They adjourned immediately. You can imagine the panic in the hallways at the hotel and the negotiations going on that night, and there may have been a meeting with lincoln that night by some of the delegates. The next day they vote on it and clearly it had been arranged. This time passed by one vote. Illinois switched from abstention to four. The public switched. Apologized to have apologetically told lincoln i guess my career is over, but he did not take it that hard. At least they did not do any great damage. [inaudible question] they gave them space. And including in that package. That was kind of a special thing. Was there anything other than slavery . The issues at play, thats all they talked about. The tariff was an issue. They were making progress they knew that this was a deadend. The republicans just wanted to prevent any damage being done. They making the nation. Stalling for time. Most of the people are genuinely want the agreement , especially the older statesmen to the credit at how the country together for decades and assumed that they could do it again. They had no more tricks left in the bag and the fact that those old men still alive at this point. Serve great figures like webster and henry clay died five or six years before. The individuals just no longer have the capacity. The country was far more polarized. Anybody else . [inaudible question] the 13th amendment had enshrined slavery rather than demolished it . Well, maybe you can write a book on that. John had written a wonderful book on the year 1844. My book very generously. So actually encoded into the constitution and the possibility of picking it out. Decades longer. The miraculous National Consensus emerged against it remarkable that going through the speeches, the number of northerners over the abolitionists in the Republican Party and lincoln and were very adamant that slavery was aa business, handsoff approach and carried himself famously after his inauguration, the slavery issues settled once and for all. Yes . The piece conference of the time . Any sense of the conference, just keeping it together, a strong sense of the edge of the cataclysm. The newspapers calling it the these conferencepiece conference of the piece convention. Sometimes the old gentlemans convention. In terms of being aware of the cataclysm to come there were many speeches that would use the phrase rivers of blood. Theoretically they knew there could be a great catastrophe. Its hard to believe they could imagine the 700,000 would die. It will be like 7 million today. John tyler, the train from richmond up to washington. As former president and commanderinchief you mustve realized. Mustve been a great sense of responsibility. Anybody else . Grabbed cspan attention was something outrageous. Thank you so much and please get a copy of my book. Its available outside. [inaudible conversations] the conclusion. Thank you for coming. [applause] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] our author today is angela hudson, and associate and send a beautiful professor at texas a m university, an expert in American Indian history, representations of American Indian and popculture as well as intersection of American Indian and africanamerican lives. Received her phd from yale in 2,007 and has held fellowships. Her 1st book was called indian settlers and slaves and making of the american south. The most recent book on the subject of her talk today israel native genius. Just published in the university one. I we will dispense with any embarrassing stories and just say it is an honor and a pleasure to welcome are here today. [applause] thank you for that introduction. Thank you for coming this morning. I will tell you a story about real native genius. Like most it is unbelievable and highly entertaining. Like many stories that are places where one can begin. Pressing charges against the indian has been for bickering. The summer of 1851 and married after a course of only a few days but his new husband already had an indian wife and family. Even more shocking was the discovery that he was knowing you know. Actually a barber. Like other celebrities salacious stories, and great tabloid sensation. As dramatic as this case seems that brief affair was just another episode. Became the property. So let that sink in for a moment. It becomes the property of his own party black half siblings. Mostly hired in him worked in a variety. He began to play music and found he had an exceptional matcher talent. In time he became a celebrated through player, riverboatplayer, riverboat confidence man, mormon lamanite profit, cult leader command in chief and activist scott been focused. Loose in scranton. Often performing as the mohawk princess. Was in fact a white mormon divorcee with three Children Together they crafted an elaborate traveling that included a shortlived but fanatical religious sect, medical business in three editions of the composite autobiography. The professional persona helped conceal their interracial relationship as well as many other secrets they may have wished to hide like the unorthodox religious belief and medical practices. Simultaneously reinforcing American Indians. The potential compromised by len marinus of the stereotypes on which are lies. Lies. In other words pretend identities may have liberated them from some of the merit that can find them there were not doing American Indians any favors. While many people have never heard of hear his wife if it were not for the work of historian who edited and republished the autobiography fewer people would remain. A little scholarship exists is to make one or more of these claims. First, a fugitive slaves who claimed and the street to proclaim his freedom and second, while he was not an indian his wife certainly was. And they are responsible for the ban on blacks that was not listed. All of these claims are wrong sort of. The 1st is that he is a fugitive slave he used claims of indian ancestry to escape bondage and that he claimed to be native american in order to become free. Since it was considerable intermixture and the Mississippi River valley and throughout the early south it is possible that he had choctaw ancestry. But the truth of the matter is totally unknowable. Whenever judges claims anyway. And the ancestry historically