App. Now, the keynote speakers at the third annual wikiconference, held in october in san diego, including the Wikimedia Foundation executive director. This is one hour 10 minutes. Right . All right, hi my name is katherine maher. The Wikimedia Foundation is a Nonprofit Foundation that host s and supports wikipedia and other free knowledge project. We are proud to work with many global organizations, the many global organizations and partners that support the community of wikimedians and the projects. I am so excited to be here for the third annual wiki conference in the United States, and the first ever wikiconference north america. It is amazing to see how our community continues to grow and reach beyond our own borders every day. It is my first time at a wikiconference in the United States, and i cannot say how excited i am to be in san diego. It is my vote we do more events here already. I want to thank our incredible conference organizers for putting together this event. This weekend, there are more than 300 individuals in attendance from 16 different affiliates. Again, for those of us who are lam is one of my favorite acronyms in our movement. It stands for galleries, libraries, archives, and movements. Im happy to be holding this event in the ballpark. Yesterday, we had a culture crawl in balboa park, learning about san diegos heritage as a center for rich and public institutionspublic and spaces, bicultural influences and learning, and what of my own personal favorite, san diego is the center for craft beer. I attended an event for their annual fundraiser. For those of you who have not been to san diego for, this before, this institution is 20 years in the making and only opened its doors a few years ofk thanks to the dedication san diegans. When i heard about the theme of this conference, i might have done a little bit of a dance. I was so excited to learn that we are going to be talking about inclusivity, community building, and sharing knowledge. I think inclusivity is at the heart of the promise of what the wikimedia. Im going to talk about why i think it is so incredibly important to fulfilling our vision. Before i do that, i want to acknowledge how far it is we have come. As you heard earlier today, we are in our 15th year, so happy birthday to an incredible idea. Wikipedia started 15 years ago as a small, volunteer driven website, a free encyclopedia, and today, we are so much more. The wikimedia projects are used by millions of people every day, nearly half a billion every month from all over the world. We are a community with roots on every continent. Truly every continent. I want to give a shout out to the arctic women scientists. We speak hundreds of languages, represent dozens of cultures and backgrounds, and have partners in the educational cultural the educational, cultural, scientific, and government institutions around the world. We are integrated into places and experiences all over in ways we are probably not aware of. We are so integral and essential in the way knowledge is created and shared today, i dont think it is a stretch to say we have honestly changed the world. But we are not perfect. And that is part of what makes us us. Our vision is a world in which every human can freely share in the sum of all knowledge, and we dont just promise inclusivity with that they meant. Statement. It is the heart of what we do, for all knowledge. From my belief, inclusivity is not just an aspiration but a necessity. The only way to achieve our vision is to involve and welcome all people. We need representation of your voices and our shared voices so together, we can create something greater than the sum of all of our parts. By now, we know we have further to go to achieve that. Never mind all of the worlds knowledge, wikipedia alone is nowhere near finished. In fact, we have only barely gotten started. In english, wikipedia, only 226,706 of the over one million biographies are about women. That is about 16 . In 2012, the Oxford Internet institute did an evaluation and half of our articles only cover 2. 5 of the worlds land area. And only about 2. 5 of the world geotagged wikipedia articles are about africa despite the fact that that continent is home to 20 of the world population. We have got a ways to go. This is just the encyclopedia. We also know that free knowledge takes many forms. It takes the form of images, data, original sources, language, and so many other forms of knowledge that are represented across the wikimedia project. So, we do need more inclusivity , because we need more people to join us. That is the way we achieve our mission. We must open ourselves up to be the thing that we have promised to ourselves. What does this inclusivity look like . It looks like the people in the world around us. We know that. And how do we do it . And how do we bring all of the voices in . I believe we do it with intention and embracing the potential of what our movement can be. As i mentioned earlier, we started simple, as an idea with a website, an encyclopedia where everyone was free to contribute freely. This remarkable idea grew up around it. We grew into a constellation of individuals, activities, and organizations. That simple idea that anyone should be able to freely share in knowledge proved to have a gravity of its own, pulling Brilliant Minds and institutions into its orbit. We refer to ourselves as a movement, and i firmly believe we are. But i believe there is so much more we can do to become the thing we want to be, and so, i challenge us to fully embrace this idea of a movement. It is inclusivity, power, complexity, also in its messiness and potential. Movements are things that affect social change. They work together, plan together, aligned together around their core values and so do we. For many people, social change is what we do. We drive change towards greater openness and sharing. Commons, more knowledge available to more people. They are organized to directly confront where they have weaknesses. As we look around today, we see a diversity of voices and more organizations and Partners Join us every day. As we heard earlier today, we have gone from a place of wondering how we relate to libraries to feeling as though libraries are our partners in this powerful mission we have. While we have left a pretty big mark on the world of free knowledge, we know we have so much further to go, so many more people to reach, and much more change to make. In order to achieve what we have what in order to achieve we want to achieve, we have to do it with that intention of acknowledging our doubt, thinking about where we go, and planning for how we get there as a movement, as a deliberate, intentional thing. In many ways, we are already on our way. Our communities are doing great things to realize our full potential, including building that inclusivity, where all of the world voices can be included. I want to call out this vital work today. You heard a little bit about afro crowd. [cheering] [applause] ms. Maher absolutely. You deserve all of the applause. Afro crowd aims to increase the people of african descent who actively participate in the wikimedia project. Through monthly, multilingual editathons they have made a significant number of wikimediaons to the project. Wikimedia mexico also, yes. [cheering] ms. Maher these editors aim to bring in women