Transcripts For CSPAN2 All The Real Indians Died Off 20161127

She was bad, but she was good, too. Anything else . [inaudible] my biggest concern is how do you deal with that when you go out and combat, but how do you every day keep going and not let that ruin your life . While youre in there . Afterwards . Youve got to get home. Its one of those things they dont like down upon but they dont encourage you to seek mental help. When we get back, heres their situation. One day he might be overseas killing bad guys and 24 hours after that hes had our. No one knows when he leaves. No one knows when it comes back. The first thing you want to do is go have a bust and all that deployment the newly saved up and make some young grow rich. Jan girl rich. [laughter] but yeah, just getting help. Youre not stop for doing it. You have to let them know that. But definitely get help. It is going through something. Alcoholism is a big contributor to the suicide. I was selfmedicating for years. I remember waking up at 6 00 in the morning and drinking all the way until 4 00 in the morning, a big title of jack daniels. Another guy whos tattooed on me died. We were at a sniper party and cause me to decide and its like dude coming of a problem. No, im good, man. He came back in my dreams after the Suicide Attempt any site dude coming you need to stop. Thats what i didnt quit, but really calm down drastically in didnt let it control different thoughts and emotions of what not. Alcohol is a big thing in our community. Using it in excess of getting help. Do that. I would do that. You across rifles. [inaudible] whats up with that . Two years ago to this day. Who is your instructor down there . I was at the one in arkansas. Big guy. Big nose, always a pepper romance with the big dip in all the time. I forget his name. Hes like a walkin refrigerator or Something Like that. Thats a good guy, man. I went to the one in banning. By spotter went to sell it. I did decision high. Extreme longrange. After i went out, and went to israeli sniper school, finland and estonia. I wish i did. We had one of our guys, he got out three months ago came from 101st, went right before the last appointment and his 2012 had a chance to go. [inaudible] are your sniper to . Obviously. Anybody else . Area appears, asking. Haskins is fair, still. And this guy from texas, always has a dip in his mouth. It wasnt me, was it . Kind of talk like this all the time. Doesnt open his mouth at her. Thats like everybody. That describes everybody in the army. Eos in may because every time i get to the range i would light up a cigarette. Everyone there smoke. You ever not have a cigarette in your mouth . Do you ever not have a tip in your mouth . I bet he said something else. Anybody else . Lets get it started. It got shut down because big army hasnt taken any more. To go to battalion . All those budget cuts. When they take now we have in excess of infantrymen that has serious hills so we cant keep filling them up. Are you a fan . I plan to try to go selection when they take me. Yeah, go for it, man. Ive got a bad memory loss, man. I have to see a phase. I never forget a face, that names. I forgot the name we just talked about. Peers. Youre laughing. Im being serious. Are you ready to sign some books . Definitely. Lets do it, man. Okay, yup, thought it. [inaudible] thank you for coming out in all the midst of this rain. Usually rain deters people. Thank you for coming out. [inaudible] everybody to get started here . Thanks for waiting so patiently. Cspan is here recording so were very excited to have them here. And the director of rep artworks come a rep artworks, longtime independent bookstore inalbuquer albuquerque and for 30 years weve been hosting otters in supporting a lot of local endeavors. We are very pleased to have our partnership with the southwest indian polytechnic institute. We are here live in a Lovely Library and a very pleased to have you all here today. Given the state of our Current Events in our country and the fact that trees are still being disregarded and the desecration of the cultures still going on were very honored to have those two authors today talk about the various myths about native american culture. They are a very timely book. Other transplanted his all the real indians died off and 20 other myths about native americans is taking the country by storm. He mightve heard that locally. They grow up in oklahoma. She is the daughter. Enacted in the International Indigenous movement that is a lifetime social justice advocate. Ortiz tied in the new establishment of the American Studies Program with ethnic ids. There is the resistance, a history of new mexico in the recent book, and it changes peoples history of the United States. The confederate tribes, an awardwinning journalist and columnist in the country today. This is her first book he achieves a writer and researcher of indigenous studies and currently a researcher says he had collar at the center for world indigenous teddies. She also lives in california and san clemente, california. [applause] things to book works and Amanda Sutton and most of all the students and faculty who are here and staff. This is a very Important Institution in albuquerque. So dena and i are going to beach read a myth. You get two out of 21 hopefully that will make you want to read the others. I am starting off with myth number nine team. That is what is the problem with thinking that indian women as princesses or . Anyone ever heard that one . It is essential to acknowledge the diversity among Indigenous Women in the United States. They are citizens hundreds of distinct native nations that have particular cultural practices, language is and precolonial history as well as experiences under the united t states colonialism. Some lived in reduced portions of their nation original territory on reservations. The reservations to which the ancestors were moved and that is most of the Indigenous People from east of the mississippi were forcibly removed, now oklahoma. About half the native population live and work at any one time in urban areas. There is no one voice among natives because there is no such thing as a culturally and racially monolithic native woman. And never has been. Keeping that in mind, i am now going to talk about a lot of generality. Keep in mind this is the diversity. This is exactly the problem. Although they have changed over time, there is nearly monolithic one ethnic group or one racial