operates on the logic of kinship to mothers, fathers. While they are sometimes used by enslaved people to sue for the freedom this view is not just now but wrong. Although Boris Leyland slated to remain at age 33 he was already a free man by his halfbrother owners name is bob. It already come to appreciate the anonymity. They began to travel down his hometown along the mississippi Missouri River to st. Louis to louisville and beyond playing. Ultimately brought him to illinois were in 1846 he married one divorcee. Sometime but after becoming free he began to use an indian name and identity. While there were a variety over his career the strategy was to lay low. He consistently dressed himself in the spotlight. The idea that he was a fugitive slave and trying to mask his identity in order to attain his freedom is fairly debunked. Advertising skills, taking the city, the publicity followed him around. He became practiced in the art of self fashioning, but i will come back to all of that. The 2nd most common and wrong claim is a his wife certainly was. With the exception of mormon scholars despite the absence of evidence some scholars have crafted elaborate arguments based on presumptions of identity. Now, it is possible that they might of had indigenous forebears is the multiethnic history suggests. Lucy stanton was not the Indian Princess she claimed to be. Born in western new york in 1817 by the time she was a teenager ship moved with her family to the southern shore of lake erie to the community of kirtland, ohio. In 1830 they converted to a new mormon religion. The missionaries had been sent by profits and are on their way west to preachof priest the new gospel to the people they call the lamanite. So while they were interested in American Indians largely as potential converts one thing that set the mormon nights apart was the centrality of American Indians, the centrality to theology. Dark skinned integrated ancient peoples scattered across north america although they were unbelievers are not capable of future redemption and marked for special attention. Persecuted peoples, native, native americans may have been considered the sort of spiritual can who are themselves facing violence and forced migration from religious police. Likely the mccary and stanton 1st met in quincy, illinois wherequincy, illinois where she and her three Young Children lived alongside her parents following her divorce. After the family converted to mormonism migrated to missouri with other latterday saints. They then settled in quincy just downriver from the village of become the more metropolis. Despite the fact that immigrants were among the beneficiaries of the indian removal living on land recently cleansed of its indigenous inhabitants mormon persecution and flight interestingly mayors the forced removal of American Indians, although they tended to be forced in opposite directions. Crossing the mississippi going west. Mormons being forced across the Mississippi River east. From the time they united in the mid 1840s they cultivated a particular public image presenting himself as a mormon elder and the pair were married for eternity. Although she was not yet claiming she had already existing 1st yourself as someone who had a peculiar fascination. She and her sisters and a number of other commerce thrive on the field with the referred to. She was drawn to the romanticized depiction of native people. Claimed he had received prophecies of bringing them christ. Still writing articles based on the belief. But later have one child which was aa very clever way to connect them to the man he claimed. This appeared on stage with them in the pintsize indian custom from time to time. But she also had three children from her 1st marriage. Twelve nine. Four years later when they hit the road for an eastern tour she left her older children in the care of her parents. She would not see him again for 19 years. The 3rd predominant only slightly wrong storyline is that the time before they embark on a National Toura National Tour was largely responsible for the ban on blacks in the mormon priesthood. Scholars of mormon history described a man known as william mcgarity. The temporary encampment just before the great westward migration the Salt Lake Valley was a less to have led followers away and into a secretive schismatic sect. White female members were supposed to have had sex the limited profit no fewer than three times each. In order to fully sealed in their his prophetic eminence. The unorthodox nature of the Little Movement was revealed and white women age 16 to 60 forward to admit that they had stuck with the impotent, the couple was run out of town again. This particular storyline is true thought that there are two things wrong with it. It suggests that it was largely the result of the misbehavior of one person not attributable to an undercurrent of white supremacy. But also claims there were certain that he was black and not indian. Based on the widespread notion. Studies also show that stanton was not the victim but his coconspirator helping to shape out only is rise of the prophet but his subsequent musical and medical career as well. By the end of 1847 when he was performing in baltimore as mr. Chevy now treating the origin, the storyline possibly borrowed, popular 1841 tail. Stanton now using the name like field played a growing role in shaping the indian show including their autobiography a thrilling sketch of the life of the distinguished chief published in 1948. For about a yeara year they were the talk of the town on the east coast. The chinese theater in philadelphia and even did a stint at pt partners American Museum in new york. They appeared most of the major theaters. Concerts, lectures on the plight of the referent and occasionally offer medical advice. He wore elaborate costume and she appeared by his side as a christianized indian maiden basking in the brief close the limelight. And they succeeded in their performances in part because the figure of the indian was sufficiently remote from the spectators everyday life on the east coast to permit the spread of the order of romance. But familiar enough to be rendered convincing. Performing also allowed them to conceal there ascribed racial identity and the complicated past is a former