Took them nine months to put together a memorandum of understanding how they would all cooperate. They couldnt even agree how to cooperate. That is always, rice bowls and stovepipes and always a problem in the government and are always a problem. Would i like to see export enforcement, particularly arms export a greater priority within the department and department of justice. Department of Homeland Security really wants to do this. I mean, you know, in terms of these operations theyre the funding source. They are the ones who sum ply most of the travel and all of the rest and department of Homeland Security as you know, think a strong and sincere interest in pursuing this. I think they could get more support from the department of justice, and i think, you know, part of the department of justice has many, many things to worry about. There are lots of different kind of crimes and everybody who is advocating that a particular crime should be a priority thinks sincerely his particular crime is the most important crime. But i think if, you know, seniors in the department of justice would focus on the fact that the purpose of these export laws is to protect servicemen and women and it is to keep warfighters safe and if they just focused on the fact that, you know, when we lose our technological advantage it puts servicemembers, like seth, at risk and you know that, its a terrible and tragic thing when any Service Member dies in the line of duty but it seems to me its even worse and it is aggravated when you learn that theres a component in the ied that was actual manufactured in the United States and, it was acquired by somebody for that purpose. That represents a failure to me. And thats, you know, what needs to be addressed, i think. As i said, im an optimist so im expecting to see it addressed and maybe your book will do that. Maybe. We have a few minutes for questions, if anybody has a a question . I think your story is extraordinary and im looking forward to reading the book. My question is, how do, what happens to that kind of operation when you have shifts in the political dynamic as were seeing now with iran . How does that impact what youre doing when you indicated the target is in fact the government of a country we may be having, softening our towards . Me . Either. Im not a politician, so, i can only give you, you know, my personal opinion in terms of, how Law Enforcement works. But, the, if there was ever, for example, a normalization with iran, acts that prior to normalization were illegal would still be illegal. So if somebody is, right now, iran is under near total embargo. Maybe some day that will change. And it could be, that, parts of the embargo get adjusted, you know, Going Forward before there is lifting of the total embargo but, those changes are prospective. So they will affect what happens in the future. And then, what has happened in the past, of course, you know, doesnt change. So, you know the only, so in terms of the law, the change in, changes in statutes will affect, will affect Law Enforcement priorities but they wont affect things retrospectively. Good example would be libya . There were all sorts of embargoes in place before the fall of qadaffi. And i think some of those changed over time. Sometimes we were friend with qadaffi when it suited our purposes and sometimes we werent. I dont think there are as many sanctions against libya. I think same thing is true of syria. I think those sanctions have changed over time. I dont know that, from what ive seen i dont think that it matters whether it is a republican or democrat who is president of the United States. I think it has more to do with how we perceive different, different regimes. And as, as the british inform man, the white man he talked about that a lot. He would say, it is only an embargo because it is politically expedient. There were sanctions because it is politically expedient for you so it changes over time. I dont know that any president has done a good job at all of enforcing them. Does that answer your question . Yeah. Im growing to ask, i wonder do you have any sense how many people, with country like iran has an artbelly . How big is this market. Is there any sense, sort of numbers you can put on it . Well he contacted, he claimed to be in contact with 70 or 80 parts of the iranian government, state entities that are part of the government. He also claimed that every time he would try, when he would get a request for something, say he got a request for the phase shifter, he said he also made maybe half a dozen competitors with him, other guys just like him trying to buy the same thing, been told to go buy the same thing. They would all try to go out to get the best price. So you can multiply that. I would say it is in the hundreds but i couldnt say. I dont know authoritativelily. My estimate would be same as johns. It is interesting the way iranians set system up, acquisition agents like artbelly and others compete with each other. He was maddening person to deal with. He would give us request for poet. And give him a quote on part and wouldnt hear anything, we wouldnt know why. Often reason was somebody got better price. It is a very competitive business. He is definitely a capitalist. They all are. [inaudible] there were many deals. There were dozens of deals. Probably hundreds of deals. He did a search for the word missile and came up with 1400 different files if you, you know, there were over 100 Financial Transactions overseas. He was very prolific. He didnt always get what he wanted. At one point he had shipped over in crates a giant sonar system in, 747 cargo jets that went to amsterdam and then to tehran. He also bought things for 100. He said at one point. Im a salesman, i will buy and sell whatever