Transcripts For CSPAN2 Alfred 20240705

Did you know that one was in dc and was in maryland . He became one of the first africanamerican journeyman printers in the u. S. Government office. When he left to develop the university of d. C. Printing and publishing program. Was one of the highest ranking africanamerican ins in the us printing office. So breaking racial boundaries everywhere he went in his second career. Dr. Taylor, a bachelor of science degree at the Washington Technical Institute for teacher technical teacher training. He earned his masters degree in administration and supervision of adult education. So he knows what he is doing today as he talks with us. And he earned a doctorate in education at Virginia Polytechnic Institute at university of the district of columbia. Dr. Taylor served as the assistant for the college of professional studies and he was later named acting. He retired from udc after 31 years and since. Fortunately for us, he has written several books, Bridge Builders of knock green valley, which explores the lives of many green residents who made significant but unsung contributions to their community. Dr. Remains a Community Activist and has served as president of the valley civic association. Please help me welcome dr. Taylor taylor. Water. First, id like to say good evening to everyone and thank you for coming out. So my pleasure. You could have been sitting at home looking at it on television, but you elected to come out. And for that, im out for a appreciative, as you saw earlier, i was born and the green valley section of arlington, 1934. And ive seen a lot of changes in arlington. But im not a product of. The Arlington County public schools. I was educated in d. C. Public schools simply because during that i went to school pre integration time and the d. C. School system had what was one of the Better School systems for africanamericans in the country. So then today i will be talking about the research that i have done to write this book on. My great grandfather though how did i come about writing this book . Oh, okay. Coming up, everyone was interested in cowboys. You know, cowboys and indians and things. And i was a cowboy, an indian fan. And used to hear when the bugle blew the calvary always came around to rescue the people from the native americans and things and it wasnt until later on my niece was research on them. My major. I feel part of the family when we found out that my great grandfather was a buffalo soldier. So i said wow every time i see the cavalry come out ive never seen African American cowboy or a bear. So i decided to say well let me start to go and do some research and try to find out some of the things that my great grandfather did and thats what got me started. I was more when i found out at 20 of the calvary was African Americans. So then i started to delve into my great grandfathers life and i found out my great was born and emilio courthouse, virginia. Thats one of the richmond suburbs. He ran away home at 15 years of age, put up his age to join the u. S. Colored troops. In 1865. Well on july the 28th, 1866, something significant. About july 20. That happened to be what my birthday was,. July 21. They knew i was going to be there. So say in 1866. They asked the regular branch of service no longer volunteer where they would start pay veterans of service people. So my great grandfather then got the washing to niecy and joined the states regular army and. 1866 he was first put into what was called. 40th Infantry Division. They took recruits from baltimore and washington, d. C. And they sent their to North Carolina to further collect and order to form up a regiment. So in doing further research, i found out that the Buffalo Soldiers fought fort macon, fort hatteras of fort fisher are places in North Carolina. Fort carswell, kinston, plummer and goldsboro. Interesting. Boy, i have a niece live in goldsboro right now, but the buffalo back in the 1860s went there to recruit. They also in South Carolina at pinckney, orangeburg, walterboro and the hilton head. And never they stayed at one place more because they were moving around and they would recruiting but after they got to form a regiment they then moved to some of them to louisiana for further. And of course in louisiana, the kennedys were horrible. They were trained in the swamp parts and things that nature. But the interesting part, the were never. In to the regular army. The reason that it was decided to get go and hire the girl from the africanamerican divisions was because with all the heads so much going on in the south with all of the free, the contraband, the north and the south against, each other came even for the land move in the indian that they relinquished and they form to calvary troops and Infantry Troop the ninth calvary the 10th calvary, 37th, 38th, 39th and 40th Infantry Division later on. And youre find in 1869, they kind of understood a little more to two or infantry or and two calvary they were never thought of to be soldiers they really wanted their in there to support the war support alpha you know build the forts during the war and all of that. They never intended for them to be soldiers. The conditions were very horrible in fact all their officers were white. In fact many also refused to command them. In fact, one of those who refused to command had the. Ninth calvary was general george custer. General custer refused command of night because they were