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Might even break out on our own soil. [inaudible] [inaudible] good evening. Im the director of programming a marketing. Its a pleasure to be here tonight to introduce the program that have been looking for two for some time. I first discovered shadow works at that conference in may. The next day i called and said how can we get this guy to kansas city. It worked out for me and he is here with us tonight. Ill start out by telling you about the last 24 hours of my life. By 8 00 p. M. Last night i remember it was my sons turn to take snacks to school. I went to sams club and picked out two boxes of Animal Crackers and i walked to the front and i went to the Self Checkout risk in my card on that i scan the boxes and that i put them back into my cart, i wheeled the cart out to my car and i loaded them into the trunk and i thought to myself, my grandmother would have been appalled. Then this morning i need a gas and i stopped at the station and i got out, i put my own gas, i scanned my card, i went on my way and my grandmother would have been appalled. This afternoon i wanted to buy teeth so i stopped at quiktrip, i ordered a slice of pizza at the selfservice kiosk, i punch you what i needed, grab my my receipt, waited for them to call my number, left for my day and again i thought about my grandmother would have been appalled. Before i left my office at the library tonight i had a check to deposit so i got out my phone and i loaded up the app for my bait, i i punched a few buttons, i took a picture of the check and if humans later i receive confirmation the funds run their way. I. I thought to myself my grandmother wouldve probably been confused at that point but probably also appalled. For better or worse shadow workers february 2015 even at the library where you now in courage jesus Self Checkout kiosk at his free up staff time to do other things. And so we explain how and why it has taken up so much of our time. Thank knowledge the benefit, its easier to book a blight than it used to be, but also points out the less commonly understood costs. Time you spend pumping your own gas is time you spend talking with your family. That that used upon my grandmothers gas, he, he lost his job. To you. In addition to discussing the social and economic issue craig also spends time on history. I want to share one bit of history from the book. The subtitle of this section is shadow work saga, the dying cutie of the oil industry. In the late 1940s the maverick billing station, born in 1900 anderson was the father of three girls and a man with a restless event of mine. Though he only had a ninth grade education, he had a filing cabinet full of patents. He was he was always seeking a better mousetrap. Bills father had started the oil company decades earlier and his son followed him into the oil industry. He saw waste low his prices to attract customers. He believed he knew delivery method could reduce prices and were customers. Between 1946 and 1948 and 1948 he worked with electronic engineers to transmit data about the price of gas and the number of gallons dispensed from a pump. A pneumatic tube running overhead to the tower would whip past from the customer and return change. Selfservice gasoline pumps were born. That is the origin of an idea that change commerce around the world. Craigs work has appeared in publications like Sports Illustrated to town country, to the new england journal of medicine. I venture to guess the number of people that the number dashmacs latest book is shadow works, then, volpe, unseen jobs that fill in your day. It is a fantastic book whether you are interest lies in sociology, economics or history. Or like me, all of the above. I encourage you to check it out. Please welcome to kansas city into the public library, Craig Lammers [applause]. Thank you very much for that royal welcome [applause]. It is a delight to be here in the home of the World Champion Kansas City Royals [applause]. I am from boston and i know what its like to wait quite a few years to win the world series. Decades. In decades. So congratulations to everyone. One of my favorite people but i feel good about is george brett having won the world series as a player 30 years ago in the now as an executive winning it again. He was obviously as baseball folks know, one of the greatest hitters in the game. My favorite story of him came from when jim fry became the manager of the royals. A sportswriter asked him, what kind of advice do you give george about hitting . Jim said well, when i talked to george about hitting i tell him at a way to headed george, keep up doing whatever youre doing. While we have to discuss tonight is shadow works. It is as the slide appear mention a form of what i call middleclass service. Theyre all dressed up and pumping gas into the car and when i ask about middleclass service in other words how do these people turn into these people . About four years ago i was in the supermarket with my groceries waiting to check them out. I looked over 20 feet and i saw a lawyer i knew and i knew that she was a senior partner in a downtown firm. She had to be making well into the six figures probably at least 300,000 per year. I saw her there standing and bagging groceries. Of course they were her own groceries but i thought shes doing