you need and i dont think it really mattered. Thanks a lot for coming. Thank you. [applause] we want to hear from you. Tweet us, twitter. Com booktv. Or post a comment on our facebook page, facebook. Com booktv. Here is a look at some books being published this week. Professors linda gordon and astrid examine the history of feminism in america from 1920 to today, in feminism unfinished. Against football, one fans reluctant manifesto, steve all man considers ramifications of games brutality, the National Football leagues economic privileges and role fans should play in changing the sport. An economist explains how the Global Economy works in economics, the users guide. And in curious, the desire to know and why your future depend on it, ian leslie draws on research in the fields of education, business, economics and psychology to better understand the intangible properties of curiosity. Look for these titles in bookstores this coming week and watch for the authors in the near future on booktv and on booktv. Org. Next from the Computer History Museum in mountainview, california, doug menuez provides history of Silicon Valley, from the 1985 to 2000. He was given access to the biggest hightech innovatetores of that period, including steve jobs, andy grove, and bill joy. It is about an hour. When i was growing up i read a lot of biographies and autobiographies. I was fascinated by a lot of historical figures. The computer field was quite young but already people like ken olson, gordon bell who had done incredible work. We have a wonderful story, evolution of computing. It has been a great, great thing and i happened to believe that the computer is the greatest invention ever. I like the history, even before my time, machines that i barely heard of, actually going and seeing what they looked like, physical sizes, looking at something, nomenclature on switches and thinking about people that used the Semiconductor Industry made bigger changes in a few decades than printing has over a few centuries. When i was a student at mit, we all shared a computer, took half a building. Ibm 1794, costs of 10 of millions of dollars. The computer in your cell phone a million times cheaper and a thousand times more powerful. We are, recording events of history contemporaneously to them happening. Rarely in history you have do that. Wouldnt you love to hear michelangelo talk about what it was like to paint the sis seen chapel. This is a heck after place. I support the heck out of it. I think it is important thing. That is what a museum is about,able to understand the history of what has been happening and, to, see it and feel it. When i was a graduate student and i was complaining about the bureaus architecture, my faculty member told me, study it, even if you dont like it, there is something exceptional in there that got it to be successful. You need to know what that is. That is what the Computer History Museum is all about. Good afternoon, everyone. Welcome, thank you. [applause] great to see all of you here today. Im john hollar the ceo. Wonderful have you here. We had over 300 people register for this event, which is wonderful for a noontime gettogether so welcome. Much this is a first for us as i hope you noticed, i hope you took a few minutes to take a look at wonderful photographs by doug menuez downstairs. Well have this until september the 7th. This is the grand opening day. Were delighted you all are here. I want to make clear, we have a great new sponsor as a result of this collaboration we put together with doug for fearless genius. Its micron technology. This microns return to the valley after quite an absence but they are now starting to rebuild their presence here and were so delighted that micron stepped forward and saw this as the wonderful event which we all have seen it being. So thank you very much to micron for making that possible. [applause] keplers is our partner for the book signing as they always are when we have a book event so i hope you take advantage of that. Doug of course is doing a book signing afterwards and well see you out there with the good people of keplers. The next sound bite, two doing two sound bites, next thursday, july 24th. It is at noon just like this. Michael malone will be here, note author and historian from here in Silicon Valley. He has written a brilliant new book, intel trinity, how robert morse, andy grove built the worlds most important company. That is his assertion. He will be here with scott budman much nbc 4 who will do interviews. His book publishes the same day he is here. This is michaels first appearance on his Silicon Valley book tour, i hope you are here for that, thursday, july 24th. August 7th we return to revolutionaries after a bit of a summer break. Well look at the early days of the internet with akamai ceo tom layton i hope you are here for that. You have q a cards on your chairs or tables. Take advantage of that, thats how we get you involved in the conversation doug and i will be having after he does his presentation. Now for the program. Doug menuez is a very accomplished author and photographer and he has done so much important work all over the world in a variety of important fields. Today we focus on this incredible project that he did called, fearless genius, the digital revolution in Silicon Valley, 1985 to 2000. When he was a brilliant young photographer here in Silicon Valley in 1985 he met steve jobs just as steve was starting over after leaving apple and in extraordinary act of trust steve allowed doug special access to photograph him as he began the next chapter in his professional life, which was of course called, next. And once Silicon Valley heard that doug menuez had been given unlimited access to steve jobs behind the scenes all