And unless you point lead over night with champagne this is the recipe. I found hard to see anything at all written about her but and when she died the newspapers referred to her as a popular icon. But i did find a lot of unpublished papers. I would like to know where she had to say. Everybody else likes her and they say she is smart and wonderful but every so often after douglass died and she was considered the great beauty she did say she didnt want to marry or settle. She did eventually remarry a Union Officer in had six children. How did you find all these letters . Modern technology is a wonderful thing. So the founding mothers cannot 2004 i started to work got that. And then you really did have to go places. But then from mrs. Google does that for you. [laughter] been years and get in touch with those societies to see if they have women that are not listed then they become far far more accommodating. So then they can scan the papers for a fee but now what you get it at that point is the 19th century handwritten letter written horizontal a i could not decipher a lot of those. Because of the children to be taught script they cannot read. Well letters will they read is also another problem [laughter] but that is about your printer where grandparents coming in to write memoirs to their grandchildren that is wonderful like oral history. It is no way because a wave of written materials if someone is subpoenaed you could get the instagram out of the cloud. [laughter] i have to ask one more question. Given the 2016 president ial race with the dynamics we are aware of is there a woman in your book that transplanted to be president ial material . Yes. Absolutely. That if they were is the of white blood ashley right situation that very few women have so bride day experience but i find the obituaries fascinating but the only person i couldnt find was elisabeth but i think given the ability to have political help we could have done that easily. And having to do with so many constraints. Not to mention dave hood and his children all the time. And of course, to read the of war everybody was missing children but they both lost sons that were two years old at the time and they also died in the white house falling off the top of the of building. But one october lost a three yearold aunt a ted yearold with the disease came through so just living through the day was incredibly difficult and still as interested with politics and policy i find that so incredibly admirable. They couldnt own property there were the property of their husbands and is still the dermis dedication to the country to making that all come out right. There is time for one more question. I was just wondering hearing about the remarkable benin that accomplished so much with discrimination and lack of opportunity, what you see now will as the continuing odds that women face . There still is discrimination it is very difficult to in some fields added is true the biggest problem is the workplace needs to be far more caretaker friendly. You cannot have the best and the brightest in the vast majority of graduates that are not able to be as productive and able to do their best work as possible and still we a competitive society. So what that is a challenge that leads to the mets ahead dont get upset but they are a bunch of sissies compared to what the women went through it is remarkable when somebody says i cannot do it all i fink talked your greatgrandmother because they did do what all and they did not complain, a little bit. [laughter] i hope he will all pick it up and i just want to thank you as i said earlier to rich our understanding. And a rough there is another book and if you wouldnt mind to full up your chairs. [applause] [inaudible conversations] all over the Colorado Plateau especially here outside of Grand Junction rearmament surrounded by rock refined dinosaur bones and fossils than that has intrigued us but the other thing is a mineral that contains three different elements. It contains radium that is radioactive to help solve cancer. It is also used to strengthen steel. During the of buildup toward real will work to do was of extreme value and your radium as alito is one of the best sources for atomic weapons. He fought the battle to preserve water for western colorado to make sure we got our fair share. How did he do that . Going on with his state career he climbed up the ladder is able to exercise more power than you might normally have answers to the in the United States congress where he could make sure called the battle would be treated fairly with division of water. The passage of the storage project. Lincolns cottage in washington d. C. Is an hour. Well. Tonight we are delighted to post a story in don doyle and Sidney Blumenthal to discuss International Relations and dr. To his latest book the cause of all nations an International History of the American Civil War. Don doyle is no cause on professor of history at the university of South Carolina and director of the rain of the association for research on ethnicity and nationalism in the americas. Before coming to South Carolina he taught at Vanderbilt University and the university of michigan dearborn. At usc doyle teaches a variety of undergraduate and graduate courses in u. S. History including the Introductory Survey course and nationalism in comparative perspective. Fluent in four languages with some of you can attest to tonight in the q a toilets been a visiting professor at the university of rome italy the university of genoa italy and the university of leeds england and the, not even going to try that one. Rio de janeiro brazil. The Catholic University, and another Catholic University being your neighbor giving him a unique aspect of that help