Is an additional challenge. Thank you for your question. I want to thank the audience and please, immediately following the session reminder [applause] they will be signing books for the booster available in the signing area. Please become a friend of the festival, free of charge to the literacy programs in the community. On the mall or on the website and please join the book signing in a few minutes. Thank you so much for being here. We appreciate your interest and again, thank you to the colleagues, luis urrea and anna ochoa oleary. That. Good reading. Is great to be sure. I remember it was late 1990s when i went to the changing hands store and it was right before my first trip to mexico. So i had all kinds of books about mexico i remember reading and reading because i always had a special part for changing hands. So a the border for chelation with Homeland Security this is my version became not a couple months ago but in my book looks like a kid not three years ago and it has traveled around so i have spent getting around for the last couple of months but it is still a new book so it is still considered fresh off the press. Not only about post 9 11 expansion of Border Patrol with the world that represents. Looking at that expansion from many different angles in conceptual and goals. Ankles. That is why i tell a lot of stories on big themes so in that spirit of a play to begin tonight stock with some storytelling and i hope i can explain the book well i hope to talk about 20 or 30 minutes then leave some time for question and answer. One of the places i focus on looking at the southern u. S. Border but the northern border and spent time in niagara falls, Dominican Republic, a detroit. But its has anybody been down to the reservation here . And one of my Research Trips to go down with an older from the nation with long gray hair and 60 years old wanted to show me the western side of the nation in what was happening. A very isolated and desolate border but in the middle of the saboorian desert. If you dont know about the and reservation is the secondlargest in the United States. The size of the state of connecticuts. The only one baker is the navajo nation. But one of the critical aspects but the u. S. Mexican border where it cuts the average but was north of phoenix but those hundreds of miles into mexico. We went to the Boundary Line in it is where you can practically hear that snapping. So we look at that beautiful mountains in the distance with a beautiful landscaping and right at the borderline and it has been demarcated by the barriers. It is not the actual border wall but side by side by side that mitt to stop vehicles from crossing the border but that 70 miles this is the wall or the barrier. So there are two places along call where there is the gate and this is where garcia wanted to show me. We stepped out of the car and garcia walks to the gate and opens it up. Not because he wanted to go to mexico he just opened it up in this did not belong but for me looking at a sense of bewilderment and then the day of dread because i knew by opening that gate it would attract to the u. S. Border patrol so they must have seen it somehow. 12,000 notions centers implanted under the ground the predator would be a drone over head with the powerful cameras . I dont know. Maybe with the radar system that then drones had was reinventing Radar Technology . One of those at the Border Patrol uses now is to look for Border Crossers at the Border Security expo has technologies there is one that was of farrell who was hollowed out. There is a lot of perils around us so i was pretty convinced from davids actions may have been from something but i will get to Border Security alex played that war but lo and behold the first were near the Forward Operating base they have been used in war scenarios of iraq and afghanistan or that area is that the military wants to expand so now it is used in the borderline and and Border Patrol has two of them and several in arizona and probably dozens along the u. S. Mexico beyond trees so when we turn around we see it is a rudimentary station with the antenna it looks pretty fast with a cloud of dust we know what is about to happen. The will get you but first i want to ask a couple of questions. Does anybody know how many Border Patrol there was in the 1990s . Does anybody know when it was formed . 1924. If you think about it through that time there was no Border Patrol. There were different agencies that may have dug hole a little bit but 1924 it was about to under 1,000 agents mostly in the north. Then through 1998 it went from 1,000 of the 4,000 agents. Then the growth from their early 1990s through now does anybody know now . 21,000 people say it is closer 22 were 23,000. It is five times the size that was in the early 1890s we see now is the product of unprecedented growth there has not been so many in the history of the United States. With customs a. M. Border protections is part of the department of Homeland Security with all of the restructuring happening in post 9 11 era. So then is 60,000 also those customs agents across the border but also the air and Marine Division 60,000 people why is that significant . It is double the size of ecuador almost like a domestic force. Is gigantic we have never seen the likes of it before. The budget of the budget for Immigration Enforcement is 18 billion why is that significant . That number is more than all federal lawenforcement agencies combined. As well as u. S. Marshals and they combine. Customs Border Protection and a couple other agencies get 18 billion. That shows the priority this is given by the u. S. Government. Looking at this expansion the alluded to earlier with the surveillance cameras is the Border Security expo. Anybody familiar with that . I remember you. [laughter] and capt. Does an annual event next year you may want to head out there that happens usually in march it is the exposition and conference with Border Protection along with 120 Different Companies they hope to sell their wares at the department of romance security becausenc. And the technology of the urban areas. So it is called the policy of prevention and so the idea was that other places like san diego or aeropostale zero so will be into places that are too dangerous people would not dare to cross in this area. So people still kept coming and they funnel the round into where david garcia and i were staying with the very isolated region we were standing there in june it was 110 degrees. It with freedom on the move not when you cross the border but he had a water bottle the last while freedom on the move. One, two, three, 10, 12, 15, is it was a lot. To carry water across the desert people run out of food all the time. That is where people are the weakest. And then to sleep in to encourage people when theyre easy to capture. Even though my tag said journalist he was talking as if somebody who might buy his products. Why wouldnt he . He was excited about the products it is coming into a crisis to solve the problem. It is a market that is growing. The Border Security market is growing at the 5 clip in with the Global Market there is a report with projections called the Border Security market with an unprecedented growth period. In video cameras in 2012 was a 12 billion industry. And video cameras like freedom on the move is expected to capture 3. 