the doors began to open and he photographed more than 70 other leading companies in the valley. He got behind the scenes on sand hill road and venture capital. He went to the things that used to happen before we had days like y common nate tore when startup ideas are pitched to investors and rode that to the internet boom of 1990s up to 2000, when he concluded that work just as dotcom bubble was collapsing and singular era in our history was ending. He generated 250,000 images from those 15 years of work. And what you seedown stairs is 50 of his wonderful and carefully curated images. There are many wonderful in images in the book. It has been a barcelona. It has been to china. It has been to other interesting parts of the world and now it returns home to Silicon Valley. This is its only west coast stop and dougs only personal appearance. So were delighted to have him here today, here to talk about the story of fearless genius, join me in welcoming, doug menuez. [applause] thank you so much, john, for that beautiful introduction and thank you all for coming today. Its terrifying to be here in the belly of the beast as it were. You guys all lived this history. But i as a witness will tell you a little bit what i saw. I will take you back now to a simpler place and tie, to Silicon Valley before the internet, before facebook, before texting. It was the age of the beeper. The fax was call. It was during the digital revolution when a secretive tribe of brilliant engineers, entrepreneur, venture capitalists came together, sparked an explosion of innovation that rocked our world. They proved that the power of Creative Ideas can become reality given enough gut, wil power and sheer passion. Along the way they created millions of jobs and untold wealth. Then my project looks at challenges we face in innovation today, particularly around education with shortage of engineers and trend of shortterm investment. There is not a lot of patient money for really tough props like solving Climate Change today. And if were not doing that, are we really as innovative as we think we are, or were . Before i address that her rhett tick call question, heretical question, let me take you back how i got to Silicon Valley. I wasnt particularly interested in tech. It was about people and culture. In 1985 i was a young photo journalist covering famine in ethiopia. I had been a news photographer for a long period of time and seen a number of her risk things, death. This was a on a scale of incomprehensible. You walk into a camp of 100,000 people almost all of them were dying. I shot all around the world for time, newsweek and life. I was overwhelmed by this and began to question my own role and how i could contribute something meaningful. I went back to the bay area and i started to think about trying to find a story that would be more hopeful for the human race and for meaning in my own life. That same year, steve jobs was forced out at apple, from the height of fame and power, he hit bottom, he announced he would build a supercomputer that would transform education. I knew from my work that education was the key to some social issues. That got my attention. Through friends i reached out, and i asked if i could document steve and his Team Building the next computer from the early days to shipping and capture his process of innovation . And i wanted complete access and wanted to do it for life magazine. Amazingly steve agreed. Of course being steve he was already thinking about this. My timing was good. I stayed three years and as john said, steve blessed me with his trust and i was able to go through the valley and expand my project after three years and cover most of the leading innovators and over 70 companies and i shot a lot of film, a lot of startups. Now that material is at Stanford Library where it is being preserved as resource. With the scanning weve done we can bring you now the fearless genius book and now this exhibition. Were trying to do documentary and Education Program and continue this to share and celebrate the history of what happened during those days and bring those lessons forward to todays entrepreneur. Im going to begin with steve where i began. I will share a number of stories with you today but this is, this where i started with steve jobs. We all know about his Great Success but most people outside the valley dont know about the ten years of struggle an failure he went through in the wilderness. One day, you know, we were talking and they were trying to put the power of a mainframe in a one foot cube, difficult. The prototype came and i asked steve, we were looking at the prototype, i innocently said, what are you going to do with this cube any way, steve . He wheeled on me. I want some kid at stanford to cure cancer in his dorm room. He. With the look in his eye i realized power he had i believed it was possible and he seemed to believe it was possible and his team believed it. Everyone wanted to be on the bus in the future. This is the day ross perot came in with 20 million to fund next. He started with six million of his own money. He said to the beam, lets go to the abandoned warehouse where we build the factory and do this lunch pitch. He told ross, well build the most Automatic Assembly line. Build 12 compute arrest month. Ross wrote the check. This is early days of company. Steve is saying, interrupting his presentation and saying, hey everybody, lets work nights and weekends to christmas. Well take a week off. This engineer in the back raises his hand says, im, steve, we already are working nights and weekends. One of my favorite people and heroes from those days is susan care, who designed icons for macintosh. Became creative director at next. Went on to redesign the icons for windows and os 2 and