shape the cause of all nations. Sidney blumenthal is former assistant and Senior Adviser to president bill clinton Senior Adviser to Hillary Penton and adviser to the Clinton Foundation foundation. Author big bucks his next project is a trilogy entitled the political life of Abraham Lincoln slated for release in 2016, 17 and 18. Its also been a writer and editor of the publications at the Washington Post new or public vanity fair and the new yorker specializing in Foreign Affairs and national politics. Besides his literary career he also is executive producer for the Academy Awardwinning documentary taxi to the dark side which won him any worse as well. Lastly hes a senior fellow its the single best International Book on the civil war. On april 9, on this day Abraham Lincoln was coming back from his tour from richmond after he had visited the troops at sydney point. They had a french visitor who was, i learned a relative and attending him, he asked the military band to play a song, the anthem of the French Republic which had been banned under the second empire of napoleon the third. Lincoln remarked papa pompously that it was odd he had to come to the america and he said i rather like that tune, played it again and they did. Id also like to play the tune dixie for our guests who had never heard it. This now as federal property. We we fought hard for this. It now belongs to us but i want everyone to know that in our country, unlike france, he didnt he didnt say but that is what he meant, the southerners are going to be free to hear that song. Play it and they did. And then came back to washington. Of course this was the day also that robert e lee surrendered the troops. It was not the end of the war but it was the beginning of the end and of course Jefferson Davis would not be apprehended until another month on may 10, i believe and of course the assassination on april 14 was intended to reignite the war. This was a momentous day and one full of expectation for the end of the war. Id like to set the stage a little bit. Before i have done doyle talk about his book, i want to read you a few things from my forthcoming work too, as a kind of of prologue, id like to discuss the origins of Abraham Lincolns internationalism. Why did lincoln think this was so important . Where did this all come from . Id like to take you back to a moment in 1852. Lincoln has been congressman. He served one term. He is he is living in springfield, illinois. At the end of of this year, the leader of the failed hungarian revolution, lewis can sooth in the springtime of nations, the great great revolt of 1848, comes to new york and a crowd of 100,000 people, one quarter, one quarter of the population of new york greets him ecstatically. He marches down broadway on the greatest force of the mexican black warrior. There is a huge parade. Let me just read you a little bit about lincoln and then i will turn to don and we are going to leap forward to the civil war. I want to get a sense of why lincoln cared so much about what the world thought. The hungarian leader brought along and entourage and he mentioned his electric presence would raise a Million Dollars that would be handsomely redeemed in bonds. He mistook the the scale of his tumultuous greeting to be about his own glorious cause. He would flounder admits its mysterious realities. And then what happens is, after he is involved with several parties in washington and tries to go to the south to raise money and is spurned tries to make his way to the capitals of the provincial states of the country. He never never makes it to springfield. But there is a meeting in springfield about him. The towns mayor whose name was ironically john calhoun who was democrat and had been lincolns supervisor when he learned how to be a surveyor becomes the president of the meeting. The person who is put in charge of running the meeting is Abraham Lincoln. Ill just read you one of the springfield resolution. Little noticed at the time it says that the sympathies of this country and the benefits should be exerted in favor of the people of every nation who are going to be free. This was organically connected to his objectives. He he would never travel abroad but he felt the rise and fall of the revolutions of 1848. He saw them as democratic movements. They were suppressed by a consolation of the monarchial powers. He was eager and disappointed at their failure he did not link the european and anti struggle slavery struggle. Two years later, in his speech at peoria, on october 16, he did not hesitate to speak what had shortly before been politically unspeakable. On slavery he said, i hate i hate it. It deprives our republican example of its influence in the world. It enables others to taunt us as hypocrites. He would ask repeat his exact phrase in his debate and during the decade he would a friend many exile revolutionaries from germany lincoln understood the civil war as an International Event of the greatest magnitude. The cause of the United States, a little republic, it was this idea that led him, in 1862 to call the United States the last best hope of earth. Now are entering the cause of all nations, prof. Doyles book, and one of the great figures of the european revolution plays a central role in our civil war. That figure appears at the beginning of the war and he appears at a key turning point in the war. I wondered if you could explain to us how important garibaldi is to americans. This is. This is what got me interested in the story. I was a professor in italy and at that time, in the mid 90s italy was divided, the north was talking about the section and another was calling for a separate government. I learned about the story of garibaldi and it seems to me a