category rather than nation, culture is, they produced the binary of the ian princess and the squad which described the native womens bodies then theres that is. The counterparts for male natives are romanticized warrior of course pocahontas and not mythologize figure persist in the movie and the hollywood movies. Pocahontas is always portrayed as beautiful and depicted as having and have a more european and other native people and having a petite but shapelyapelo body. They sometimes border on child and given the original pocahontas was a child when she met john smith. The common stereotype and other native womens scott albeit not categorized as princess of portrayed as compliance and helpful from the government spies such as lewis and clark. And explorers. They are portrayed as daughters of tribal chiefs. They h submit the pocahontas helps to perpetuate despite values because these are her community to become a christian and this insinuates that christianity is better than the traditional indigenous religion. That is that the pocahontas because the method of promoting sierra centric values and norms and as a tool of colonialism. On the other side of the binary, the usage of has fallen into disrepute with multiculturalism, but is still ubiquitous in old hollywood western and television all the time as well as Historical Documents there are so still around a thousand official names in the United States in which the term squaw squad is used. It remains an active stereotype of women even when the term itself is not used anymore in literature, movies and histories, even when being made in the now. We see the image of a surrogate drudge, a very dark silent figure is doing all the heavy lifting in indigenous settings with males engaged in warfare or having lay around while women dl the work or follow a distance behind the men. But the Indian Princess and the squaw constitute a basis stereotype meant to render whites superior twoway pager or quote european values. The precolonial rule since of e dataset women. With 100 societies in north america, depending whether the particular nation with agricultural base or reliant on seafaring or fishing and very widely different areas that is the arctic of the desert or transhuman like the buffalo people or harvesters of wild rice, acorn, dairies, not another food and medicines. The rules of the turkey in muskogee women of the eastern half of north america in to canada, the women of the pueblo and hope the city state and not the women and what is now the u. S. Southwest have been Much Research and found to be remarkable when compared with w womens roles in western europe on the eve of columbus and infamous appearance in the americas. In the agricultural society, women were the creators of seed and hybrid and planted their crops. Men participated in attending and the harvesting. Each of these nations had their virtue arms of government, but their common bases, food b production, corn, beans and squash, many varieties and colors were similar as for their communal relations. Whether women were also architects, builders, men were stonecutters and weavers. These very matrilineal societies in which women controlled directly or ceremonially the distribution of land use and food. Womens roles in governance. Some were probably strongest among the show day, the federation of the mohawk or dog of seneca nation. Certainty of lineages controlled the choice of male representatives for their clients in governing council. I shouldnt say in the past 10 because its still the way it is. The representatives, but the women who chose been had their right to speak in the council in when the chosen male representative was too young for an experience to be a fact is, the women might step in and participate in the council on his behalf. Mothers held the power to recall unsatisfied or your representatives. Charles c. Mann, the author of 1491 new revelations of the a americas before columbus called this government structure of feminists. The dream of freedom, solidarity and equity was the precolonial north america was trampled on by spanish, french and oppressive colonial regimes. But only the british had developed institutions of settler colonialist before colonies in north america. They had developed these methods and practices and the conquest and subjugation of the irish, pushing Small Farmers off their land to be replaced by commercially oriented settlers, both anglo and thought. Or something of the comment to develop sheet production deprives communities that the word, streams and wildlife they depended upon. So what you have is a lot of surplus people, a large disgruntled landless and jobless population persuaded to take the arduous oneway journey to british outposts on the Atlantic Coast of north america. This then was the start of british settler colonialism in north america. Then in new zealand and australia and of course canada, north america appeared exporting the surplus people with land and wealth if they could best in the deeply rooted civilization already they are. They brought with them the picture go coulter under roman and christian mother and practices. A level of subordination of women unknown in north america but inherent to the culture conquest and settlement whichis was based on violence in the violation of native women. Indigenous women had continued to bear the brunt of colonial violent specifically violence. Both within families and byncren settler predators and increasingly sex traffickers. Incidents of has long been astronomical. The colonial use restrictions on indigenous policing authority on reservations yet another legacy of conquest and the doctrine of discovery and with the impairment of indigenous sovereignty. It opens the door for perpetratperpetrat ors of central violence to know there will be no consequences for their k actions. Under the u. S. Colonial system, jurisdiction for crimes committed on native plants fall to the federal authorities by legislation and major crime facts in 1880s. Because native justice can be applied only to reservation residents and then only for misdemeanors. One in three native women has been experienced attempted and the rate of Sexual Assault on native american women is more than twice the national averagei for five years after the publication of a scathing 2007 report by amnesty international, native american womens organizations including theon ic National Organization of women lobbied congress to add a new section to the 