an entrylevel job that usually pays minimum wage. But shes not getting minimum wage, shes getting nothing. Shes getting exactly 0. So whats going on here . I began to realize and thought about it that there are other places in this world where we are as consumers doing work for nothing that used to be done by someone who got a paycheck. Pumping our own gas server checking ourselves in at the airport, possibly doing our own travel arrangements in the first place like this guys doing with the aid of websites. That used to be a travel agents job. Or wandering the aisles of bigbox stores and becoming our own salespeople. Because theyre really not too many salespeople to be found in these places. Youre kind of on your own. Maybe you maybe you and your smart phone will do the research and do what you need to do to learn what has to be learned to buy what youre looking for. There are cars like this car where you become the car rental agent, theres your car rental agent is the card in your hand. Or uber, where you even medical procedures that used to be done in the lab can be done at home, such as a home pregnancy test. So this is a starter course for the consumer. There are a lot of things that have gone in this direction. Heres my definition of shadow work. Of all the unpaid jobs we do on behalf of businesses and organizations, there is a lot of him, such as corporations. The schools, hospitals, sports legs and well see a few of them as we go along here. There was a book and i was a graduate student at one time there is a famous one who made wrote a book i havent quite adapted it, theres a brilliant man who wrote a very high intellectual level for an elite. This is my book, my shadow work which is more downtoearth than a book that digs into daily life and connect this idea with the way we go about our routines, our daily lives from the most monday and thing which have also become part of the consumers job in some ways. There ares 44 basic forces that create shadow work. I call on the robotics and digital technology, the democracy station of that information dragnet and new social norms. Well will go through each of these areas in order and will come away with what i think is a better understanding of what shadow works is, where it is and what we may be able to do about it in terms of the choices we personally make from daytoday. Starting with robotics and digital technology. Since the Industrial Revolution there has been automation, often the consequent the machines that take the job of people. That is nothing new, new, those jobs in industrial era in which were still and to some degree were jobs that the plant production, their jobs in factories for the most part. But shadow work eliminates jobs at the point of sales. This is not in the factory here, this is the supermarket. We have customers check themselves out at the pointofsale. We dont know yet how much unemployment might be created by shadow work but we do know there a lot more points of sale there are points of production. There many ways in which shadow work changes the equation of our commercial transactions. This is another example of someone at the airport who is checking himself in for flight and heres a graph of labor statistics of unemployment from 1994 up until last year. Youll see that for a lot of reasons unemployment went up in 2008, unemployment that shadow work causes may not go away very much because it is structural unemployment. It is not really in the Business Cycle but it is a consequence of the restructuring of our basic routines and of the offloading of those jobs in the consumers who are doing them for free. Here we have consumers sensing products. Dispensing gasoline. I saw place in town we could also make your own smoothie. Not only yogurt but youre a smoothie. Fewer people arent needed to stop a place like that. Heres a New Invention for bars, where customers get bracelets and the bracelets prove theyre old enough to drink and they can sample micro bruise and these people can go and look at any beer they want, poor pours much as they want, they may be able to cut them off if theyve had too much because that records of their size and age at the bar. It does take away the classic idea bantering with the bartender. Instead of dealing with a bartender we we are dealing with one of these spigots essentially. We become our own bartenders. So that is another case where dispensing beer. Heres something you might see, have you you seen these tablets at a restaurant table . Theyre beginning to show up as a tablet that allows you to take the waitress out of the equation and touchscreen in order your food from there. You can even pay at the end and the inevitable survey to ask how you are satisfied with the meal. You see the credit card there you never need to leave your hand but the person who used to deal with, the friendly waitstaff has gone away. It is just us in the screen. This becomes a case of silane. I refer to it frequently in the book. We are isolated and dealing with screens, robots, or kiosks. Instead of dealing with cashiers are waiters or gas pump jockeys, we are on our own. It takes away the crucial aspect of community life. Which is though small relationships, those fairly brief encounters we may have with the cashier but with andrea, how are you you doing what are you gonna do after