magic and many, many devices. Her work affects lives of millions of people every day but few people know who she is. She is one of the unsung woman of the valley. Those who recognize the handwriting this, is steve jobs todo list. I like the last item. For those of you who cant read, ankle deep. This stuff is hard. It is heart. He was dreamer. Was able to build disparate ideas and find something to push ford. Like watching an artist in that regard although he had other attributes as you know. Ive been blessed in my car as john said. Ive been to the north pole. Crosses sahara and photographed president s and movie stars and lots of experiences. By the time i got to steve i had many life and death experiences, yet, somehow being in the room with him was terrifying. Even though he blessed me, given me this access an one day he would turn to me and i would have to justify my existence just like everyone else in the room. Everyone had to be on agame, best in the world. I had to gig out who i was. What i believed in and what i was doing there. Photo journalists want to take pictures to improve the world, reveal injustice and change lives. I was willing to die for a photo that could do that as were my peers. Then i realized, oh, these people are changing the world. Theyre actually changing the world and i can shoot them. That became my purpose. I felt useful and after that, steve was a lot easierish. [laughter]. Another one of my, talking with jeff bork, steve walked over and said, do you think in 20 minutes you prepare a plan to sell 10,000 computers a month and support that with all employees and get it ready in 25 minutes. Plan one billion and he did it. You rarely saw steve in unguarded, unselfconscious moment. So im very proud of that. I called this, steve jobs pretending to be human. [laughter] seriously. Who is he kidding . What i observed with steve was that it was all about trust many ways. If an engineer presented an idea, he had to know that person had worked day and night for a year and willing to die for that idea. Potentially in startup, any decision risks a company. If someone presented something and he didnt feel it was right or he didnt agree or just didnt like that person for whatever reason he could explode, started attacking this is stupid. This is the stupidest idea ive ever seen. Im editing for prime time. [laughter]. If the engineer was mature and evolved and it had done their homework, they would calmly respond, steve, no, it is not stupid. Youre wrong, steve. No it is not stupid. No, it is not stupid. No, it is really good. Go back and forth, five minutes, ten minutes. Seemed like eye tent. Suddenly flip would switch, steve would go, okay, great. Woe smile the beautiful smile and go on to the next victim. It was amazing to watch. And im not condoning bad behavior but somehow he was able to marshall these brilliant, brilliant scientists to do what he wanted and go against the laws of physics as they often reminded him and create the impossible. Wow, jumping ahead. This is the spring of 1989. Steve is now burned through most of his personal fortune. He has 50 million into pixar and 50 into next of the company is on the ropes. They announced it with this lavish launch, we all know about the launches. Now the spring and they not built a single computer. Dont have a factory with a robot. This is the chairman of cannon and his team. Cannon wants to invest. Steve is asking for 100 milliondollars and a bunch of stuff. He heard they only want to give him 50 and double the equity. And comes into the meeting wearing sweater vest. Right off the bat he starts off, awkward note, this is 80s, japan was as send ant a steve wasnt showing proper respect. He starts off making six, unreasonable, ridiculous demands on agenda. Took him hour 1 2 to get through these. Everyone was baffled. Finally chairman of cannon says i need a break. He goes out of the room. Steve turns to the team, you guyed ed up this deal. Steve stormed out of the room. What just happened. People looking at me like i know. John is how the out in the hall. He told me 20 years later what happened. Steve was laughing in the hallway. Steve, why arent you saving our jobs . 6 he made the rid includes demands. He fights hour 1 2, japan comes back like germany against brazil. And they are crushing the mighty steve jobs, one after another. An finally, yea, cannon has won won on all six points but in that moment the power shifted right back across the table to steve. He got the 100 million and got the robots he promised ross perot. Going backwards now, this is steves office before the launch. Secrecy was paramount even then. This is ross at educom. Did the fantastic launch. Was enormous. Huge success. 08 magazine covers. Most people dino the prototype was running. It was running on a sun work station backstage. It wasnt really running. One time ross and i were standing in a group watching steve, steve had a problem with somebody and going off on somebody, yelling at somebody about 30 feet away. Everyone is watching awkwardly. Ross leans over, whispers in my ear, well now, steve remind me of myself when i was 30. Then i learned you catch more flies with honey. [laughter] despite the failure of the next hardware and having to close the factory and lay off 300 people with steves head down on the table, he never gave up on the operating system. He kept developing the next os for years. And that is laid the seeds of his redemption and ultimate comeback. Taking a deep breath, i heard they were doing this cool thing at adobe called photoshop. Photographer, i thought that would be interesting. I went over there and i got involved and i started to document. You know you had 500 years of printing history from guttenberg to adobe and bang, desktop publishing