4 trillion video hours in one year. I did the math that is 340 million years of video footage in one year. Three under 40 million years. It is a booming market. Even if i am a journalist and it makes sense. It is a growing market and at the end and at this point was made to be over and over icahn by different vendors. They were selling exclusively to the military. Button to repurchase the technology and then he said we are bringing the battlefield to the border. What we saw when david garcia and i turned round in the vehicle with the dust coming at us we drove we knew what would happen and it turns out it was the Border Patrol vehicle was coming very fast. When it came to us so was sliding with the sirens blaring to agents rushed out one agent went to the back and another came to the drivers side but just to know i interviewed dozens and dozens of Border Patrol agents. I interviewed different stages talking to Public Information officers. And also of talking to the agents on the side. Into keep with the publicrelations mission aerosol whole wide range of different opinions they took me into their homes and take me out to dinner and sat with me in a cafe and let me record them to active dissent. One agent interviewed multiple times he said he would not retire soon then he would write his own book and it would be skating. There is some of the viewpoints of different agents. And i suspected he might be a new agent talking about the expansion 2005 through 2009 Border Patrol live from 10,000 to 20,000 agents it doubled in size meaning fact tens of people are hired. Their recruitment was done all over the country and for him we suspected he might be of that but he did seem a little bit hyped up to the drivers side. So what are you doing there . So i responded that were looking at the border because at the time i was living in the york and said i am a journalist from new york. Hoping that would work but it didnt. [laughter] so he asked how we knew each other in he said to have lots of friends in new york . So they went back and forth. David garcia asked for his identification which i found ironic. We had camped the night before and it is 10 miles away from where were were. In the end thousands of years of his family has been there but u. S. Kim is identification whether he belongs in this place or not. Agent looks at it for a long time long enough that finally he handed that identification card back how do you know, each other again . So it was backandforth and one thing about it is if you look at the nation with the expansion in the 1990s there is hardly a Border Patrol presents it is a border area. They didnt have any stations. So that transformation that we are seeing actually fewer interested just go down there on a saturday it is literally surrounded. If you go to the tucson station there is about 60 agents there to the north but then west of the nation there is the new station state of the large green station it uses solar energy is the stones throw away from the Boundary Lines and then leaving a the nation is the center to the east if you go north to have the checkpoint there are checkpoints everywhere you go. And i caught the slightest glimpse which ended soon thereafter. And then finally they said you can go but i asked if i could take a picture. That was far away. Kim and i take a picture . They said no. I said why . Because the other agent from behind said it is National Security zone was not allowed to take that picture. When we moved away he immediately called and made a complaint. He took the agents name and he called the station to make a complaint. I felt like i got a glimpse of what people are talking about if they talk about all kinds of things that lots of people say that we live in the occupied territory. Talking about being tailgated in the Homeland Security or border virtual vehicles from the back of their cars and people talk about coming onto their property without a warrant and home invasions i interviewed a man who was pulled out of the vehicle and hit with a baton. There is more stories like that. At one town hall meeting recently with the aclu looking into abuses they asked how many people does been pulled over . And every Single Person raised their hand. Every single one. So for the early 1990s was one thing and hardly a presence but it has changed drastically within 15 or 20 years. That alone is of a glimpse of the kinds of things i looked at the of course, as i said not solely to the southern borderii]ls the interior in South Carolina with those kinds of agreements from Customs Enforcement how they represent the southern border into the interior i went to the Dominican Republic and actually formed its own Border Patrol urging of the United States and illustrating by u. S. Border patrol agents and that is the one example of a global phenomenon throughout the entire world through iraq and afghanistan look at Southern Europe you can save more and more emphasis on the border looking at those market projections there are so optimistic to see unprecedented growth to see this move at a rapid rate not just the United States but across the world. That is what i try to look at i talked to so many people from agents to police to politicians and undocumented people to hear the stories and get the stories down as vividly as i can. And a gold to the different themes throughout the book. And obviously the book i say this a lot but i read recently any sort of writing is in the percent listening. So i just put that down. But it is also part of a bigger conversation so hopefully the of book can become a part of that conversation that we all need to have and with that i will shut up in if you have any questions or critiques or any points to raise raise, please feel free but remember we are being recorded. [laughter] think of the northern border that it is overlooked. Back at 2001 the u. S. Say patriot act 300 increases of personnel to the northern border which if you look at that northern border from 32001 and tells how it went from 300 up at 3,000 so it is significantly less but the rate of growth of the northern border is higher more Border Patrol going to the northern border than south one of the classic talk about the 100 myall jurisdiction they could not work kim from the boundary into the interior of the country so that encompasses 100 miles to the south so think of the different cities that encompasses. Like detroit or seattle and also along the coast much of michigan is devoured by that jurisdiction so within those zones that aclu calls to the constitution freeze on which actually the federal agencies