jail with the very powerful message to say i am speaking from you from the jim crow south. Key is the seventh were missing a rates in number nine. Who fault followed floyd . Wendy young was the executive director of the National Urban league. But in some ways they emphasizes for the up for to help support they were pioneering at the time as the Marshall Plan for the negro. With the emergency aid given by the federal government after the second to world war it was massive funding for schools and hospitals and when he said if the federal government to help support for people in france than they can help poor people in the United States in said because of that long history of racial oppression pulling into slavery in discrimination it was called for the federal government to put the commitment on the scale of the Marshall Plan but that would not end the legacy of love the equality so Whitney Young was to give his speech to echo that central message. We have nine out of 10 speakers who else spoke . There was maggio was a representative of of protestant churches there were a number of people throughout the day who were musicians like Bob Dylan Peter paul and mary in an actress living in europe and came to address and that she was at the time. End people who came to the podium is their video of the march from start to finish . Yes. Much of this is Available Online most of that is on there website listed that is up there. What we have talked about is they dont speak. For his own reason everything in this event was very controversial but someone and was a political radical in a communist in 1930 is in a member of the Young Communist League and another reason he was controversial he was arrested in the 1950s that was illegal in the country most of the time so by far was widely known as a principal architect from disobedience and a tremendous grassroots organizer everybody knew he was a person if you wanted to make a tremendous statement this is the person you need to call on. Said he decided he wanted to reorganize the march the first person he called was ruston and they put together a plan to how to organize but when randolph led to get support a number of them had objections to say this was a guy who was a former communist for homosexual sex the spokesperson for the march initially he conceded we wont do that. I will be the official leader of this march into everybody said of course, we cannot object. Now you have agreed to that i will name my assistant and essentially he put him in the principal job to organize the march. And the official spokesperson and rustin was the person in the background if he looked at life magazine when they cover that. On the front cover with randolph m. The title. Is allowed to deflect to have randolph in that the official position he came at the very end actually after Martin Luther king spoke in randolph came back on the stage with the full list of the demands and then rested lead everybody there to raise their hand and pledge to go home and keep fighting until they have the full list of demands but he was not one of the official speakers. Host the book on the jury he talks about Martin Luther king gave the i have a dream speech to a month before washington. Yes. That is a very important event in is almost as big as washington. And it demonstrated it could have the positive impact at a time when tensions were high. There was a high level of violence there is criticism of the civil rights activist so people were worried about violence. But it was very peaceful and successful and so the led those that were hesitant with the march that we can support that. Into recently discovered a recording almost one year earlier in North Carolina that he had pioneered several years before initially the refrain when he spoke to the aflcio. Before the march on washington and to be perfected over time. And coming around he was told not to give the i have a dream speech. If youre watching there are recordings he doesnt begin with the i have a dream refrain but the emirate an image of the czech written that says it has come back marked is sufficient funds we are here to demand to have payment but he gets halfway into the speech that he pushes that aside thing goes back to the speech she had given over and over very effectively in detroit and again space is to breed and the crowd to their feet their rivers that jackson the senior that saying just before he came on stage was behind him saying tell them about the dream she may have been telling him he was not hitting the right notes session with back to that refraining gave the speech now it is one of the most famous in history this is an incredibly powerful speech and jackson was reminding him that that is the refrain that we all know. Two weeks after the march in birmingham alabama . What this says a tremendous success in very uplifting speech we forget how complicated it was after that it wasnt just a speech everybody said we are wrong