slave. And i think they liked it. But their fortunes shifted when they returned in mid 1849 facing Financial Hardship after reuniting with her older children and assaults from widening indian neighbors who ultimately accuse them of crimes and committed crimes against them. In 1850 they regard themselves themselves once more as purveyors of real indian medicine thats how they advertised it. They traveled through the ohio valley from a dr. And his wife stopped to treat patients and occasionally take the stage. It was not a fortuitous time the fugitive slave act passed in september 1850 codifying the audibility of slaves and threatening people of color. For many it was a final catalyst and made their way to canada. Before long they would also be in canada in the heart of toronto. But fearbut fear of racial persecution was only one reason that they fled the state. During the same period the subject of a startling expose United States newspapers. In june 1851 a kentucky paper published a story claiming the choctaw leaders was not American Indians in a black man. Many southern and western papers followed suit, each adding fuel to the flames banqueting personal knowledge of his earlier life. And booking a greata great deal of fun and dimwitted northerners who flock to the performances under the illusion that he was an indian. A yankee could not tell and asked for an elbow on this case indian from the negro. The tone of the initial revelations was decidedly mild and emphasized the humorous nature of what they call this humbug. Word of the purported real identity was slow to emerge. He and his wife had been the darling of audiences for some time. But by midsummer 1851 word began to spread showing up in newspapers in new york, connecticut, new hampshire, massachusetts command main. Inin the midst of the rising controversy did something remarkable, he took another wife, white woman who we have already met. Newspapers carried word of the nuptials that took place and highlighted the fact that the selfproclaimed choctaw already had an indian wife. One early response came from above flown in double much was said about womens rights they dont believe one woman in the right to marry another womans husband. Stories about the bigamist marriage were infused to exposes about is purportedly true racial identity. The once famous indian performer was now called notorious scoundrel come all the audiences might have suspected earlier that he was perhaps not exactly who he said he would commit his ability to do but white womanfor white woman into marrying him rendered and now a dangerous character. The specter of a black man seducing white women was too much for many antebellum americans to bear. Interestingly the unmasking in the master of humbug effectively obscured the truth. The detailed romance was trotted out in the toronto courtroom, always depicted as a longsuffering squaw, just one more victim. Although the bigamy charges were dropped partially because no one could prove the original marriage is legal and also because bigamy was not an he simply disappears. Now known as an indian dr. Dr. Carried on. As the civil war was unfolding she was arrested for manslaughter in buffalo, new york not far from her birthplace. The indian doctors was suspected of running an illegal abortion practice. The buffalo courier was the 1st to report on what they called a human slaughterhouse across from the prominent hotel and steps from the buffalo waterfront. Word that a hearse had suspiciously parked in front of the residence. They contacted the local authorities. The victim was a 29 yearold married mother of three from new york. Her estranged husband was fighting for the union army and she had been brought allegedly to procure an abortion by a michigan man purporting to be her uncle. Police returned to the home with a search warrant and inside found two more desperately ill young women, one of whom would die within the day also from an apparent abortion attempt. Western new york papers eagerly seized on the salacious details and alleged the indian ridge have been running a slaughterhouse. She faced persecutionshe faced persecution not only in the press and from local Law Enforcement but also from medical professionals in the area who were busily trying to read the profession of both indian doctors and women practitioners. The anxieties about doctors converge with rising concern over womens reproductive control command she was vilified. Convicted of manslaughter she spent seven years at hard labor in sing sing. But at no point in the investigation or her subsequent incarceration force or indian identity questioned. So the underlying question the drove my research was why. What would drive, compel, or inspire a free black southern man and divorced white marble and to become indian protection, profit . I think sometimes for pleasure. It helps to reveal a central paradox in American Attitudes about identity. On the one hand broad social changes attributable to the market revolution inspired a belief in Public Performance blackface minstrels. The fugitive slave law provides aa barometer of the anxiety resting on the logic of racial recognition and reinforce the widespread concern that people were passing for something they were not. It demonstrates the paradox. At a time when audiences flocked to theaters every night scientific men were busy measuring and codifying the differences of the races insisting on the fluidity, examining the lives ways there both of these impulses. I argue they capitalized on the category very much in flux. To obscure fixed identities command i think the choices reveal the currency and flexibility of the indians as a signifier. A wideranging set of ideas about how native people looked, talked, lived, and love. The period between indian removal in the civil war was arguably the most generative with regard to the popular representation. The representation stick many forms and had many sources including the performances of native people themselves. They do on the deep well and exploited audiences fascination. Most often to make money but often to conceal the highly controversial mixedrace marriage. It is clear that they were fascinated and seduced by the idea. Scholarly considerations focus on a practiced gun is playing indians, a phenomenon