changes the world. These two gentlemen, two true fearless geniuses spent 20,000 manhours writing code that describes letter forms and connects computers to printers, page description language they renamed postscript and launched adobe. Their original Business Plan was not to do desktop publishing, to sell you alpha like computer with a printer. Okay, this is symbolic. If they were going to have sex this is how they would have it. It felt like paris in the 20s must have felt, as the technology, moores law caught up and Processing Power allowed desktop publishing to become real, artists started to appear in the valley from all over the world. Artists want to find cuttingedge tool. This is david hock knee, the famous painter being taking first photoshop class, photoshop invitational. I thought i was discovering a hidden tribe with their own culture and new language they were developing to go with this new technology and Russell Brown was kind of one of the ringleaders this is the creative director of adobe today and was one the back then. The reason adobe was successful evangelize to artists, designers, photographers, to try it. He also really loves costumes. I got a call from yashida, gone from next to apple and doing handheld device that is computing device, communication tie vice. I got a meeting with john sculley. I got permission to document the team. I told him what i had done with steve and wanted to do whole team with next and his team or newton and his team and he agreed. Like rebel unit he funded inside the mothership. Nobody wanted newton at apple. It was all about the mac at that time. He saw the mac was starting to lose market share and wanted to develop new revenue stream from some new product that could break open a new market. You know steve gets, john gets kind of a bad rap because after steve was forced out, you know he was criticized constantly for doing that, for being a marketing guy. After steve left, john grew the company from 800 million to 8 billion and at the time he left apple was the most profitable Computer Company in the world, 91, 92, 93, more than ibm. More than any software company, microsoft. But they were trouble rewriting os and innovating. That was newton was about. It was a pretty highrisk gamble. John also put a lot of women into positions executive positions in apple i hadnt seen a lot of in the valley in those days. There was woman in charge of manufacturing and software. This woman sara clark had her baby and rarely left the building. This was changing culture in the valley. That is commitment. Would sleep while the code was compiling and breast feed behind the curtain. Raises issue why is diversity important, why does it matter . Is it social justice . Of course. But it also is, whoever writes the code controls the machine which impacts the User Behavior and wider culture. If the people who write the code have different priorities, features are different, the product is different and i think it is better. The team was burning out. They were wearing down. They were given a year to write a million lines of code with only 30 engineers. And they did it but at the end of that year there was a decision made to switch the chip which was a good decision but they went back to the team and they said you have to rewrite the whole million lines. Well give you another year. Sono, 27 years old, working day or not to get the inker to work, just gotten married. He heard this, went home and load ad pistole and shot himself in the heart, which was just, beyond devastating for the team. And for all of us. And you know when i go around doing this talk it is just so interesting, people outside the valley just do not realize the level of sacrifice that has made to create these products we all take for granted. But the team rallied. Over christmas, michael chow who runs ipad and steve caps and some other gathered together and they made some technical breakthroughs that allowed them to meet the date for shipping. The shipping, they shipped the newton and it was triumph, a catharsis, emotional release and dedicated to the product to ko, but it shipped too soon. Next shipped too late. Newton shipped too soon. Handwriting was 95 . John sculley was forced out himself, left the company but his vision nor the newton and teams vision for the newton that he believed was indicated. He was laughed at when he announced at ces there would be millions and billions of handheld smartphone type devices. Turned out the newton paved way many ways for ultimately the pilot took the space. But palm pilot. Iphone and ipad, i actually have a picture in the book of an ipad form factor which was newton designed in 93 by john any ives. Johnny ives. Without, investors, you get nothing. You had no technology. Without really smart idealistic investors, you dont get to change the world. If you were a young entrepreneur in those days, this is unwith rooms you want to be in with jon door and team at kliner perkins. Some. Companies kliner did, genentech, compact, netscape, twitter, goo google, at home. Very few companies had Success Stories but they were patient backers and, amazon took five years to make a profit. That is important point today. Bill joy, another one of the actual geniuses i photographed who wrote berkeley units, cofounded sun, he is kind of is 1992. G the backbone of theee that is William Randolph hearst iii. Bill told me that night in 92 i had to get a website. I was like, whats at that . Tim lee just released the web a year before and i dont know how many of you know this, but ive asked this question a lot. What it tim use to develop the worldwide web and linking, hyperlinking and all that . It was a next computer. This is bill gates saying no one should ever pay more than 50 for a photo. Thanks