bizarre curiosity and it had been dealt with before by historians who have kind of ignored and forgotten or were treated as just a curiosity but i wanted to learn more. That opened up the whole story that i followed that produce this book. I use the first chapter as garibaldis question. Question. At this time, everyone knew who garibaldi was. They knew what he stood for, why he was famous. He was the hero of two worlds in south america and north america as well as in europe. He was the first global hero and by that i mean he existed in prince and in images. Everybody knew knew what he looked like. Women adored garibaldi. They adopted the the garibaldi fashion with large red blouses and sometimes military jackets. For americans, garibaldi was an important figure and they wanted him on both the federate and union side, there were regiments named after garibaldi. There was news that he was going to join the union. It was a rumor that echoed across the america all through the summer of 1861 and i later found out that the rumor began back at this Little Island as his lieutenant advisors were assaulting the press with these stories. He might come in raise his sward for america. This happened immediately after the battle of bull run. With lincolns approval, the secretary of state invited this soldier of freedom to come and fight for the unity and liberty of america. He sent one of his most trusted diplomats to belgium and unofficially the head of secret service in the union diplomatic corps to this tiny island out in the middle of the mediterranean to ask garibaldi if he would serve in the union army. He had two conditions. One is he wanted complete command of all union forces. [laughter] a pilot must be in control of his ship. Second he wanted to know was this war about the ami emancipation of the negroes or not . If its not about slavery or universal emancipation, then it then it will be just another civil world war in the world will have no interest. The union would have a good answer for that in november of 61. It created, it underscored the need for a moral purpose and its the beginning, at least of this reconsideration on the union side of what it was they were fighting for. At the end of the book. Im going to leave the head, you tell a wonderful story about garibaldi. At the moment when it appears that the european powers may recognize the confederacy, now we know that is the key thing the confederacy is fighting for. If they get recognition from the european powers, then they can exist as a separate nation and those powers would break the Union Blockade and it would be the end of the United States as we knew it. Thats what everybody was playing for and all the battlefield here. Garibaldi, youve done a fantastic work of scholarship in weaving together what happened at this very moment involving garibaldi. The usual story that we have is that the major powers of europe, britain and france were conspiring to intervene in the u. S. War. By intervention this meant that they would offer mediation if the north refused and the south accepted that would give them reason to recognize the south. Recognition isnt just a formality, it meant that they existed under international law. It meant the condition for the blockade would have to meet a much higher standard and it probably meant war or the threat of war between the United States and britain and france. It it would have been old world war. The usual story is that lincoln opposes the mans a patient proclamation in the news arrives in europe just in time to diffuse this plot of the great powers of europe to intervene. Thats not it. In fact the exchanges between he and his foreign minister indicate, especially for russell, the idea that the United States was about to enact emancipation and to an egg napped a race warfare in america. They encourage them on this plan to intervention. What foiled their plan was a littleknown incident, but it was garibaldi leading his band of troops in southern italy on a march to rome. Rome or or death was the slogan. At the end of september, at the end of august, garibaldi standing on a hill was wounded by italian soldiers whom he was hoping would come over and join him in this march to liberate rome from the pope and make it the control of united italy. He went to prison. Many. Many thought he would be executed as a rebel against the state and all of europe was in an uproar over the fate of garibaldi. Huge rights rights took place in hyde park london on that sunday surrounding this issue. There were demonstrations in favor of garibaldi but this wasnt just garibaldi, but the whole cause of liberty and republicanism. To cause a crisis in the french government and napoleon fired his foreign secretary. It meant the french in the reddish could no longer collaborate during this period. It created turmoil. In the meantime, garibaldi sends a letter to the english nation that calls on britain to stand by her daughter america who is now fighting for emancipation and against the traders in human flesh and it just puts this whole war into a completely different perspective. Whats interesting is that garibaldis letter to the english nation was written on september 28 before 28th before he knew anything about the make emancipation proclamation. Its as though he knows before Lincoln Dawes that this war, whatever theyve said, is going to be about slavery and emancipation and so it became. Garibaldi is not the only proamerican in in europe and in britain who is supporting the United States and who is instrumental in this struggle. One of the others is somebody whos picture many people dont know but we just looked at this picture, its its the picture of lincoln presenting the emancipation proclamation to his cabinet. In