wherein primarily nonnative people imagine create and don indian costumes. One of the oldest and most pervasive forms of american cultural expression. These analyses and scholarships have focused on white men who don indian outfits, costumes command activities for a variety of reasons from the sons of liberty of Boston Harbor to the boy scouts and Halloween Costumes of today. Because they do not conform to expectations okeechobee, about the performer that uses them even as it underscores the centrality of shaping american identity. In addition to concerns public debates about identity for frequently indicated as concerns about faith and religion. The market revolution coincided with the tail end of the great awakening, years of intense religious excitement and sectarian invention. Rose to proclaim the revelation and exhort followers to join churches conquest and revolution. Mormonism was but one of these units in the degree to which he was depicted as a dangerous seducer offers striking parallels to how he was ultimately regarded. I argue that is what is most important, how and why they constructed and performed alternative personas that allow them to transcend the prescribed identities not capitalizing often quite literally a popular cultural beliefs about what it meant to be an indian. The actions may have subverted some discourse that they emphatically endorsed others. Images and negotiation with power often ambiguous, complicated, and implicated in the crimes they seek to address. But not all questions about the extraordinary lives can be satisfactorily answered. But it is perhaps fitting that some mystery remains. After all, went to Great Lengths and some efforts remain successful to this day. While frustrating to the leader and absolutely maddening to the historian the story even if unsatisfied. After released from prison in 1869 turned up in utah. I like to think he took the newly completed transcontinental railroad. Although her son was nowhere to be found come in utah she was reunited with her daughter now grown with five children of her own. The next few years were bittersweet once more using her birth name she was also reunited with her other daughter and her son whohave been estranged from the family for a number of years. Sadly within the space of two years they all died. In march 1873 at age 57 lucy stanton married the brother of the 1st husband oliver and again became abbasid where she had been Lucy Stanton Bassett becomes again at the end for life by marrying the brother of her 1st husband. She began to work as a midwife. Did her mormon friends in utah know about her experiences in the 20 plus years since she had seen them . Surely some of them have read the news about the escapades and yet the news had spread that far. The news was carried on the way to utah. In springville and brought her back into contact, for instance had astonished him with a description of the indian profit and was now an elder. Whether or not she had been forgiven is difficult to say. Her marriage might have also raised eyebrows because he had been excommunicated from the church and because of the time he married her he had a wife and children in california. Maybe her daughters married status helps shield her from scrutiny. She had been among the earliest mormon settlers in the world following in the footsteps and become known for promoting musical entertainment. When her brother in law turned 3rd husband left her in 1876 and idle traveling to philadelphia Lucy Stanton Bassett was once more woman alone. Perhaps seeking the support of the church she was rebaptized and reconfirmed as a member of the latter day saints church. Her reentry into the fold was complete. But she was not well suffering from intermittent bouts of paralysis brought on by advanced diabetes and finally dying after aa long bout with the illness in 1878. Madame maciel was buried in the City Cemetery next to members of her family. Among the other grandchildren to pay their respects at the funeral, the adoptive son frank, played indian perhaps to rescue him from a life of bondage her husband purchased frank from the units during the mission to lamanites brought home. Standing at her grave in the looming shadow of the mountains the young indian man would have been nearly the same age as her mysteriously absent son. One can only wonder what he knew about the extraordinary life of his grandmother or her tumultuous marriage to a man who like himself had started life. [applause] am happy to take questions. [inaudible question] this is part of why organized. The one of the things that happened until very recently the avenues this geography. Was very well known, but they did not know. His wife was not exactly. Email. I talk about this a little bit. Its possible. And they kind of got it. The men of african descent and all of the phrases they use to describe. This sort of theater promoter in the 19 century he19th century he does write about them and talk about them in his own memoirs and is very candid, but it was entertaining nonetheless. Especially in the context where people knew what they were seeing but wanted to see it anyway paid to peoples is night. We have to leave that possibility open that not only the managers and promoters but the audiences, audiences, that was always interesting to them about what they were seeing. For some them when you think about museums of the time which are not like museums that we think of today, not places we go and look at objects. These are more like theaters where there would be a whole host of things going on there was an interest especially in going to see indians and museums is a perception that they were vanishing. For some people they were in another joke and that they were going to see a choctaw. [inaudible question] absolutely. Part of what the show has done, the idea that they were christianizing, the main a lot of appearances, sobriety and promoting, they always are trying to raise money to promote christianization of the indians. Have no evidence that any of that money made its way. That absolutely cannot kind yet there and make threatening gestures. [inaudible question] these archives are not necessarily open the same way, can you talk a little bit about that part of the research . Absolutely. One of the things that surprised me