1994 violence against women act, addressing the special situation of native american women looking on reservations. Added provision would give native nation for jurisdiction in their police to arrest and prosecute nonnative man who enter reservation and commit any other violent crime. At the end of 2012, the republican dominated u. S. Congress to enact a reauthorization of the violence against women act because it included that provision. There have been renewed ever since it went through 1992 without anyone batting an eye. But there is so much outcry from women that in march 23rd teen that opposition was overcome and president barack obama signed the amended act back into love. It was definitely a victory for a little increase in the knowledge sovereignty, but it also had some limitations. It not total solution. Another difficulty for Indigenous People in general in the United States, but especially for women, joann parker points out that demand for demonstrable native authenticity, which really means to appear and act in a particular prescribed manner to be considered an authentic native woman. This demand on women within the indigenous communities is not only emotionally painful, but create inequalities and painf injustices associated with the u. S. Pager article order of racism. Sexism, and fundamentalism. Lonii overcoming internal colonization is critical to achieving t decolonization and self determination. Native women scholars in the forefront of exposing the issues and the decolonization, empowerment and activism, another native scholar describes and analyzes the various ways that many nonindigenous in some indigenous not indigenous men and women, sophisticated academics viewed native women. And so doing she asked those is the damages by colonialism and privacy as they limit the full about and have native women in Higher Education and prevent them from realizing provincial indigenous roles. Centuries of colonization and christianity also manifest in pager article practices within native american communities, chasing the traditional relations between women and men but the resulting violence. Sults other results pointed out our severe income gaps and internal factionalism which fall heavily on women of them is reducing health care predation. Women are not able to carry out their traditional responsibilities. Sp however, there are many positive changes that Indigenous Women are making in their lives, relationships and professional advance man. This is an part rooted in a key role that native women haveof played in the past 40 years of research in native resistance. This resurgence arose after the 1953 congressional resolution to terminate the treatybased legal existence of automated nation, an attempt to carry out a bloodless genocide to completeto the violent genocidal u. S. Army and other militia campaigns at the 19th century. Termination was superseded company to vigorous relocation program. Younger natives wouldd voluntarily abandon americas designated urban areas for some initial expenses paid. Does the u. S. Government believed would make forced dispersal unnecessarily also it was promised that it would have been if they didnt do it voluntarily. Immediately, people began to a organize in some of into possible or regress in the United Nation in the 1950s. In 1861, young relocated natives along with some who would not let the reservations are in themselves into the inner Tribal National Indian Youth Council founded in based here in all the perky and still going strong today with a mohawk intellectual hill in building the urbanization nationally and worried ampersand doing so in the southwest. At the same time, workshops were organized and thought to give equal numbers of young native women and men. Quite extraordinary. This is in the 1950s and early 60s. In 1964, organize support for the Ongoing Movement to protect treaty guaranteed fishing ranch of the yakima pali is another Indigenous People through the Pacific Northwest in which the leadership included the extraordinary amount of bennett. While local actions multiplied in native communities and nations during the 19th six days spectacular november 1969 and following 18 months occupation of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco bay grabbed wide media attention. Native American Students and Community Members living in the bay area initiated an alliance known as indians of all tribes. Lage. From all over the continent radicalizing thousands especially native youth. They were impressive among them many others who had continued to organize in serve as role models in the early 21st century. Three years later in 1973 hundreds of militarized fbi and other federal and state other federal and state agencies around at wounded knee. A hamlet on the Pine Ridge Reservation in south dakota here and so begin to inhabit month half months each against the American Indian movement protesters and the traditional people. They were there at that spot, the 1890 massacre site, wounded knee. So wounded knee was made up a little more than a trading post, a Catholic Church, a mass grave of hundreds slaughtered by the u. S. Seventh calvary in 1890. During the 1970s seizure armedps personnel carriers, helicopters and military snipers surrounded the site while supply chains of mostly women made their way through the Military Lines and back out again to the dark of night. I didnt come as an alcatraz, the leader was prominent. As were dozens of other women of all ages both inside and outside the basij compound who organized support systems around the country. Right now at this moment and older can be found as the Standing Rock, at the campt Standing Rock on the front lines opposing the pipeline, and struggling for a Better Future for all native people your. [applause] id like to honor the original people of this land, the people of the pueblo, hispanic by blow. I want to read next number eight, the title of this chapter is called the United States did not have a policy of genocide. We know its really aco controversial topic even today, especially in academia. Theres a lot of argument about what genocide is and whether not it actually happened here. So ill just jump right into it. A 19 year old native of navajo and mighty ancestry was a sophomore english major at Sacramento State university in september 2015 when she got into an intellectual puzzle with her American History professor one day in class. A lecture about california indian history, the