or the federal police have extra constitutional powers where for example, the to go to the checkpoints i was mentioning if Border Patrol have reasonable suspicion youre undocumented course some smuggling favorable you over or determined add add a checkpoint to do a visual book into your car or pull apart your car to look if you have contraband so they have powers above and beyond they can go on to property without a warrant for example. One and classic example is Patrick Leahy the vermont senior senator he was driving with his license plate says u. S. Government or something but he drove into of Border Patrol checkpoint they asked him to get out of his car he said under Whose Authority are you asking me this . The agent according to his testimony pointed to his gun and said that is the only authority i need. On the northern border not the permanent checkpoints the alliance of transportation checks that Border Patrol agents would get onto trains or buses not. So people do their laundry. And if the police did not have proper documents then you can go visit the man. So more stories like that of the u. S. Canada border. Then you see the surveillance tower on the niagara and st. Clair river then you hear less about border prosser prosser. You mentioned at the beginning of the border lands have become a constitutional freeze alone the constitution freeze on the. It sounds like a laundromat type of situation that they donny need the papers they just do it is that your experience from talking to these people . As far as the treatment. That if they look like theyve been not be documented. That is interesting because new york state it has to be the 1070 law to obligate the police however they are doing the exact same thing and the state troopers maybe not the 1070 but under operations to guard which they get funds from a department of Homeland Security then you have the collaboration between police and Border Control which is called a force multiplier. You see that a lot. How far does that extent . With Border Patrol . 100 miles. Into the interior. Look at the contours of the country it covers twothirds of the population theyre obviously not in the york city but they were not there either or not in rochester. So things could change. In 1998 there wasnt any Border Patrol agents. Now you talk about how many there are. Would ensure point . Because in 1990 thousands were coming up here. Think we should have done nothing about it . That we have too many more agents we should not have increased the amount to allow 12 Million People to come up here . I dont understand your point. One of the interesting things about the shift of policy one of the interesting things is those different operations brought more Border Patrol and concentration of technology but this observation by the head of the and Naturalization Service 1993 and she said looking at operation hold the line in el paso that brought more agents side by side by side by side on the borderline ben brought a lot to all tasso the oh pass so the idea with all these agents nobody would cross. Then was replicated in arizona then southern texas and there is a reasoning behind this operation that door is split it the it i am paraphrasing but the north American Free trade agreement at least we will have a shortterm and a median term search of a of immigration into the United States so we have to put up a more strict enforcement. She was right. Look at the post 1994 exodus coming from mexico averaging a baby 1. 500,000 maybe at one point is that 2 million farmers lost their jobs. This comes from 1996 but 2 million farmers lost their jobs because the impact of the north American Free trade agreement that allows the u. S. Agribusiness or Archer Daniels midland to go into mexico to sell the corn under the price of production and a small farmer cannot compete then after that somebody loses their livelihood then they will look for a place if i lose my job i will look at some place else so that has stirred the pot. So you say thats there are more immigrants coming up because we brought more men down there so that stimulated the employ it . Mower tel leave this. I would really like to know your answer to that. Was trying to explain that. You were not doing that. You were way off the question. I just want the answer. Let me talk. You interrupted him. What would you do to stop them from coming . I think i was on the track. You asked the way it is looked at now the way it is building up to build up false in to put more agents on the Boundary Line to stop people who were losing their jobs may not be the most logical. But the question about immigration is not addressed in a holistic manner. It is a very dangerous world and i dont thank you understand that. Thank you. On that note. Good night. Number one who does the department of Homeland Security answer to . Then is the big question help their now there are incidents the department of Homeland Security actually investigates the office of Inspector General that investigates that and been bigger cases there is a couple of shooting cases people were controlled from the department of justice but the whole idea of accountability was a pretty sharp debate of what was happening now and there is a report to coming out a couple weeks ago that they identified 800 cases and 97 percent of those, there was no discipline taken of what would be considered some sort of abuse. Very few of those were. Very few were disciplined. I have a statement it may not be a popular position but i grew up in tucson. We went over the border. Nobody asks for people from mexico when work then go home. They cannot go home now so they are stuck when they come to work. I think they would like to go home but they cannot. That is a lot of the problem and perhaps that man did not understand that. Yes. There has been a lot of studies around the idea people feel that traditionally is cyclical where people come and go back but now there is a lot of talk it is much harder but you hear people dont even go home nfl loved one dies because they are afraid of the journey to come back to the United States. I wanted to say i was one of the people that was pulled over on highway 10 going from the knicks to las angeles for a business meeting from phoenix, arizona pulled over by Border Patrol before entering california and theh thats what took place, so thats the kind of, those are the kinds of incidents that are becoming quite commonplace. Quite normal actually. This took place a few days after the incident of Border Security the individual being shot and i felt vaguely as though this was sort of a crackdown on the border but the border between arizona and california. It was Border Patrol right . It was a Border Security mission that the board that the border border but show agent were pulling you over because they thought you were undocumented . You were smuggling drugs or you could have been smuggling contraband or you are a National Security risk. Something, those are the three