a lot, bill. He was a devil then. Many of you remember. He is an angel now. Got to love him. This intels most advantagessed fab at the time, pen at this yum fab in new mexico. These are workers taking a break, doing exercise break. Many of these workers are pueblo indians. At cat mill, just after toy story was released, a great engineer who cofounded sun and probably if you want to compete with sun you shouldnt show your mother board on display but i dont know that much about it. Bill joy, finishing java in his office in aspen which was a big deal for sun. 10,000 people were having water fight down below but i was interested in this boys and their toys sculpture. This is not a strategic path. These are the golf courses Scott Mcnealy wants to play. You know, there is a lot of fun. I loved it. Great architect in the valley is visionary leader is forced out and samir aurora, his team at net objects he broke the mold. He was one of the last, he was the last company and objects that i spent a lot of time with at the end of the dotcom cycle. They created First Software let anybody, any idiot create a web page in 95, 96 when they came out, the browser wars were going on. It was a classic startup. This is what you find some mornings after allnight programing session. Other source material for engineers might include pizza, ho hos and cocacola. It was fun. You had to wear a balloon hat if you were new. Time was running out. The, a couple of employees disagreed with the strategy and they went behind samirs back to the board and the board, the investors decided that it was time for samir to go. And in this meeting they were supposed to close a round, an investment round and everybody was really excited about that and it turned out that the meeting had a different agenda, which was samir youre fired you sign here. Get your shares. Were moving in new direction with pages in the market and thank a lot for your service. Samir, im not going. Screw you. Im not doing it. I have a vision for this and im growing to fight for my vision. There was long, long argument and battle. They left. They shut the company down and 5 00 he had to go before his 125 employees and he asked, whoever can stay and work without pay please stay. Im going to fix this. He went home and began dialing for dollars. By noon the following monday he had tern milliondollars in the bank. Amazing to do without lawyers or due diligence. Best part of the story is three months later he sold the company to ibm for 100 million. He brought back the investors into the deal and they made 1,000 irr. His story has so many threads of classic on on the in Silicon Valley. Now he is doing glam, very successful. Theres a slight caveat to the story ayear later when ibm took the Company Public the market was becoming very nervous of the bubble was huge. It was march of 99, so their ipo was not a huge success. Actually cnn came on is the beginning of the end of the dotcom bubble . And it was because there were 400 ipos Something Like this year and all pre flat and getting worries and worse so by march of 2000 trillions of dollars started to wash away. It was devastating. Anyone, all of you who lived through it will never forget it. It was amazing. But for me, it was really tragic in many ways too because, you know, i came in and was very attracted to what people called the noble cause, what steve called the noble cause. An Amazing Company because apple for and interesting side note, the reason john sculley was fired is primarily because he wouldnt agree to license the macros. All his projections show defeated that the bankrupt the company would be bankrupt in three years. Three years later they were close to bankruptcy and one thing they did to save the company was sold this chip company sculley had invested in called arm for the noon so he said to me recently how much these things noon makes for apple . I said zero. He said 850 million. That is what they salam for of which they use 450 to buy the next one. Interesting shakespearean back story. I will leave you with a couple spots that i have been thinking about, scary, i know. The singularity is probably coming. Computers will gain consciousness and whether you think that is really cool or utterly terrifying i would like to have a public dialogue about it. Nobody asked f i want to type on tiny keyboards. We are not going to get a vote to see if we want to applaud our brains into a higher mind. If anything in the future is possible, how do we build and choose the best possible future . There should be public dialogue. There are three challenges we face in education. There are millions of unsold stem jobs. There is no shortage of engineers. Who will be the next steve jobs . Where will she come from . She could come from anywhere. There are a bunch of kids coming of worldwide but until they improve the Education System and address this issue, she is probably dont have a hard time, shes going to have a hard time fielding a really cool team in the u. S. A couple years ago we graduated fewer doctorates of Computer Science than in 1970. Crazy to me. And third, why are so many investments today so shortterm . Anyone who wants their money on 18 months, this seems to be institutionalized. Naturally this led to something you can do in the short term. I love my apps and there are tons of exciting innovations but it is all iterative. Most everything we use today was invented in the 80s and 90s or before and that is natural because we are the end of this cycle and this stuff is maturing and it is starting to be functional and integrated. But it is hard for big risk the ideas to get funded. Nobody is really taking theres not a lot of money for stuff like Climate Change. There is a natural break through on innovation after 2000 because