parttime adjunct professor claimed he didnt like the term genocide when describing made of American History believing it to be too strong a word for what happened and saint genocide applies, that it was on purpose and most native people wiped out by europeans anyway. Over the next couple of days ongoing class discussions, and johnson provide evidence for genocide, weissmann contended she hijacked the class i was accusing him of bigotry and racism. Claims emerged he subsequently to some older from the class, claims that were later disputed, triggering an investigation into the incident. The result of the investigation found no one at fault. Story quickly infiltrated in Media Outlets and sparked debate whether or not genocide accurately characterizes history. A few topic can elicit the emotional charge that questions of genocide count. Imposed to those who implicate the quote, crime of crimes along side nazi germany and the empire and armenian again side and others. It wasnt until second half of the 240th century with the rise of the civil rights movement, the birth of ethic and native Study Programs and increasing interest of people of higher into Higher Education that scholars began applying genocide to u. S. Policies even though the term extermination was widely used throughout 149th century and earlier referring to u. S. Policies regarding indians. A bill had been passed into defense appropriations bill, the joint resolution acknowledges historical events like the massacre and sand creek removal from their homeland and taking children for education and the distant boarding schools acknowledges, quote, years of official deprivation by the federal Government Regarding indian tribes, unquote and expresses, quote, regret for the ramification, but no where is the word genocide used. In fact, to minimize u. S. Violence against natives, natives and nonnatives settler engaged in numerous Armed Conflict in which unfortunately both took innocent lives including those of women and children. The warfare that United States and earlier european settlers exercised against native peoples which ultimately killed par more natives than nonnatives. Based and whether or not genocide occurred on u. S. Toil, followed different tracks and depend largely upon narrowly or loosely how narrowly or loosely genocide is defined. The most common method is compared to jewish holocaust, for example. The problem with too expansive a definition is that deluding the criteria renders definition meaningless. On the other hand, if the definition of genocide is limited, the actual mass killing of victim peoples blurs the concept of genocide by demining, quote, those practice directed against whole peoples or other definable social groups with destroying integrities in cultural genocide. Its problematic because it obscures the seriousness obviously intended in the campaign to make genocide a crime. Instead of thinking of genocide understand how colonial violence unfolds. Another argument detractor to receive genocide contention is the one used by Sacramento State professor that it was disease that killed mo that it was disease that killed off most of the indigenous population, not violence. Decline of native population was due primarily to the Natural Disaster of biological pathogens, its been widely perpetuated that has become standard among historians. One of the biggest problems is that it also promulgated the myth of an up occupied virgin wilderness that justified encroachment into native territories. A third and more moderate line of analysis holds that the term genocide may not necessarily apply to all American Indian groups by might more appropriately be assessed on a group by group or region by region basis, a concept that will return to. In order to make accurate assessment of genocide there must also be evidence of deliberate state or government to inaluate an entire population, in the academic world despite resistance during 1970s and early 1980s within some discipline to grant platforms to the study of genocide, the genealogy of native american, genocide is more than academic study since it is a crime under International Law framed by a treaty and case law. 1446 Member States including the United States signatory of the convention, it was he who claimed an defined the germ genocide in 1994 as it was adopted in the Un Convention. According to the text of the treaty in present, in the present convention genocide means following acts committed with intent to distribute and national ethnical racial or religious group as such telling members of the group be causing seriously mentally harm to members of the group, c, deliberately inflicting on the Group Conditions of life calculate today bring about its physical destruction intended measures intended to create within the group and e forcibly transfer children to another group. The decryption con constitute two aspects of genocide. Physical, which are each of those criteria and which is the intent to destroy. According to organization prevent Genocide International its a crime to plan or incite genocide even before killing starts or aide or abet genocide, criminal acts include conspiracy , public incitement and then u. S. Context, the forcible transfer of children throughout the Indian Boarding School era and the intent to have transracial indian adoption alone arguably count as genocidal intent even if no other criteria are concerned. Yet, even if we accept conservative arguments against the u. S. Genocide intent, against all indicate kind groups as a whole and asset it on a regional basis, california stands out as an exceptional site of genocidal intent according to research of lindsey. Lindsey draws on the Un Genocide Convention to defend claims of full scale genocide in his Award Winning 2014 book murder genocide 1846 to 1873. For lindsey it is, quote, not exercise in presentism to employ the Un Convention as a model in a study of genocide for a period well before its creation, unquote, because the roots of genocide go deep into historical past. Even though the term genocide did not exist in 19th century california, the concept of extermination was well developed and widely deployed throughout the state. Citizen militias were empowered to murder indians by a legal system that offered indians no protection and rendered their existence basically illegal. The same legal structure that allowed the existence of a system of indian slavery disguised as apprenticeship. Recent research