all africanamerican and took command of the seventh calvary. So those of you who go later in the history, you know, what happened to custers, you know what happened to the seventh calvary, you know, who was out to be allowed to seventh calvary was the ninth calvary that had been where he had refused. Have they put conditions were horrible of which trained under. They were hated by. The blacks the i mean by the white. They were hated by the indians. They were hated by the settlers. But they still had to operate on those conditions. So after they my great grandfather joined, as i say, in. 18 and 18 and 68, his time was up in the infantry. He reenlisted in boston, massachusetts and was assigned the 10th Calvary Company. B the. One of the hardest parts doing this research. Well, there is nothing but a Little Information on the troops. Theres a lot of information out on the command as all the heads of but very little on the troops. So i had to discover what i wanted to do and let me put upon him all of this going on. I started my research in 2012, so thought processes were a little different than. 2022 when we talked about we can talk about these things now, but i decided i wanted to put right my story from trying to go in and research on and write the story from his eyes. You know, they were movie versions just see movie version of calvary all of that. But wanted to really try to find what they went through. They troopers themselves went through. So how i tell it there it was a difficult task of getting enough information even to put out the book. I had to get data started with the army Getting Service records and all of it records and things as all of his enlistment and you know, in those times a calvary person, you had to, it was a five year enlistment time. So and they transferred all over all over the west. So ive trying to keep up with them. I had to read a lot books, mostly on calvary stories and pieced together, for instance instance, i would find at thing that whole such and such a battle tip. Calvary company, be it such, such a thing. Well, had to make that i would then make assumption right there that my great grandfather was so he one of those that well that because the book that the 10th calvary maybe did that matching it up with his Service Records at that time frame he was in company b 10th calvary which he so most of his time so a thousands of interesting things that then that put in first thing as i say they said well send them to texas because its so hot in texas taking more or less with stanley. So their first duties was in the texas buying texans and in in the winter they sent to the plains and they had the o go through the horrible womens that they had out there, mostly with their little blanket that was all naval horse was also the blanket that he is covering. So they were at the job. Most of their main job to guard wagon trains all the settlers who were moving was stirring telegraph while built forts and. Incidentally, if you ever go fort sill in oklahoma, some of the buildings are still there at the 10th calvary built. In 1880 and something for sale, oklahoma. That was oklahoma was then called Indian Country. Most of the things were in oklahoma and fort sill at one time was the headquarter for the 10th calvary, the first home. Interesting things that i found out. In 1873 that my great grandfather was Court Martial. It was a Court Martial for the what they said neck. That duty and what had happened. And i was able to get the manuscript of his trial a. A prisoner had escaped. And because he was in charge of the prisoner, he was Court Martial while he went before tribunal and all that first occasion in 1873, he was. Father said it wasnt his fault or he couldnt have stopped the person from escaping. I was reading book called frontier calvary, but it just, you know, this the way i had to get i had to read all these books of all of these officers and things i never knew. But in order to get my story, i had to read all these different both on the buffalo soldier and things. And i ran across a book called the frontier calvary and. And it was a story of a lute of a john. In 1870s seven he grabbed razor from west point and, his first duty assignment was for duncan, texas and. He was in charge. Oh. The 10th Calvary Company. Be well of course he had enough day. Im going to lock right into that cause know i can find out something about my grandmother and what i did find something in this book when. I get to page 60 of his book. It said, oh, my first duty at fort duncan. When i reported, i found a letter on my bed. This letter was from a private alfred pryor first time my grandfather name, the mentally ill or letter from a private of pride complaining that the purse payment i had not paid him and he had been in the field for six months. And when went to the paymaster, paymaster wouldnt get him and his mother. So the lieutenant john bigelow said he trust the letter a little bit and sent it to paymaster or cut a little crudely written that he wouldnt superior that way of put the only point and never said whether he got his money or not. But it did. But i put together a story this i had to piece together sort of like the wars he fought in. He. Know the story. I picked up. Well, i was telling court months in 1880 a game he was Court Martial for the same thing he was had been promoted to sergeant then and he was sergeant garrison and a prisoner escaped and. They caught my silly for