of a shift in investment strategy. Longterm thinking isnt there. It is not supported by wall street, which makes me ask can you think of a single innovation since 2000 in the u. S. That has scaled up to create millions of jobs with benefits, fulltime jobs as happened during the digital revolution. I cant think of one. If you are thinking of selling things online, i think that is exciting and it is growing and other things are growing, tons of things could scale but nothing has scaled to help grow the middle class and create meaningful jobs. Selling baskets on line for 30 grand without Health Insurance wont grow the middle class i dont think. Not to go negative on you, the good news is theres a huge new wave of stuff coming. Whether it is sensors, nan , 3d printing, quantum computing, all this stuff is coming and you can see it, you can feel like you could in thes. It is going to explode and the whole new crop of idealistic young entrepreneur iss are coming with it. How do we catch that wave . To leave you with this, the people i photographs were on a mission, wanted to create tools that would improve our lives. Why is it important to have a mission . And be part of something bigger than yourself . Inventing new technology is ridiculously breathtakingly hard. You have to believe in something deeply to walk through that fire. You dont have to be a genius but you do have to be fearless. Many of you already had a tremendous impact on our world here today and some of you are on your own quest striving to create something amazing and if you succeed you could change our lives. What you do matters. The fearless genius story im telling you is your story, this is your trial. Lets go catch the next wave of the future, next revolution. Lets fight for the biggest ideas, the toughest problems and fulfil the promises of the last revolution, thank you so much. [applause] thank you, john. Had a chance to catch your breath and take a drink of water, that was fantastic. Thanks for having me. Let me ask you a couple questions and we got some good questions from the audience too. With 250,000 images that you captured during this period when does the narrative starts to emerge for you . As you were taking photographs did you know what you wanted to say or did you set it aside for a while and let it germinated bit . I was so burned out, we begin to move to new york. I didnt think about it at that time but later when stanford came into the picture and we started to think about what to do with this and think about a book and other things i began to realize there was a natural narrative already. With steve being forced out was the beginning of my story and this goes all the way down and advises it. Than i had the rise of Silicon Valley where you had money for blowing in like a fire hoses, gasoline on a fire so that was a wonderful twin arts story that ends in 2000 in that sense a while i was shooting it, it became apparent they were going to succeed. Most of the companies failed but i could see the passion and energy and idealism would lead to real change. I would go back to new york can tell my editors you are going to have a computer on your desk and they would just laugh. You will have a digital camera. They thought i was insane. You could see the future through their eyes and i believe in it. It took some time to create the narratives end by the way we only have scant 8,000 images. So many other stories, Many Companies in their, all these great people are in there. I showed you a tiny piece of it so we are hoping to continue this and the doubts of that might be useful case studies, especially start ofs that fail. When did the bourse first start to open for you after you had begun a project with steve and gotten inside . It was a little bit interesting. I got calls from people saying we are doing cool stuff too. We want you to do for us what youre doing for steve. I got calls from ceos allies started to accept commissions where i would go in and say i will shoot whenever i want to have full access to the board room and the other times i would go in for time or newsweek or go in on my own and ask because i had heard about something cool. The combination of things happen and people would hear about me but it really came down to trust because even in those days the valley was locked tight with security and competition was really fierce, so having the ability to say steve trusted me and by the way i would be asked adobe and the board would be having a meeting about a lawsuit and i would drive from there and they would be planning to the suit and i never told anybody until just now. I was trust worthy. That had to mean everybody to the people you are photographing. I approved it and the support is there to try to create a sense of that time because there are lessons we can bring out of the passion of young entrepreneurs today. I think. Was it the passion you first walked onto . Yes. I am a romantic and i think most of the people were crazy. Steve jobs, people talk about his reality, anyone who ever did anything great in Silicon Valley had a reality distortion. Because they versus singleminded about the way they were going after it. Against all evidence the contrary you had to leave your ideal would succeed even as you were going over the cliff. That attracted me. I learned who i am from photographing people around me and it is somehow become a mission for me to tell stories to other people about what this culture is doing and then we all learn and we can grow. One question i have been asked from people who see the bit of the shell already, is why venturecapital . Why go behind those doors too . I knew nothing about technology to start. I was an artist and i became a photojournalist. Typically people like me would not would