the corner of that picture you can see a portrait. It is the portrait of an english liberal, john bright, who lincoln revered. Lincoln had two portraits in his study in the white house. One was of Andrew Jackson because of his proclamation on notification which guided lincoln in his thinking on succession and the other was john bright. To to him this represented the liberal cause in the world. Tell us something about john bright and how important he was in britain and his relationship with lincoln himself. They never met. Bright bright never came to america but he was a tremendous force during the civil war and an international voice. He he was a quaker. He was a cotton mill worker. He shouldve been on the side of the confederacy but he wasnt. As a quaker he was opposed to war and he was also opposed to the english aristotle city because he was a quaker and he was an minority. He became an advocate of reform in england and particularly reform of voting rights. He wanted what was called universal suffrage which really meant for men only but it was for all men. He wanted it american style democracy. During 1861, the union had apprehended at sea, to confederate emissaries and it created an international crisis. The press and britain was flipping up the public into a lather for war and it looked like britain was on the verge of war in that december of 1861. John bright stood up and made up terrific speech to his own constituency in the north of england and spoke out against this war fever and also embrace the union cause as the same cause for democracy or for expansion of the suffrage in britain. It reminded britain of the common bond that went back to colonial times and evoked this idea of a transatlantic nation that was, that had gone to war before and regretfully, and still have this bond of brotherhood across the sea. He came up very powerful voice for the union and also cast the war of one of Democratic Forces against those of slavery. Lincoln was fascinated and had in his pockets various artifacts. Various personal items in one of them was the clipping of an article from a london paper paper by john bright. Is in that right . Lincoln sent to john bright some resolutions to present at Public Meetings and were ratified a huge Public Meetings there. One of those who organize one of those meetings, he was also very influential journalist. He was living in london and he wrote for an american paper from london on the civil war and i want to read you, from your own book, about what he wrote. He said the present struggle between the south in the north is a struggle between two social systems. The system of slavery in the system of preen labor. Tell us about about marks in the civil war. He wrote for the new york tribune, probably the largest newspapers, one of the largest in the world, out of new york which had a real interest in the revolutionary movements that have been coming out of europe. Especially in 1848. He rehired him and paid him the equivalent of about 10 of about 10 a week. He lived on that. He was writing and lived in a suburb. They were fascinated with the american war. They saw they saw this as the last stand in this kind of futile a stick aristocracy. He was clear. He was on the side of the bush was a. He saw the u. S. As an exemplar of this democracy. And an example of free labor. Not in europe, not not in the most industrialized area but in america. Thats the way he framed it. Now as the new york tribune abandoned its overseas correspondents because they wanted to do more coverage of the war itself, he got cut off sometime after the grant crisis but he continued to write on the American Civil War for the European Press in the germanspeaking press. He he was very influential in depicting the war as this epic battle in a historic struggle between forces of free labor and liberalism. It set the stage for the final revolution but he was a friend of america and a very articulate one. In the communist manifesto which he wrote in 1948, he said the specter was haunting europe and all the forces of reaction are against it. Among them he named the pope. Now the pope was an important figure in the politics of europe at the time. He was a figure of reaction. In the middle of the war he issued a a statement called the syllabus of heirs. Why dont you tell us about his role in the civil war in his view in the syllabus of heirs about what the United States was up to. This is another unexpected fire in civil war politics. Stalin once asked how many battalions does the pope path. Not very many but he was an important political figure. He had an appeal to Catholic Europe and was especially important because of his indirect influence over French Public which was a great power and sympathetic toward the confederacy and the government. Neutral but but sympathetic toward the confederacy. Pope pius ix actually began what they hoped would be a liberal pope and then during the revolution garibaldi came into rome and set up the republic of rome and pope pius was expelled from rome and came back with the help of the french and the french continued to garrison, the city of rome to protect what was the peoples state. The pope is becoming a reactionary figure against all things modern, the syllabus of heirs denounces toleration of religion, free speech, free thought. The confederates see a friend in pope pius ix and they sent emissaries over there to get him to side with the confederacy in its war against these zealous. Since who were ransacking churches in louisiana and desecrating the catholic churches in other parts of the country. The pope wrote a letter that essentially said he regretted this intestinal war as they called it and hoped for peace but on the envelope it was addressed, in