graduation . Those little connections are not so insignificant. They really are part of the fabric of our communities. If they disappear will certain out a set and particularly a shadow work increases in the future. Heres another example of where the consumers taking over the Economic Situation in the case of new balance running shoe. They have the ability to ask the consumer to design their own shoe. Here you have swatches, shoelaces, you, shoelaces, you can put in different logos, theres a number of ways you can choose your shoe. It will be your design, maybe it will be a good design, youre not a professional designer like those who work in house, but it will be yours alone. No one else would want to wear. Then youll have your own unique running shoe. So that is something happening at the point of design and production. The second area i will discusses the democratization of expertise. The internet has done something interesting. Theres a permit of expertise that is at the bottom, the green level where you have no expertise or very little in any given area and at each level up people know more, they have more expert knowledge, they, that have learned more, they had more experience. At the top you have the real experts, the worldclass, warm, warm buffets, Michael Jordans or whatever. The people who are the few and far between but with a rare level of command better discipline. So, that is the information economy has leveled this. The md here is getting this for his patients, i already have a home diagnosis but, to for for a second opinion. Thats because with the wikipedia or web m. D. , these websites provide knowledge that used to be the province of the elite, the experts like doctors, lawyers, professors, and, professors, and have brought it out where everybody can access it. Heres the problem with that. Yell sites wikipedia was busted via a razz on yell because wikipedia is unreliable. You cant necessarily go by. About. About half the doctors use wikipedia also. As the most uptodate source of information because it is updated daily. A lot of that is unreliable, not consistent with medical literature furthermore youtube is even more unreliable and people tend to believe what they see in a youtube video. So its a big problem because people accessing information but the information may not be good. Another aspect of the democratization of expertise is the disappearance of support staff. The receptionist is gone. Edit Technology Firm 1500 employees worldwide, theyre only only five executives assistance. You have executives writing their letters on their own computers, the mad men days of people typing letters are long gone. If everyone in the office during their copying except for the very top executives, hardly anyone has support staff. So these jobs have many more Democratic Office environment. On the other hand you might question having a dr. Who is spending hours at 200 or 300 per hour entering data for Electronic Medical records. That really. Is it really an efficient thing . Another aspect of the medical part of it. I knew a gentleman who had cancer in his dr. Set them down next line three major therapies to be used, radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, and he outlined the risks and benefits of all three. There are pluses and minuses and it took quite a while and then he says, what you want . The man thought, what do i want . I thought i thought you were supposed to tell me. There is a time several decades ago when the dr. Would not have done such a thing and would have said this is what were going to do. Now we are where patient has power and the patient does get to decide and its a legitimate question. The patients value, there, and priorities figure into which choice is made. But it does mean shadow work. Is going onto the computer and started to look up the specifics of what these therapies are for a separate geo cancer or whatever it is is a new area on the responsibility and work is put onto the patient. Needless to say its uncompensated. The emerging reality is. Heres another another case where we used to have experts. The tech support people went back in the 80s when computers were just getting going you could call up and get an expert on the phone eventually would advise if you had a problem with your computer and how to straighten it out. That is very expensive. You had talented, well compensated people on the other end of the phone. Those have been faceup. Those people are not available anymore. Now instead but we have is this, we have the Apple User Group or it could also be the microsoft, hp or any other user group. I even have a user group for the bmw i used to own. I had a problem because i am plugged the battery and the radio to work anymore. I put it question on the beamer website and i got an answer from new zealand of all places. Youre getting Technical Support from your fellow customers. The other owners of your product, that work has been offloaded onto the customer. The third area that now comes up is the information dragnet. This is something that has to do with our current era, we live live in an information economy for sure. Heres a quote that i fountain of course i wrote it in my book. I keep saying its a sexy job for the next ten years would be statisticians. People think im joking but who wouldve guessed that computer