affirming lindseys findings revealed that after 1846 at least 20,000 california indians worked in some form of bondage under nonnative. We are talking about early 20th century here. Late 19th, early 20th century. Lindsey contends that by separating families, depriving children of native linguistic and Cultural Education and inflicting mental and physical hardships, euro americans destroyed native families, lowered birthrates and committed physical and cultural economic genocide. Lindseys Research Finds that rather than a government orchestrating population of a group, the population orchestrated a government to destroy a group as lindsey writes, quote, while california had a state militia it was illegal organized heavily armed, local volunteer that committed most of the murderers need today speed up dispossession and destruction of california native peoples. These men, democracy aroused native americans. Citizen soldiers engaged in acts of selfinterest and selfpreservation. The California Gold rush had inspired a state supported philosophy, extermination that only recently has accepted believe begun to referred to as genocide in the scholarship and lindseys remarkable study gathered from documentation of the era argues that a campaign was waged against california indians between 1846 and 1873, carried out by largely by citizens, citizen soldiers in open quote companies, unquote. The extermination of native people was driven initially not only by the gold rush and the imperative of manifest destiny but increasing change and gold and land and gold rush failed to live up to the expectations of immigrant minors, land became to be more important than gold. As indians were pushed out of traditional territory because of flooded White Settlement into native territories, they resisted and fought back in multiple ways to protect lands, cultures and sovereignty. Selfdefense was construed as aggression and deeply entrenched ideology of indian inpure this paveed the way for the blahed bath that took place during the second half of the 19th century. Finally lindsey writes, a key to understanding the relationships between native americans and nonnative in california was to recognize our shared past contains a genocide of monstrous character and proportions perpetuated by democratic freedom loving citizens under the name of dem democracy but really to secure great wealth in the form of land against indians. We californians, he says, are the beneficiaries of genocide. Around the same time that johnson was battling her professor at sack memento state sacramento about genocide was being debated with church. One step on the record to canonization, declarization of sainthood. Potential saints must demonstrate holiness through types of godly works and miracles. Sarah qualified for sainthood in california when he founded the California Mission system in the 18th century. He was held up as a modern model for todays hispanics for the vatican said. But to do descendants of the indians who converted, sarah was qualified for sainthood. Native scholars and activists have known about abuses of Catholic Church and denounced them and criticized by many as part of bush notorious agenda. The mission bill performed the work of not only stimulating the california tourist economy but also image of the California Mission era. At time california indians considered the beginning of the brutality begins with the spanish padres under father serra. When the tide began to change and the deeply entrenched habit of romanticizing the mission have not allowed for the characterization of slavery by the Catholic Church. In 14978 however, historian robert controversially called attention to the Mission History by blatantly referring to it as a system of slavery comparing it to the open quote forced movement of black people from africa to the american south, end quote. Making the connection between forced labor and spanish economic selfinterest. He argued that under the spanish there was little distinction between the secular and religious because of vested interest in economic exploitation of natives possible within the system. Two often economic exploitation of native peoples was the Strongest Foundation of the surrounding civilian and military society. In 2004elias castillo a threetime pulitzer nominee criticizing the Mission Preservation bill and discarding the missions of little more than death camps run by francisco, castillo also said that the editorial prompted him to write the book called across the storms, california indians by the Mission System which wasnt released until january 2015, well into the sarah canonization crusade. The movement with a petition urging pope francis to aband open his canonization plans signed over signed by over 10,000 people. By the pope traveling to south america and apologizing for mistreatment of the church, he might be persuaded to change his mind. The church stood up for sarahs work claiming that it was unfair to judge sarah for his actions by todays standards and it contended that the prior had protected the indians. So i think now is a good time to open the conversation and maybe start taking questions, see whats on peoples minds, see if we can find a way to connect some of these some of what you read, what you heard us read here now or other things that might be on your mind, how can we bring this concept into the present moment or the conversations into the present moment. I do have a mic, i can bring over to you. If the authors maybe repeat the question for the audio feed, that would be great. Anybody had a question . Dont be shy. Hi, we have seen how badly protectors are being treated in Standing Rock and nobody is doing anything to protect them, how can that be . So the question is as we are watching the water protectors at Standing Rock being treated so badly and nobody seems to be protecting them. Well, i would say that theres actually well, i wouldnt put it exactly that way. There are water protectors but also relying on the treaties of 1851, 1868 which are their protection, their ancestors and died for and they had to give up a good deal of land to get a continuous land base so there are many other issues involved like the black hills by custard, the seventh cavalr and annexation and the governments admitted that but theyve only allowed money or payment of 80 million. That was in 1980. That sum is now its a trust fund. They refuse today take it. You have seen the conditions of people in the reservations there. The poorest people in the western hemisphere. They refused to take 80 million. They still refused. Its in a trust fund. 2. 