want nothing to do with the money. These guys clearly had the power and the smarts, they were brilliant brilliant people and they remind me of the renaissance movers and shakers. This was a renaissance and if you hung around and talk to people, you saw how smart people work, it was an everyday exciting education and the finance people were the smartest of this march in many ways because they had emotional intelligence. The engineers were focused on technical project so the finance people were more roll wellrounded and interesting and they were lubricating full whole thing. Actually began because i got assignment for Time Magazine since the in 85 or something and that was my introduction and john was an interesting brilliant man and very generous and he brought me in and asked me to shoot some things and once i got in i just was amazed at how it works, how you build the company and i was learning, shooting term sheets for amazon not knowing what the term she was so i think everyone plays a role here and you have to have the right balance in that role and the right incentive to create great stuff that is breakthrough in sustainable. I look back to that time when things were more about longterm. Not just about quarterly profit or making a hockey stick Business Plan that takes 18 months. It is ridiculous if up to me. Why blackandwhite . That is one of the questions. Very good. Believe it or not, some of you might knows this, you might think it came out in 81. By 1985 when i proposed a story for life magazine everything was going to color so black and white was exotic and new and radical idea. It was the traditional grew up in. I studied black and white. I didnt shoot color in july was 21. For me that was important. The other reason was technical. Shooting in fluorescent wet rooms, people staring at computer screens where nothing ever happens, it was all in here, blackandwhite became a way to deal with white, the lack of light but also strips away the color end you get to the emotion faster, you start to see what people are feeling because this is so sorry berlin this world and the emotions are very deep like a volcano and anytime i threw in some Human Emotions would erupt across the rome and i was waiting for hours. For anything to happen. Guest i had done stakeouts withdrew drillers and russian spies and i would stand in the freezing rain for an hour so i was Training Like an engine for this. I met my match in Silicon Valley. Host you mentioned at the beginning but didnt talk about it much in the presentation. The documentary and what the documentary consists of and what you hope to achieve with that. I am really excited because i found in the video part of this in the interview layers of meaning and information i was so surprised i didnt know. I was in the room watching these deals go down and i was privileged to see that but i only saw one level so i interviewing people in a particular meeting and you have three or four points of the amended is just layers and textures to the history and you see it is gray areas. What i am hoping to do is we are interviewing a lot of people who survived and looking to the future so the first two thirds of the film we have the history and what happened in the 1890s and why is that period important today . The last 20 minutes is about what is happening next in the future so we are interested in looking forward and then we will try to do this would series about the future. Kind of going down the rabbit hole with this. Are you happy with that . These people, i thought i could do this. The book is done, this exhibit i was telling you about, i thought i would be happy if i am dead because it is in the computer history. We have got to keep you from getting very nice. Got to keep you from getting hit. A lot of great work still to go. When you start these conversations, we have a documentary running in the exhibit so when you see the video screen at the end of the main panel you will see rough cuts from the documentary. I was watching some of the interviews this mornings, she is fantastic. She is tow are to give it. She was one of the few interviews on npr and one of the not everyone in the audience might know. Guest she was handpicked by steve and in the spree, she was working with one of the great Consumer Retail store geniuses and he wanted to know everything about that. It was preliminary for the apple store. She became close to see if and has a lot of passion and one of the great things she says about the creation of user interface and humanist tools it allows people to express the truth, it almost allows them to screen their truth and you have unleashed the creativity on the world. She articulates a lot that is exciting, and i have relationships from those days, and trusts it so i am getting good stuff and i am also adding to the history, the understanding of the history through the interview. Host are you starting with the photographs when you interview someone to do what reactions i you getting . Guest some years that i dont remember you being in the room. I practiced becoming invisible. That was part of my thing. Guest is emotional . Host guest people deny the reality of what happened. There will always be a spin to history. Host if they remembered differently. Guest they have to present the information. I am always going to take supposition, subjected to what i saw. And the documentary is more important, to complete the picture. Host anyone who goes to revolution, our big exhibit downstairs, will see that one of the deep beliefs we had about building that exhibit is every image had to have a captions that told some his story. It needed to say what the image was and why it was important. One of the things i was delighted about when i saw the exhibit were those wonderful