engineers would have been the second job of the 1990s. This gentleman was the chief economist at google and he says this in 2009. I took off on that just a bit on my book, ill reach you something. Heres by the way something a cover for a laptop, is this quote has become a famous one. Yes those sexy data collectors, vamping up with their stratified samples, crossing off regression coefficients with swagger, who can resist them . Not to mention their standard deviations. Whats the secret of their devastating sex appeal. Well, the secret in a nutshell comes down to the famous quote from henry kissinger, power is the ultimate aphrodisiac. Numbers, Data Information have come to be very powerful. This guy may be a sex symbol like those birthcontrol eyeglasses. I have a little passage about this now go back for a moment and reach you to give you a flavor of how it is. This is a section called the grassroots of millionaires. Though the term information economy has become a cliche, few have traced the stream of data to its head wars. The information that washes through daily life does have a source. You can seat in the mirror, it is you. The data, the institutions seek, accumulate, analyze and, analyze and constantly refresh comes largely from their clients. Organizations recognize that people are willing, free of charge to provide data on themselves. Time spent doing so is shadow work. Data has emerged as another national resource. Like water, oil, and iron. We are. We are living through the early decades of the information economy, comparable to the first decades of the petroleum boom in the 19th century. Underground pools of oil work naturally occurring resource just waiting and mother earth to be drilled and pumped out. The Oil Companies were not paying her for the petroleum, their main expense was extraction. Similarly, free data and now resides naturally in the populace waiting to be tapped. Organizations need invest only an extraction as they do not pay the shadow working citizens provide it. Their only payoff may be psychological. They massage our egos by asking about ourselves and our opinions. Social social media like facebook and linkedin, served free of charge to extract rings of information from them. More than 1. 35 billion active users, facebook has built a gigantic database which offers a huge archives of consumers names and email addresses, along with richer demographic profiles, preferences and music, movies, gifts, and other things, groups they belong to, apps and games they play, and of course their network of friends. Hence facebook constantly encourages users to post more data, words, pictures, video and to add more friends to their circles, shadow working users comply funneling their 21st Century Petroleum into facebooks pool of oil. So we see this page, theres mr, and sex symbol of our era. This page on facebook while the data is created by the users. They dont do it as work they do it for social recreation of a sort and no one minds that, but when facebook turns around and sell this data for billions of dollars, someone asked wheres my cut . How come not getting any of this money . Will they sign off the rights to that in the user agreement. But that is the norm that we have today. Another one is surveys. Does anyone notice the number of surveys we seem to get every day now in the email, on the phone, every time i go to the dr. Or we buy something theres always a followup survey. Thats another form of shadow work. Were doing it for free, theyre asking us to help them help themselves to our time, with no compensation and bombard them with data. Here theyre bombarding us with surveys. You provided and someone will perhaps later sought for money. Another problem with the information economy is password. Harmony passwords to be have at home, and long files just keeping track of all these things. You you camp at your name and as a username youll get a surprise if you put in your own name and and its already taken. Thats not too far off. Thats the world we live in where this flood of information we are drowning in an and were having to keep up with it. Nobodys paying us to do so. This is the way you may often feel as a result. Now the fourth and final area is what i call social norms. Some of them began much earlier, we live in this emerging selfservice world, here we are at a restaurant with a a buffet service and these are customers who are serving themselves, just as you would do a salad bar. A salad bar is another way you can have a your way, you can make it how you want with your dressing and you put the amount you want. However what you will notices that you are doing the work instead of someone in the kitchen. Im encouraging people to look and see if they like the tradeoff. Perhaps they do. It could be that you would rather sit at the table talking with your friends and family instead of standing at the salad bar making a salad which someone used to do for a paycheck. The result of our selfservice world is that people like our waitress or busboy are becoming obsolete. You go to a Fast Food Restaurant , you will have the opportunity to bust your own table. When you buy your sandwich, your drink, and your paper cup and paper plate, your plastic utensils, you on them. Its not like a fine dining restaurant where they give you china and glassware they take it back