neglect of duty. But they found him guilty. This. But because of his long serve us normally when they were found guilty on Court Martial, you must. What they say because of his long and dedication, they were only to deduct pay for too month and demote him to a private. Well, he would 30 a month. So they took 20 a month for two months and things of that nature. And im going through, trying to show you how how we found all these stories and things that you will find in my book. I got them again. This was. 1878. I found another fact. In follow in the enlistment it said in february or. 18 78, 50 of troopers were detailed to the 24th infantry. And that his records said he was tread detail from. 10 to 20 fourth infantry following had said 15 were from the 24th infantry to the Second Artillery to check of the getting go. The the gatling well, ive now narrowed it down. My grandfather was one of the 15 who did the research, who did the preliminary work on the gatling gun. The further it said that, oh, the troopers did very well with the gatling, and they did very well. But they were never allowed to use it in battle. They were never allowed to use in battle. In fact, the army never put any africanamerican and then artillery or Armored Division because they did not want them to be armed. That much. I was one of the reason that they want that. They said troopers immediately with from south they sent them to Indian Country because they didnt know didnt want the troopers to be armed round them. So that was an interesting story that i found. So most of it also, don, as part of the. 10th calvary, if you heard the story of a victorious on victory was a great opportunity, who broke away from the rest of the reservation and they to chase them, they the bad boy they won the battle and chased him all over the Indian Country. So it i traced where my grandfather was in those battles where company b did this company b, where they in the end, victoria was finally by the mexican army, but they had chased him all over the west down to mex ago and way and its called victorious war. But then and he was transferred in 1883 to the ninth calvary and ninth Calvary Company. K. And i found some interesting things and company k company k was the ninth carver was the one that was called on and little big horn to try to save george custers. Now when we get the pine ridge or the battle of wounded knee, whos under siege, the seventh calvary whos called to try to save the seventh calvary again, this is some 18 years later after was the ninth calvary on the ninth calvary at the time at Fort Mckinley in nebraska when the lakota indians on the Pine Ridge Reservation all had their go stance of rising. So they were out and went down and, rolled through freezing rain and cold from Fort Mckinley, nebraska, to what is now ridge reservation in south dakota. They got down. They had the they were the seventh was trapped. But because they named the bailed them out again, they had a battling and what about the call to get the gun there but they had a gun that saved seven at wounded as there result of this they commanding all four so a major guy henry petitioned the congress to. Company k. Nine calvary to fort ma. Okay congress should let it and they bought company k to fort myer virginia and eight 1891 my grandfather was in company k. Nine calvary. They were the first blacks to be stationed east of the mississippi since reconstruction days and the first ones to be stationed at a population m1 close to a populated. So they were brought to fort margin. In 1891. They have they not only. Where they good calvary man but they were good show raiders too. They were on shows and things in for my they served in president ial and things of that nature and if youre familiar my familiar with arlington if you go down route 50 right that persian drive almost that is the henry gate and that gate was for the major who brought my great grandfather to perform virginia and 18 91. He stayed for my virginia until 1893 when they sent unit back to nebraska. He then opted out. I dont know why he he got out after 26 years and settle in. George town and foggy bottom section of georgetown. I guess it was like Everything Else was in an urban city. Can more money and things know of his settling just down and right now take a break and get into any more and i wont have any question question. Yes yes for the life. Or most of the troops, there were plenty civil war veterans wondering why do they have go . Finally, those troops were like. So that again, a when the regular army was in the late 1860s, they had plenty of guys left over the civil war, wanted to go in the army. One had so much trouble for they didnt have trouble recruiting for the night for one night, the night fell. The early of that was down near the southern plantation the tip. They had a lot more trouble recruiting in the town because the turf officers wanted a soldier with a little ability to i guess leadership and things of that nature. They were harder to staff the tip and was a night until douglass and some other people started to convince a lot of the africanamerican to join the service for as a result of being a easier and in the hopes of full citizenship, which they never got. But they there were a and nine was made up of originally of a lot of the civil war veterans who were had fought battle before, went into. The other you you know, course. Work. Its interesting hear how you piece together the