5billion. So these are people who dont need protection, they need massive, massive numbers of u. S. Citizens demanding of this government, return to the black hills, stop all of the degradation of the land in that area. Thats what they really need. I think its the definition of genocide. I think that u. S. Citizens, government and all leaders are denying that and, i think, i really like how you define the definition is intent to destroy, intent to destroy people and culture. It is defined as though they are awry yacht and so i think we still have a long way of understanding this, i think, america is still in denial of this and i think it will make many voices through written texts through education to make this known. Its been a lifetime struggle. I just wanted to comment. I dont know if its a question but its just a comment. Thank you. So just to reflect back what youre saying, what youre saying is you think we are still struggling to have the concept of genocide recognized and its absolutely true and the way that the way the evidence for that is in this official apology bill that we were given in 2009 that was signed into law by president obama says that, you know, they regret the ramifications, they regret for ramifications of former wrongs. Thats really important language. What theyre saying is theyre placing that in the past, right, whatever we did, you know, in the past, even though you guys and theres the claws in there, you guys murdered people too, even but thats the past now and its an advocation of accountability for whats happened now and what continues to happen now and we argue in the book, we ground in the theory of settler colonialism and settler colonialism is not historic event, its a structure and that structure is all about the continual disposition of indigenous land to be transferred into into nonnative hands and so this is the process of eraseing peoples and the past so we can all move together into a beautiful multicultural future, so thats the thing. It is a denial of the past and what happens and its woven into the systems that we have today. Thats really the worst part of it. [inaudible] in oklahoma where we come from, my mom is a member and they told me one day, go change that name. I was nobody. So i told the coworker of mine and she told somebody and they came with a bill that was already in the books for five years that you could change the name but it had to be individually within the counties, wherever they were. So we went to the city and the county, we had to talk to the county and we did and because the elders wanted that and they wanted to change it to [inaudible] the people. The council actually did take that into consideration that they also wanted other names, so people came forward and somebody came, the army post, they suggested cross cannon creek. [laughter] [inaudible] so eventually without notice, one day we were going to actually honoring for my mother and everybody was asleep because we had to get up early that morning. [laughter] [inaudible] when we do Little Things like that like what youre doing, it will get there eventually. Its going to take probably longer or as long as it took for all that. Thank you. So to repeat a little bit, the comanches in oklahoma tried to get the council to change the name squaw creek, which means the people in comanche. They push back on and said no and they saw the other names like cross canyon creek which meant, well, by the battle, the massacre of the cheyenne nearby by custer. They thought of other things but our friend here said shes driving down the highway one day and suddenly she saw the sign. They had changed it. So thats really progress in the sense they did it on their own. There were no demonstrations or anything. Its a teaching process. I just want to bring up something that i think is really an important way to conceive of how nonindians can think about what to do. Have any of you seen michaelel moores latest movie of where should we invade next . You know that part county goes to different places. For those of you who havent seen it, like in france, he likes to eat at the gourmet meals they serve students in the Public Schools. In the Health System in britain. So in germany hes looking at various things i think he comes into a classroom, middle school or high school students. The teacher, he listens to the class. They are learning about genocide. They are running about the holocaust learning about. You cant imagine come in the United States that kind of teaching going on in the classroom, kids shouldnt have to learn these things, right . And so he sees in the classroom as one african, african g immigrant. So he goes to him and he says what about you . These people were nonjewish people, germans, learning what sometimes their own relatives have done in recent times. He says what about you . You didnt have anything to do with this. You came from africa where your people really suffered genocideh too. And the young man said, i am now a german citizen and i have the responsibility for the history. So i think that is exactly what everyone in this country, every immigrant, africanamerican, latino, every single person, every single classroom has to in view that sense of responsibility for that history. Of course, not only genocide of native peoples but to acknowledge it and then say what comes next . Restitution. And also reparation for slavery. Thats an automatic jump. You cant just say that are not do something. Ys germany pays reparations to this day. Till this day. People didnt they didnt die and live in, you know, fear but this is great fear of the truth in the United States. So i think that is very important that sense of responsibility and it makes people of okay, weve got the next question. I was curious about your thoughts on well, first, i was watching democracy now in which woodly, you know, the actor in movie interviewed by amy goodman and ive seen her interview quite a few times. I know shes, you know, for the native people at Standing Rock and advocating for that movement, but a few times ive seen her interview and she would Say Something to the matter of, you know, oh, you know, native tribes have been fighting each other for a really long time and this is the first time that all the tribes are coming together for this great cause, right, and so it reminds