and wash it and use it again. These are onetime use things and not only the food and the wrapping that it comes in and all of the utensils you need to eat it, therefore you have to bust the table. Its your job to dispense of those things at the end of the meal. Its just another little thing that we now do that used to be done for us. When there are busboys. This another area is ikea. A sweetest based furniture company. There are to assemble ikea furniture. We are doing the assembly, thats their production and now. As you can see its not the most obvious directions, just follow, it could cause some confusion at home or more problems with couples. There is a joke that ikea is actually a swedish word for argument. [laughter] because its not necessarily a total agreement as to what to do next. However, there is a a professor at Harvard Business school named mike who gets the ikea affect. When people build something or make something come in this case the origami folded creations they tend to evaluate the product is much better. They enjoy longer, youll see the builder is either easy or difficult as given in a much higher rating that the evaluator was not the builder and is an objective critic. That is what we call the ikea affect. Thats true whether the product turns up very well like this, the the way supposed to look or perhaps like this, it really doesnt seem to matter. The alchemists people just like the products better. I bring up this gentleman next was another one of these obsolete people. A School School bus driver. What happened to this guy. While theyre still schoolbus drivers by quite often now we have this, we have mom driving her kids to school as an on page shadow working chauffeur. Was different in my era, i took a school bus to school every day, im not sure my dad knew where my school was. Im kidding. He did know where it was. This has changed and there are a lot of parents are now taking on the School Bus Driver role and it is kind of an environmental disaster. You have 40 cars coming to the school instead of one schoolbus. Ink about the Carbon Footprint of all of those engines pushing their Carbon Dioxide into the air. Playground basketball games. Those were the days. That is so aicher up everything in the unorganized way. Dash rock over there is your goal and the tree is ours. When you have to make the rules and force them with disputes you had to resolve them with each other know adults blowing whistles. See you had to relate learn to resolve conflicts. With uniforms are schedules. A not an imitation of professional sports they all are wearing medals with their coaches. But generally it is run by adults. And this is shadow work. Thousands of hours from adults coaching teams and referees or even local spectators or those interested parents to have their own opinion. But the food gets left out is the kids. And the kids having fun it turns out half have quit organize sports by the time theyre 13. Because it isnt fun anymore. Because the adults have turned into work to get a College Scholarship or dream of becoming a professional athlete. The nba or nfl. But the chances are small. And then during a lot of shadow work with the Soccer Academy sponsored by chevrolet. Pollen given the thousands of miles that parents are driving to get kids to their games that could be 60 miles from home. So i will add one other final example. Gift cards or Gift Certificates. But then it dawned on me but they were choosing in for me. The have a friend who got a Gift Certificate along with the catalog. The now it is up to him to choose what used to be part of the gift giving experience. To give you the perfect gift or maybe something you had not thought of for yourself. And now 27 are never redeemed. What a wonderful business. That is essentially free money. And so one final point of shadow work a last chapter is called the twilight of leaders. And it has to deal with the erosion of power of organized time. Once it is organized is no longer a leisurely. But there are no lobbies in washington to keep that unorganized time and organized. There are many very well organized to be on your free time. You either buy something or make something you can do that 24 hours a day on the internet. Therefore i recommend you guard your free time. To recognize shadow work. Maybe you want to pump your own guest. But you make a tradeoff package were not sitting in the car you were out there building a solid or pumping gas. Recognize the tradeoffs. And try to keep your free time a live. If you have to buy a ticket to the Football Game or the theater or a movie package or some kind of expensive trip. You can go to places and enjoy leisure time and is unnecessary to spend money it is a most amazing that we cant lose sight of that fact. Ended is the best part of the day. Him with twilight to be enough. I think we have to remember time is infinitely valuable. Dell lucite of the preciousness of our time and even you spending your Precious Resource with me, your time. [applause] if anybody would like to ask a question or make a comment. Your comment about surveys. I started ignoring them i get about 10 per week and he has seen the comic strip pickles . It is about an older couple the lawmen takes her car in to get repaired and then she got a survey that was five pages long and her comment was to the effect