latin of course, to what someone translated as the president of the Confederate States of america. So they man held this up and said we are recognized by the greatest pontiff in europe. This is the first of the great monarchs of europe to recognize this. Put this in the archives. Well it wasnt quite that but it was very effective, especially effective, especially in discouraging irish immigrants in ireland and also in the United States from fighting for these zealous puritans as they depicted it. Religion becomes wrapped wrapped up in this as well as ideology. You mentioned the confederate diplomatic effort. We think of what the union does but the confederacy was quite active and doing everything it could to enlist the european powers on its side. Why do you tell us a little bit about some of these confederate diplomats. This is all important to them and probably not important enough in that they didnt really put that much stock in diplomacy but his secretary of state is actually his third secretary of state. They had a couple fillings there that werent very interesting the first year. I think they lost valuable time by the way. Benjamin was a supportive jewish family that more migrated from spain to portugal. He was a cosmetology cosmetology and and a logger. He knew a lot about international law. He was a senator senator from louisiana and married a french louisiana and. He was a man of heart and knew the languages in the law. He recognized we cant outlast the union. They have more men and we can outlast this politically. We cant press our population to four or five years of war. We have to win this through recognition and so he began to fund Public Policy programs what we might call propaganda but it was efforts to persuade Public Opinion abroad. There were a number of them and their often depicted as cartoonish figures. They were spitting tobacco and behaving poorly in europe but they got some very sappy invoice. John seidel in paris was fluent in french and married a french woman and was very good at diplomacy. He had worked his way into napoleon the thirds court and did a lot to advance the interest of the confederacy. James mason in london was not as effective or quite as diplomatic but both of them had reason to believe that sooner or later the great powers of europe are going to recognize the south. They would put aside whatever moral qualms they or their public had and recognize the south to end the war out of humanitarian concerns and out and also out of concern of king cotton. They had to have the cotton from the south. They were they were supplying 80 of the world cotton and the economies of britain and much of europe depended on cotton. It wasnt just businessmen but the fear of social revolution a massive unemployment. There was real real concern that the longest this war went on, the more danger europe, economically and socially, would would be in. Well, you know, benjamin served in the senate with william stewart. They they were both senators together. On one evening, benjamin was delivering a speech announcing seward who was himself considered to be one of the most anti slavery senators. He was from new york. Seward said to him, as him, as he was speaking, when youre finished, senator enginemen, please give me one of those fine cigars that you are smoking. Tell us a little bit about the famous team of rivals. He became the secretary of state and they didnt always get along that they later became, he and lincoln, an indispensable an indispensable team. Yes. I found, in that relationship, really good working relationship, and if they disagreed at times, it was a real healthy disagreement. So here was seward, he was the inevitable nominee for the Republican Party it was really because he became too well known for the ear is irrepressible believes and he was considered a moderate and less well known. He had been in illinois for most of his career and served as a congressman for just one term. Except for the Lincoln Douglas debate which brought him some national notoriety, he didnt he didnt have as much baggage as seward did. So now Seward Seward the jealous rival, disappointed by being the secretary of state, seward was jealous and somewhat condescending at time, but they work together. There is one incident where, on on april 1, they write this memo and everyone uses this to the packed seward as this warmonger that some called the april fools day memo. Hes advising the president. Lets have a war with spain or france or both. His idea was this would unite than north and south and South Carolina, seeing the enemy ships coming into the harbor would come and fight for the union. Still, he, he was a little off on some of that and lincoln did not take his advice but his aggressive Foreign Policy that threatened europe, that that hard power line that remained intact, he was not correct and that was very important to the success of the war. When we think of International Relations of the civil war, we think about europe but one of the most important factors was mexico. Mexico was crucial to the war and constantly talked about. Why dont you explain to us why this was so. By the beginning of the war, right after spain took over santa domingo, france spain and britain met in london and formed a Tripartite Alliance in which they agreed for an allied invasion of mexico. It was supposed to be cheery cover foreign debt but everyone knew that france had this plan, napoleons grand design to topple the war as government, the republican that had just had his party elected. He took office at the same time lincoln did to topple then and to install european monarch and to demonstrate to all of latin america that monarchy can stabilize and bring peace to latin america of