history of your grandfathers service by comparing the military records with books that youve read have been written on an entirely different aspects of military service. Could you give us some idea of what the condition of the military records were that you received . Were these copies of handwritten and yellowed pages or where they were yellowed that were copied for you, and were they complete or how did you get these . I mean, know the Army Historical group has a of the old records, but these are really old records that would have been vulnerable to being lost or damaged over the years. So what we would exactly did you get all the customers . What was the condition of some of the research or the papers i got as some of the exhibits . Youll see some the exhibits in the bo x records of his enlistment and things the way they were written in the script and things of that nature. But there were a lot things that were had reconstructed and there were not actually a paper, but theres a lot of research on the microfiche microfilm and things of nature from the army. But they had record all the way back to every and one i got every last one, every time he was transferred out of one into the others. A very good records be back there during that time. Quest of. Gleaming. Dr. This is a fascinating book. I really enjoyed the read the Buffalo Soldiers went up a number of Indian Tribes with with success of course because that was a part of their patriotic duty push them back when they moved out of Indian Country. Are many or some of those, are they surviving now and have they been able to reclaim land that was rightfully theirs . Of course and was any of the Indian Tribes . Oh, surviving the day . And were they able . Yes. Youll find a lot of them. You know, patches lakota have a lot of the Indian Tribes still survive living despite and maybe getting enough part despite of the way the United Government tried to steal the culture and do all of that and put into Indian Schools and they but yes you find now that theres a lot of land being given back the indians tribes of native americans, we have been called different now. Theyre called indigenous have been given back to them. Oh oh, its interesting that. Thats an interesting question. Yes, they are surviving, although the culture was threatened, a lot of them are still trying to reclaim their native and their native languages and they especially along all the upper things like montana, all around there, theres still a of indigenous and they upstate new york. Well got something right here and to tend to piscataway is right down to. Oak the second part of the question on its like many people find a lot of personal information i think medical records are there to the soldiers. I any medical records that you could find . I did not i cant say i didnt go medical per say because i would have. But the only way at the retirement when he left it said unless you were injured in the oh service that you know the Buffalo Soldiers opposed what i was. Volunteer they they so i didnt find in iraq. I have a question i like that and you can write you how many buffalo do you think are on the plains in the early days as well it all. Really really i believe brilliant because i you know because i tell you know. No buffalo and no buffalo in the united they have bison. So so we know her very well the name soldiers came about that was the name given later by french writer. It was more or less a newspaper by that gave him the name Buffalo Soldiers. Oh well because there was no buffalo the United States there they they were bison. They are buffaloes. Theyre the the bison is part of the buffalo. Oh, no. Its called the tenia hobo. But they only two buffalo. Theres asian buffalo and the water buffalo they only two. Then the two bison, the european in america. Bison so give me a home where the buffalo roam. I dont know where they come from. But you it, it was say that. Oh well of course. Yeah. Oh okay. Is that. In terms of financial. How how were the Buffalo Soldiers of finance. Their organization. I mean how do they for that. I mean how did they support himself financially. What their their. Well. Of course was how the buffalo supported their financially. Well they were part of the United Government and government they paid them 30. Well, it was what when they first joined with 30 a month. But it really went up to 30 a month. They were always supplied with handmedown. Animals, resource and things of that nature. But it it was still better were still more fun to actually than what else could they do but they are sharecropper or something of that nature. They. Financed by the United States government as best as could be. The thing about it is. They built the fort, not allowed in forts. Theyre built. They couldnt even stay inside the stockade. They had to sleep in tents, things around the stockade, all the garrisons, what they say they were very hard for. One one input. But the settlers didnt want them. They a they had a rough job. They had one tire. They were with keeping the the peaceful indians on the reservation. But yet when the renegades broke out of the reservation, the same ones that they god to keep the indians hate them because they went and got them to, bring them back to the stockade and the settlers didnt want them. Thats even the even though although they were protect in the settlement, the settlers them very roughly the United States government didnt want the United States