she didnt know she had to go to work to fill out the survey. [laughter] and then you have to fill out your entire medical history once again that the doctor. There are many ways there are backing cleaners sucking information and autobus. Out to of us. With the creative movement. And to raise these creative geniuses to make their own destiny which is an exciting event. Reduce your relationship between the culture . Yes. Made for magazines also pretty high technology. With one example of a signal until your cats dish needs to be filled with milk. Great. Do we really need that . The three most interesting things of the interface, with reprinting eventually we can make more and more things. Think about your refrigerator and the handle breaks. What we usually would do is get a hold of general electric. And maybe replace it. And then you will make an analyst at threepointer. To have those highlevel threepointers. And they will love this because of the inventory so with those Replacement Parts required by law. So those warehouses candied dispensed with. They will send out emails or set up websites where the makers can make their replacements. My grandfather who was a farmer. So with that supposition it does make this more sufficient in to get much more sophisticated tools and that means is more towards the surface than in the older subsistence. Them the modern information economy is a subsistence living. But only in regard to the technology. When people want to push back is the hr function. So we have to make retirement decisions and health care decisions. Within an organization and do you see that pushed back to save this cost us more than it is worth . So that we would embraced so much time . And that you need to do this . To spend three or four days at my job. With the best Health Care Plan for me. Has h. R. New more about me is the best plan you need to get on your way into your job. And how they could quantify the cost . And what could be developing there hasnt been a lot of data collected. So to earmark that phenomenon with the spotlight we will see some quantitative data but what we see is very true. We talk about trekking vacation days. And sick days and all these categories. And to be informed it is our job. And we would become our own record keepers. To get the boss is approval and go back and forth. Because it is of little parallel with the cancer treatment. Guest to control or to tell you what to do . Sunset want to control my investment. But there is a lot of time it is invested. Vanguard index mutualfund. [laughter] i won a lowcost index investment dont want to Pay Attention to but others want to read the wall street journal and stay on top of their investments. That is a different game and there really is the tradeoff. Putting people are entitled to say i could be using this time productively instead of trying to figure out decisions for us by each our department and that will probably emerge in the future. I think maybe a subtitle might be the disappearance. I have been aware of this for a while and i think it is scary for the state of democracy because work is going away. How does your argument with the think tanks and the legislative issues of the day . And not with any political discussion at all. What about the notion to pay for the shadow work . And with those three issues back to the main questions. Ironically just yesterday went to a seminar at schwab. You can sit down at your own computer and answer a simple questionnaire or a portfolio with tax harvesting and rebalancing is done. It is an algorithm. That was yesterday. But also in the last couple of days with the two economists in princeton. But really incredible mortality rates between the ages of 45 and 54 and 2013 of 22 . In dropping from drugs and Heart Disease and Health Issues but i would bet it is related to what youre talking about that jobs are going away. There is no work. So how do we get us in there and what about this . Talking about the shadow work a facebook and volunteering information with surveys like tripper adviser we grant them free of charge. But we should get something every time we do this. There are those to forecasted navy will happen sooner by robotics will take over so many things that there is no need for people. There is a joke made in the factory between two employees. One is the job to feed the dog yet there is to keep the man away from the machinery. [laughter] that seems to be the way were going with robotics. My book was reviewed on the New York Times sunday book review column with another book on robotics. That discusses this in more detail. People are getting sick and dying because of that meeting. Probably more than anything else. Our lives dont resonate the same way. I discussed this in shadow work as well. If you have of landscaped architect or do you want to buy a piece of software at 80 and measures the dimensions of your backyard . Every will design and for you. Any thing that can be reduced with the vulnerability. This i was just an Office Worker for an American Company that would make tea or coffee and i just wonder how happy people would be to the a copy boy. And how much do you think is a curse of modern life . That we do these things it is cheaper and more efficient and there is an economy to it that drives everything . It is inevitable if you on a business