me thinking of the myth, you know, of native people, the myth in relation to genocide is that a lot of americans believe that oh, well, you know, tribes were already fighting each other and killing each other off before plans down the idea of genocide against native people. And so i hear her saying that and even mark to a certain extent, the famous actor, and so i was just wondering your comment on that, on that mess and maybe perhaps about, you know, when we think about, you know, americans and obviously, but, yes, i also feel theres ignorance in terms of being an american when it comes to really the genocide of native people that continue today to certain policies that exist attitudes that certain exists, that still exists towards native people, like even in the city of albuquerque and so i just wanted to know your thoughts on that particular message specially message about indians were killing each other before settlers came. Anyway, if you can comment on that . To summarize the question, orlando says that in the Standing Rock Coverage Even among some of the allies like shakenly woodly the actress and mark ruffalo, embedded myths like well, indians were killing each other before settlers even got here which stands as a justification for the settler con scwes conquest that ends up happening and youre right. Even the allies, people who intend well and want to do the right thing are still bound by their own ignorance, miseducation, we have all been miseducated here. If we grew up in the Public School system we are miseducated. Our children are being miseducated now. But to that question directly about the indian savagery to each other, we have a chapter about that. [laughter] we know this. Hes are these are the ones that. Most pervasive. But i was at a cnm before a year before i went to u m and i had a professor, arestaurant my teacher who i got into a conversation who actually said that to me. Indians were killing each other anyway and as a way to downplay the history violence of the United States government. And we do that in the chapter and we do it in a bunch of different ways but we point out that it really plays into the savage native stereotype and we refute it, refute the fact that indians were killing each other because if you look at military studies and thats what we do, we go into roxanne did that in previous book of history of early military practices and the citizen citizenry militias and all that. And these scholars, the military scholars really argue, you know, they provide an argument that is that completely refutes that. Also even a lot of native people think that, well, the navajo disputes are pueblos on land that these were implacable enemies, books and books, i did lat inAmerican History and spanish and new mexico, the two times and the revolution, 1680 and then up to u. S. Colonization. Jack had published a book in 1960, migrated down in precolonial times to this area, at alaska where they originated and canada, they called themselves diny also and apaches are related and they did hear the 98 city states including hopy and all the rio grande and many more. There were 98, reduced to 21 by the spanish and then 19. But they had their irrigation , there were conflicts over water. If theres any abuse at the height of the water where its coming from, theres no water for laguna, so there were there was diplomacy, there was all kinds of major, Alfonso Ortiz brilliant, i use his i have a chapter using his work that they would recruit navajos and apaches to fight each other. It was internal struggle over water supply which is a normal human thing and it didnt last long, but when the spanish came, of course, the land they wanted was the pueblo land because they we wanted to appropriate already developed land and simply take it away from them and, you know, then starved to death but the navajos and apache they were not conquerable. And so they simply u. S. Historians who study this area just assumed there was always a hostility between the pueblos and the apaches and navajos. It still gets repeated and repeated over a long time, hatred between these nations. They can never get together, they could never unify and to use that we see at Standing Rock right now, its an opportunistic way to make that e rroneus point. Thats the loop way of doing it. Its element outright bigotry because you can deal with. But its so wrong. And it then leads to all other kinds of thinkings about native people, their relationship. For wasnt thing there have been many times, in fact, week after week, month after month, inner tribeal all northern continent, there are basketball games, there are interchanges of nay tiff people, certainly precolonial times. This was not unusual, five years ago the northern shian and the looni in seattle built a relationship to pipeline and they wanted oil plant. So theyve been United Fighting this and with other people in between. Its just it hasnt gotten attention. So because it habit gotten attention, now they are. Any other question or commentary . Theresa gomez. I would just like to ask you, do you still think theres a genocide against indian people going on because you mentioned that decade ago and we still have we havent in canada theres murder of missing women but in the u. S. We dont have one and we still have murdered missing women and men that go on and if you pay close attention to the news that report about native americans, many are murdered and its just from homelands to guy standing on the street or things like that, would you say that theres still ongoing . Theresas question to reiterate is there a still a genocide going on against native people. I would say, i would go back to patrick the scholar who coins this idea of settler colonialism and it being system of e elimination, thats one way that it occurs. I think that maybe, i dont know if the argument can be made about an actual genocide, maybe. I would say its maybe for accurate or maybe useful to think of it in terms of the structure of elimination that the United States is based on and, you know, this elimination happens in all the different kinds of ways that wrote the political existences of people, so, you know, all of these forces that have happened, boarding schools, the officially encouraged into marriage, definitions of the native americans are based, that kind of stuff, yeah, i think its just its a structural system that has been crystallized in the American Society that is really, i think, more relevant way of looking at it. A point about genocide, ive been doing this International Law work for about 40 years now for a project native project at the United Nations that came after wounded knee, taking the treaties there but now its a worldwide Indigenous Movement and the Genocide Convention is a live convention. 