government was really using them in their land because they needed the land to move the populace and west, and they needed all of their hands full to keep to try to keep peace in the south. So the easiest was to recruit or get these African American and send them to Indian Country and leave them Indian Country. Okay. So from his event, his thats why i came up with the title a poor ol patriarch in a poor because i think everything thats read about how they were patriots although not being wanted they all still fought and they still did for protection of the gulf of the United States government. But the United States government was operating under a different, i guess, driving thing. Yes. Wanted the land. They wanted the land. And of course, you know, we have to go back to the 15th century. And the doctrine, the discovery doctrine that says wherever you that the indians didnt own the land, that wherever the settlers place, the flag, they owned that land. So settlers started moving and just taking over all land under the doctrine of destiny. That said, the god ordain, the europeans settlers to help dominion over all of the land in north america. Thats why you still see a lot of indian store in canada and things of that nature that they. Had domain they could use the land the way that they want it. They also thought that unless they take the indians incorrigible could not be anything that they had to change their whole culture from the Indian Culture to the culture of the to the european culture culture and, youll find that. How did they do that . They opened up Indian Schools. They would not allow the kids to speak any of their native. They started rather moved their whole culture. If the parents thought they would jail the parents and take the kids anyway and send them to schools and youre finding some stores now coming out where theyre finding a lot of the Indian Schools was in canada where they found a lot of mass graves and things of kids and things who were put into the school. Okay they we can take like. Youve probably heard the story of 40 acres in middle. Well, let me tell you, the mill was part of it. The mill was a throwaway. And that was not part of the agreement. The mill was because they had. Plenty left over from the civil war and things that they was going to give it to the farm. But the 40 acres was that they set. Aside 400, 400 acres, 400,000, 400,000 acres of land from charleston, south. To jacksonville, florida,. 30 miles inland. A plane was they was going to give every person 40 acres of ground to farm as their own. This yours were giving it to you to fall. They gave it to general sherman was, the one who was a part come of the savannah full and then the sherman signed special order 15 that gave this 4440 acres of land from charleston to jacksonville, florida. They then. Two weeks later, they back the land and gave it back to the original land owner. Not two weeks later, but then told. People that had given the 40, 40 acres of land to that, that they could either sharecropper or they would have to be removed. And that so it was a give and take the same way they would given indian land, they would take it back. Oh, i have another question. In 1910, the biggest biggest africanamericans owned. 90 . Of the farmland, 97 of the farmland, 1910 in 2022. Now, how farmland black farmers own. 1 , 1 to anyone no anyone, no and thats one you can get. I give popsicle to the one who knew who. So who owns the most farmland in the United States . There. Who the thought was tater who tater . Oh, you read the book. You got the book in your photo. Youre wrong. Its not ted, heather. Its bill gates. All bill gates is the largest owner of farm in the United States. Now, bill gates has. 200,000 acres of farmland now youre in the second largest owner of farm there is ted turner. Ted turner owns 200 and some 12 acres of ground in. Montana. Well, heres the thing about it. That land that ted turner there in montana or set aside by the united stes government to be an indian reservation, not so has ted turner only the. Those little side to tell you whos in third in revenue retired educate in here. Well, you know your retirement color not retired yet oh whos your servicer . Uh, j chris. Thats the corporate tiaa cref. My servicer. Owns most of the land in the mississippi delta. From there, all were talking so is owned by t double acre. Our whole service provider. So we got a little piece. Real, real, real little piece of that. Yeah. Oh, its interesting. You can find that in a so you find out that they really giving away a lot of the land back to the indigenous now but after reading the book im little suspicious the land theyre giving back why they gave 400,000 acres to the African Americans and they took it back and and the was saying they took it back and, had to give it to the original owners. Then they given land to the indigenous or the indian and say were giving it to you, but we still own it. Are you giving it to if you still own it . Well, the reason i not or pardon on that is they are such connected to the earth that the places that they just to take care of are still in good shape and things of that nature we have lost so much through man made rules now we have lost so much ground through forest fires, through flood, through all of that, so that they giving the land back to india really to reclaim of this land that we have ruined through our methods of doing so. That is why title of my