and this is from the benefits to do a. Luckily america is a country for those letter coming in to look for entrylevel jobs. And redo talk about with shadow work but with the atm how does that person gets started . Twentysix years later working their way up to ceo . And to take the entrylevel job away. Had the start on the path to the Office Manager . Notes really start to show up in our education system, how little the kids know because there is no Career Teachers or anything anymore. My question is is it possible to go back and have a career professional educators . Thats a profound question. Its worth all of us thinking about, to some degree we are getting automation of education to that jobs are being eliminated before they are online. There are online courses in all kinds of ways to study at home with the screen instead of what the human being. They are not really equivalent. Education is is not really observing this information. I think your race a very important question. The relationship with a human is is a huge part, the mentoring, the modeling, looking up to someone who you would like to be like. Someone who could show you by the way of example, not just the information they are communicating is a crucial part of what education is. We may have to remind ourselves another side of that. By now what i am saying is putting much a recap of the other peoples question and your comments to. It appears to me that shadow work, the pace is accelerating and it is driven a lot by we see these pushes for increases in the minimum wage, a lot focused on the fast food industry. I read and i see things there are robotic burger makers, they exist. They are just waiting in the wings for them to become at economically viable. A franchisee could buy a burger maker for the price of a new buick. How many people will that displace . Even the frontline cashier, the little screen could be turned around so the customer could access it, swiped his card, and pull his burger out of the slot. It is. Pretty fearful will only look at the jobs that this cost. Yes. You are right on the money there the thing about robots, whether they be in the supermarket kiosk at the checkout or in the fast food, they are cooperative employees. There work at night, they dont go on strike, they dont call on sick, they dont get french and if its, they dont hassle for the employer. They do have maintenance that needs to be maintained and upgraded. Compared to human employees they offer a lot of advantages and they are squeezing people out of the market. What are you saying is really happening at past food places they are putting kiosks in front of the counter now. Therell be a smaller menu at rush hour so people dont have as many choices to make to speed things up. It could be multilingual, easily change into spanish are pictures of the food. All of this done automatically. That pitcher could have a tablet at the restaurant table of this very same thing. It is a case where screens are taking over for humans. I think will have the last question. I remember him great school they had the weekly reader from the very early 60s. The front page was a picture of the st. Louis arch but there is talking about robotics about how it painted automobiles and had the painted a perfect job. And it said that were going to have more productivity and less work hours, way more leisure time, instead of working 40 hour week will be working 30 or 25 hour week and enjoying life much more. Then you fast for 30 years in both mom and dad are working now, family life is falling up part. I dont know what happened to that model but were so hopeful in the early sixties. I dont know what happened to all of the benefits of all of that additional production. The dingo to the middle class. Obviously the middleclass is not getting wealthy is it. Youre absolutely right. From the 60s and even earlier about economic prospects for grandchildren and he predicted that by about this time in history or even a little sooner people would be knocking off after three or four hours after work and going home at lunchtime. We would have the same standard are better of living. Due to technology, productivity will go so high that people would not need to work much. They could go on three or four months of vacation every year. It hasnt quite worked out that way. One reason it hasnt is that our standard of living has gone through the roof. We buy more stuff. We have more income instead of taking three months of vacation, we tend to raise our consumption. You can graph that very well, we are owning all kinds of things that did not exist in the 20s or 60s or 80s for that matter. We we have appliances, hardware, computer things, technology, central airconditioning, many things that did not exist half a century or a century ago. So what has happened is america has particularly made the choice to shop more with more money, essentially by more to take instead of taking time off. We are working very hard and in a sense we are not getting any more leisure time out of it. Hi, thank you for speaking tonight. I have been thinking over everything you been talking about and wondering, i dont know maybe instead of the jobs that you are saying were being taken away by the consumer, that their shadows, that perhaps they are becoming more invisible and that people who can afford it can