1948, came into effect in 1950 the United States didnt ratify it until 1988. They are the only country in the world that didnt ratify the Genocide Conventions until 1988. They also made exceptions to it, but that means that to bring the case now, it has to have implications of genocide that are happening since 1988 and i actually think there is and others do too, we are actually building cases on genocide based on that item, the five items that can constitute genocide, you dont have to have them all, any wasnt of them and the creation of conditions that make a future impossible for a group, you see it being played out right now in Standing Rock. You see it being played out in, you know, in the coastal area where is salmon is the heart of the culture and the nutrition and people coming together, these communities that are unique communities that have this bond. Thats going to be a wasteland in a few years unless this production. They will not be able to continue to exist as the people so and the other thing that Genocide Convention is titled the prevention and protection, so prevention you can bring a case based on no, its not a genocide yet, but it must be prevented and thats what im arguing right now about Standing Rock when i talk to people that that use the Genocide Convention. If this goes on and this wont be the last of it if they do this, they have all the allotments and leases from the Indian Organization act and illegally the federal government allowing this land to be illegally kept, it has to be bundled together and refuted and i think i actually think a genocide is something that we can document and present to the international you know, to the International Criminal court. A quick followup. Oh, im sorry. Little thing we have to protect here. I was thinking about ive been paying attention on facebook to the Standing Rock and so it looked to me, i havent been up there yet but some of my students have, and it looked to me how easily they were spraying that gas on to the people and beating them down and what why is that not called genocide . She was doing a procedure to me and she said, you mean youve never had this done, no, those people are killing you on, not only at the dentist at the hospitals. [laughter] here in albuquerque we are met with different attitude, so anything in many ways [inaudible] i thought, i was watching the police or the security or whatever was spraying those people and the way they were looking at them, i thought how easily they spray these people and hit these people when like no regard that they are people, you know, and so i thought, i feel like its still going on and i dont know if im right, but thats my attitude toward it, thank you. I think we should maybe one more question and then i think people would like to talk to us individually and sign books, maybe. Our last question here. After that i have a book table in the back if you would like to take a look at the books and possibly purchase books and we have a couple of roxannes other books, here is our last question. Im interested in the previous job that i had put your microphone equal opportunity. Thank you for your presentation today and [inaudible] but what happens is on an interview when someone is requesting a new contract, you could go in and, you know, make the application. We are worried about are you based on the population, what youre supposed to do and that is our people in the way that they are represented in the community, so that you have a good indication of your population as being represented of the area that youre in. The people could get away with Something Like hiring somebody, you know, some female, somebody, and assign them to a hard maintenance job and again knowing that as bad as it was that they were going to leave so they could always get approved for the contract that they had set up and not be called on for it. And it was an easy way of basically taking really hard working individuals, does it make any difference to females just when entered in the category and its hurt a lot of people. Thank you. As you can see what im saying. Yeah. Thank you. I think the point is there are a lot of things that go on with economic, cultural depressions. Hello. Hi. Hello. My name is sean and my question is [inaudible] as you mentioned earlier about the community has been really crystallized and you see it on many levels. So my question is, it is election season, so if they democrats take the presidency, the house, both houses, i wonder if there will be more legislation and things that can change, you know, what i mean, more room for those small incremental steps because from im a student from college and i studied Political Science and native american studies so i truly believe that in order the change these things its going to be a long, long process as far as like a hundredyear plan. So, i guess, i think the way change can happen will be more like a constructivetype of idea where we can be changing, you know, what i mean, after that complete or little name changes that we have grown up in this area my whole life ive seen like you mentioned earlier, like every book that i read of the battle, my people and all this stuff but the truth is there is a past that history and navajo have a lot of allies and Culture Technology exchange. And not realizing that theres a lot of international affairs, but so to summarize that, that so to summarize that question you are asking if we do change and a Political Leadership in the country, especially if its turns a democrat, what are the chances of, do we have hope for breaking down the systems i imagine what youre saying to bring about real political equality for native people. I dont know. I agree with you that if thats possible, its a long way out. Its a really longterm project. Its going to require breaking down the systems that the United States dominant society is bound by this midget you case in thh miseducation, that is constructed American Society. So on the one hand, that has to be deconstructed and reconstructed. Thats like mind boggling huge project. And so thats one piece of it. But the big problem in my opinion, the way the system is