book, following the trail of our fulbright. Ill pay you also a paul i failed that the troopers themselves they fought with hopes that they would get a better life that the emancipated proclamation was a real deal and they would get their full citizenship afterward to find out that never was to be. It never was intended. Ill entertain more questions. Was there in the jet. Nothing at this point. Things. Got got to and yeah, i was just wondering if your family has any has any documents or anything. No no that was the stuff of the hard part about. Oh the question how my family any the document in the thing from my grandfather and answers no thats your question as no i it was just by accident that i and i that i found out that my grandfather a buffalo soldier i have a niece marzia whos into the the ancestor tree and things of that nature and when i retired i guess thats when i retired i substituted taught i drew elementary school. And that has a little connection that i taught her. So that but i taught her son and i do incidentally i guess and im that just a little bit as was kathleen drew. Shes the great granddaughter. Im a great niece of dr. Charles drew who did all the blood work. Thank you, kathleen, for coming. Oh, the hard part was about i didnt name no, i never my great grandfather never had a picture of him, never had any comments, sir. So my niece, me, when they said the Buffalo Soldiers was coming in june, she said, oh, you had a great grandfather was on buffalo soldier. So i went to the presentation and i told him, oh my great was a buffalo soldier and he was in company k of the ninth calvary. And boy, they that was the greatest fighting company in the great and captive. But the hardest part about it and doing my research and all these there are many pictures of like life Calvary Company k 18 such to such day thank re information and the only thing i can do is look at these pictures and say which one is my grandfather . Thats the hard part about many better. And i look on the and i keep saying, well, one of those is my great grandpa bob, but i dont know which one i was because no one in the family ever about that part, although there was a lot. History on my. On that side. His. Maybe digressed a little bit, but look, this is history. Troop of prides wife wife, mother. And grandmother ever been and mother in law and grandmother in law were freed as all may 13th,. 80 1862, 1862. Thats a year before the emancipation. They were freed in the georgetown section and, the only house on the georgetown is still in use today. And thats called Brickyard Hill house. And still occupied today. And georgetown. Im doing research now to find out. I know that the owner of the house was a peter von essen and i know he owned market there by trying to find out how he utilized and where he got his slaves from. I dont know whether they were from a market or whether they were free people. So thats what im doing the research on that they buried in famed Mount Zion Cemetery thats in georgetown. Oh through rock creek part of it overlook rock creek park. They are buried there. My third grade, my second grade, plus my grandmother all three of them were buried in Mount Zion Cemetery, which is now being a lot of research has been done on it. Every and we found a couple stones of our uncle, but we havent found any the other but that quite a quiet around of all in book there are many stories on all the different battles that are my great grandfather for so when youre reading a book im trying to read railroad the book from trying to take an inward look of a person who had coal actually gone through. These experiences, what they experience, how they persevere, despite all of the racism of obstacles that were thrown in to them as a calvary man. But i think you really reading if you especially if you into Indian Country i want to thank all for coming on and i will be here afterward signing and i will be able to as so burning questions that maybe i did hear and trying to just late this whole book to give you a feel of the different places because the Buffalo Soldiers the bison for those both the Buffalo Soldiers all they they hopped around they were they were ready to go wherever the action was of a over another interesting fact at the end of the. I forgot how many. Miles of of all i take you put my hand out right now but i was look at how many miles of telegraph wire that they did most of the laying of all the world they had to go every mother now when they into Indian Country will just fast away they had to scout the country they had find the waterholes they had to find scout out all the the scout out the so they let they laid out so many fell on the yeah. Its sad to this is just the tip. They scout they. Scout 34,420 miles of until charted right they open more. Than 300 miles of new roads roads and lead over to a hundred mile of telegraph. Well so although they were going through laying out all of these for the those behind them certainly they were not only were they attacked by the indian, often time, they were attacked, well, settlers, but sometime it was really controversial because places they. Had to keep the settlers from encroaching on indian land and all that that they had to protect the indian or another that our fire was common in kenya of the ninth calvary. Oh there were no blacks in montana montana and covenant k was the first one to go. All right, calvin theyd go to montana. Interesting. They had to go