buy their way to have in the sense of power or freedom and that may be the issue that you are addressing could be more of a class, like the middle or upper class or any people who could afford it. People who still work in those type of jobs it might not be the same kind of job but were just making it hidden. I dont know if you have a perspective on the. The one reflection related is a passage in my book where i talk about something related to the diy, the doityourself. I say theres an opposite of that for those who are wealthy enough called the d and y, called do nothing yourself. If you have enough money you can hire someone to walk your dog, to take every swimming pool, to do your lawnmowing and your gardening. To organize your parties, to tutor your kids, i could go on and on. Its the opposite of shadow work, its creating an army of professional helpers who do everything and give you time to work on your screenplay. I talk about Beverly Hills is a place where i first noticed it in force because there are so many households that seem to have these helpers around. I guess if you can afford it is great, then he still have to supervise this army of helping professionals who are working on your property, your cook, your maid, going through your house there some off the privacy as well. As we have in common is more more concentration of wealth that happens at the upper and. Theres a strong counter way to shadow work happening there. Where do i want to begin . I just just spent eight hours two weeks ago in a room full of continuing Education First seat for cpas. The last speaker was an economist talking about how wonderful things are and the economy is growing, the mcdonalds people, for crying out loud those are not career jobs, those are jobs for High School Kids to learn how to put on a clean uniform to get up and go to work. I became inferior rated being a Bernie Sanders liberal, so i stood up i stood up at the end of the program and asked him being a consumer driven society, being that jobs are down, wages are down, theyre going away, theyre going out of the country, how can this economy survive . That is the economy survive . That is the answer i would like to hear. Do you know . I wish i had the answer. We are definitely facing a crisis of sorts. I will say that there is a ray of light, if you look at the selfservice gas pump, it does eliminate the old job at the pump jockey which was a low skilled job. It does create some jobs to because there has to be people to design and build the new pumps, they have to find a way to transmit the data to the satellites of the bank gets the credit card information about the sale that was just made. They have to be maintained, they have be upgraded and replaced. Those are new jobs that are consequence of the robotic gasoline pumps. Probably fewer of them, but they are highly technical jobs. Were technically skilled jobs than what we have to do is have our educational system catch up. So that people coming out of high school will have the Technical Skills to be able to perform those jobs and lead the way into the future. I want to remind everyone the book is available for sale outside. If youre interested in the subject i know this is a phenomenon that i was to with at the time sure youre familiar with now but i didnt tell you the way that i looked at it. My last question, during the world series they ran a promotion where someone stole a base they were going to give away breakfast in which is on one day and that day was today. Of course the royals stole a base of the world series and so there was tens of thousands, maybe hundreds of thousands of free breakfast there which is handed out this morning. As i drove to work, joe by taco bell and there was a row of cars outside taco bell waiting to get a free sandwich. I thought to myself, we live in a world where people will stay in line for 30 minutes to get a free, 99 cents sandwich. How does that feed into our willingness to accept the shadow work and the proliferation of a question. Thats a fascinating situation. Its in us do observation of that. In some ways we have emotional buttons that get pushed by certain things like free food. Yes, ill take that. Free beer, will be there. Food is not something that is an scarce supply in this country and its funny because i was thinking that cars may be burning up more than 99 cents worth of gasoline waiting in line to get the free sandwich. But theres something about the idea of a free food that is attractive to us. Another that hasnt caught up his our emotional lives which were formed in prehistoric times. The next book im working on has to do with manufactured fear, that fear but that can be pushed so readily and it will get us a reaction whether the thing we are reacting to his real or not. Is there any reality to this. I think theres a loss of perspective when were wasting gasoline or time waiting for a 99 cents cents sandwich that we can get for free. I guess only the future will tell if we can figure things out better and understand and put perspective on it that money, particularly a small amount does not mean that much. What about the direct satisfaction of all. Is this really what we want . Or are we doing it just because theres no charge. Thank you very much [applause]. [inaudible]

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