course napoleon the third wanted the confederacy to win to create a buffer state between his Latin Catholic empire that would be seated in mexico and the anglo saxon democracy from the north. That became very, very important to the war. At the end of the war one of the great french supporters of the United States a history professor, makes a suggestion that there should be a gesture to the United States why dont you explain what that jester is and what happened. He is one of my favorites because he is a history professor but just loved america. He could admire a nation from a distance napoleon the third was an oppressive dictatorship and they saw the United States as an example of the values that they wished would exist in their own country they admired america because without kings and without priests and without this kind of aristocracy they have been able to conduct government without assassinations and without revolutions theyve gone through advancements of multiple chains of governments in revolutions and all kinds of murderous violence and he saw america as an example of stability until 1861. Now the whole experiment in selfgovernment, government by the people seemed to be in jeopardy. He found his pen in his mind to the union cause and became a very effective agent of john bigelow, future future u. S. Ambassador to france. He was used very effectively, calling upon the American People to stand up and defend lincoln and the union in this experiment for democracy. When lincoln was assassinated, he was so depressed and he and a number of other republicans met at this Country Place outside of paris. They couldnt really meet publicly under napoleons regime. They had no had an idea for a monument to america to this friendship between france and the United States. He went back to 1778 and the commitment to liberty. Out of that, one of the members at this dinner party, the artist from the group that later had the idea for what we now call the statue of liberty. It was liberty enlightening the world. It would take 20 years before they actually erected that in new york harbor but the idea was born in that summer of 1855. That statue is our work gratis civil war monument. Not just for america, but, but for all the world because it is liberty enlightening the world. That statue, which most people are quite familiar with, dont know that at the feet of the statue of liberty live broken change representing emancipation. She is holding the declaration of independence, all men are created equal, lincolns credo,s credo, and holding up the lamp of enlightenment. Thats right. And values and deliberately facing europe. And striving toward europe. And as he explains, the lamp, not the torch not the symbol of revolution, not stepping over dead course is, the lamp of enlightenment. Its its a wonderful story. Thank you so much. [applause]. We have some time for questions. I think the press, as an africanamerican have seen hundred and 50 years go by where lincoln has been put up as almost a saintlike figure on one hand and then parochial eyes but it has taken scholars like you to to find these new pieces. It it seems to me, this parochialism, lincoln was a limited purpose person in this stuff about Foreign Affairs and even how the capital turned from a sleepy southern town to a northern town because of him, it seems to go against the screen in American History until you guys come along. I think think it has been perpetuated by white southerners and maybe even conservatives to this day that he was a limited purpose hero. Im serious. He was a limited purpose hero and we just have to look at him and not in this Broad Spectrum that people like you have done in International Affairs and other scholars that have talked in the past about the city itself and the cause of africanamerican advancement in freedom, even even during the five years during the war. Do you have any opinion as to why we look at him, even schoolchildren these days see him as a limited purpose hero instead of seeing this broad concept of International Affairs and local policy here in washington. Lincoln is always a surprise. I think he was depicted at the beginning of his campaign as eating this prairie lawyer who didnt know anything about the world. Very early in his career he had this awareness that america was part of this larger world and if this was an experiment by the people that it mattered to the world in the world would matter to america. He learns and he grows during the war. Hes not just what he was at the beginning. He listens a listens a lot and that was the secret to the Diplomatic Program overseas to send his diplomats over and say tell us what they are saying. What are they saying in the press . The . The dispatch is coming back to washington filled with these reports of the public lying as they called it and the idea that there was a public that was out there to an important to their understanding and strategy. He listened and and learned and answered together. This is an enormous subject. Its about Abraham Lincoln. The last thing you should do is apologize because you have asked the central question about lincoln. Some people say lincoln of all, he didnt really care about slavery and some people say he was just in his own time he was a half politician he was a low class character people say you know he just wanted to get by well the truth is, as lincoln himself said, i was naturally antislavery. He was born into this. Now this is a this is a long long discussion. The truth is his father in kentucky got away from slavery. His parents were members of small printed baptists emancipation churches. People generally dont know this. As lincoln himself said, he was raised to be antislavery. He went down to new orlea t