the to montana and they sent there by the president. They keep the settlers from taking down or, stealing all the feds and things. So, yeah, they they but yeah the same thought that had the god they not hear on the ground they had to punch their tents around because they wasnt allowed on the ground. So those kind stories and things that are if i. I am prepared to. And so few my question paul search for a few more stories your wish is mine. Okay. We can into the first chapter. The first capture, the first capture and oh question. Dr. Taylor yeah, they had sleep outside. How did they have to go hunt their own food, or did the army supply food or did they get the leftovers from the fort . How they go . Did they get sustenance or they, they, they as the question was how did they get food so they were not welcome inside the fort and there is no the army had wagon trains and, things that would bring in all meals and things. It wasnt that the garrisons were at the guards but they had to be outside the stockade walls they didnt have because you know, especially for protection for the people in and things of that nature. But i guess anything else was planning game. You know, one time it was the planes were inundated with bison and until the bison were almost we lost all of the bison in the United States. It got to be that they were just for game they were hunting for game where the indians all the Indigenous People had more of a connection to the well lets call it buffalo to keep it there. Oh, as said people ask no the soldiers themselves did not really speak of Buffalo Soldiers. They did not relish being buffalo to them or buffalo was an insult. They name Buffalo Soldiers was given to them by, as i say, more or less the media. The press and say interpreting that the indians on one vein, they said they were tough and fought buffalo you know other they say it look like buffalo with their dogs give and well they had but they found no record of it none of the court boxes a lot of the African American right all. Call themselves Buffalo Soldiers and even when doing Research Even doing the research. My my great grandfathers in Arlington Cemetery and section 23 and what the marker on their tombstone is because joined in the United States colored troops in 1865. He has done marker so i was doing research with them asking. What they think for the Buffalo Soldiers say Buffalo Soldiers has an entity within the United States army that was just a name given to question up here the with the was not entered so theres no symbol there symbols like that they use for the Buffalo Soldiers Buffalo Soldiers off as horse calvary or Buffalo Soldiers. Now they are still people can coal Buffalo Soldiers because the Buffalo Soldiers are now part of the Armor Division that are in fort hood texas about to change its name the fort something doctor dr. Taylor actually can you to that tell us if any of the Buffalo Soldiers got leave so they could go home periodically or were they once they enlisted they were out there for the long haul. Of course, that is where the Buffalo Soldiers able to come back home from any of their assignments and things as no way that they would come home as individuals and things because they were out there. I said the first time they came back mass was in 1891 when they brought ninth calvary to fort my when i saw no indication that they got like leave, like you get now that you could come home and just. Conditions. Are were i said first capture of a campaign was in. 1874 and ill read you this where is the example of how i could zero in on. It says the first capture of a campaign was made by a portion of davidsons column on the 25th of october. Troops b i you see now my ears pick up because i know hes there says to be you know or the 10th calvary and one company of a to infantry on the command and of major schofield well in pursuit of indians near little creek pressed them so hard that the whole surrendered they numbered 68 warriors 276 calls and children and about 1500 ponies. It was this action and others like it that helped gain the respect of america and indians and white of black america regular soldier and the after action report nelson wrote in the series of conflicts nurture the bull. I would invite us personal attention to the after war conduct of the enlisted men. They justify confidence and splendor esprit exhibited by them and making no question were victory. Well, rest well. However, the odds against them. So as see in the first burn it was the reason that they wanted didnt want african men. They said they wouldnt fight. They would turn run but they only got the respect from reading these report where all officers like this major schofield and they are note would tell of the bravery of the troops that were under them, realizing that i staying in the wild and being outside, they constantly were fighting the indians and subject to attack at any time. So thats how i pull together. And there are other stories that are. Together. I told the story about him being detail for the gatling gun. Yeah, sorry. Okay. Okay. Okay. If theres no more questions, and i really want to thank everyone and if you have a burning question, you like to have, i will be here. I do have my books on sale. And if youre interested, then i would appreciate you buying one. I want to thank all of the those who are here would also to thank those who are on virtual. So a lot of the names that i recognize that said and i want