together to edit wikipedia article is to women and their work and men are not invited to these editathons and that creates a safe and welcoming place for women to participate. More than 200 women participated in editathons. When we have great inclusive ideas, we see that the spread. That they spread. Finally, i want to recommend in sorry,ia canada im my apologies i am mangling that. The project which launched in august of this year. It is the first nation of canada who want to increase content about the first nation about knowledge, culture, and language of that great nation. These projects offer leading examples of how our communities are working to fill the gap and address our movements challenges head on. We need to celebrate these efforts and our progress. I want to congratulate each of these groups for what they have done, as well as countless other organizations and individuals for affecting real change and impact in filling these gaps in knowledge. We know there is more to do. Another is more to be done. One of the first things that we need to know our intentions. We have to be clear with ourselves on how to welcome them, how to engage them, and make space for them. This means we need to commit to and abide by and hold up friendly spaces and codes of conduct in all our communities. It means clarifying our values so they are not just about open and diverse, but can help us make decisions about what culture we want to have as a community. Open spaces and inclusion starts with language. We have to think about how we communicate with others. The words we use and how things translate. Not just in terms of language to language, but individual to individual, how we share and how we receive. We need to practice inclusivity. We need to identify the people we want to work with. We need to go talk to them. We need to listen to why they are not working with us yet. This is really important. It is not just about asking people to join us. We need to understand the structural barriers, social, economic, or otherwise, as to why they are not participating in our movement. We need to reflect on them and thats when you to understand what their objections and challenges on we need to understand what their objections and challenges are. Then, we need to reflect on them and think how we might evolve in order to bring in more individuals and become a more welcoming and inclusive space. We need to take part in consultations in conversations and encourage others to do this as well. Part of having these conversations and truly listening was an important moment in talking to our colleagues who are working to increase the participation of wikimedia editors in ghana. It was through directly engaging with these challenges where they felt as though we were being we were able to create a better working relationship and hopefully grow that community. Which gets me to the next thing i want to talk about. We need to invest in the diverse and Inclusive Communities we want to have. We have to resources. These communities dont happen just because we want them to, we want them to. They happen because we want to go out and make a commitment. We are investing in this explicitly. Part of the wikimedia model is around community grants. The Foundation Set aside a half Million Dollars to Fund Resources for increasing gender diversity and to fund tools and initiatives that facilitate and support Healthy Community culture. We kind of used to do this thing where we sat around and talked about welcoming women and people of color and people from emerging communities. Now, we have dedicated staff and budget and resources to help these communities grow, because thats what it takes. Its not just about saying we want to do it. Its about actively committing and going out and doing it. Im not saying we are there yet. But at least we are taking the first steps. We are working on how to address harassment and create of Healthy Community culture. Our grantmaking campaign is focused on researching ideas to address harassment in the wikimedia projects. We launched a Leadership Development program to identify, train, and support Community Members who can be the next generation of leaders across our movement. We are investing in regional conferences in developing regions to spread the resources we have that will help communities grow. We know we need more voices and we want a more inclusive community. The big question next is, where do we want to go as a Movement Together . You knew you were not going to get out of here without me bringing up strategy in some way. I want to make a request for all of us sitting here in this room, in this room. Over the next six months, we are hoping to have a conversation about the future of our movement. As i said in the beginning, we have been an Incredible Community of people for 15 years now, and we have achieved a tremendous amount. One of the things im hearing as i go around and talk to people is, we have achieved all of this , and we have this incredible momentum, and we have these resources, and we are positioned in a way today that we have never been before to take advantage of the opportunities out there and the hard challenges in front of us, and the imperative to bring more people into our movement to make it the thing we wanted to be. Want it to be. What is the thing that gets us all moving in the same direction together, or at least sets out a direction in which we can all bring our unique resources and skills in the context and cultures in which we work . When i hear that, i immediately think about what do we want to do as a movement . And the next strategic thing we want to take on . What is the next mountain we want to climb . We have so much more to do. Its not about saying we are taking on Something Different than the encyclopedia or anything along those lines. Its about saying, what are the next set of milestones we want to achieve together . And how we think about restructuring and how to we make and how do we reach out to the people that can help make this change possible . So, we will have that conversation over the next six months, and i want to invite all of you to participate in it. In january, we will kick off a movement wind strategic consultation. Its for the movement. Over the course of the next few weeks, we will be reaching out to many of you, asking for your participation in how the conversation should happen, how you would want to participate, and then thinking about what we want at the end of that. We really do want to make sure it is about creating a space in which every Voice Matters and every person can share their perspective on what the future of our movement can be. I hope inclusivity will be at the top of this conversation, but i know there are many other subjects we will want to take on as well. So, i will ask you to add a page to your watchlist. And im going to ask you to read more. Metathat page up on that asks us,meta what it is we want to do in terms of the strategy consolation consultation . I encourage you to come tomorrow to a session by plot. I want to hear from you what is the best way for you to participate in a conversation about our future. What are your hopes and fears for that conversation . How can we make sure that conversation gets us to a place where we all feel as though it is the place we want to go, that your voices have been heard . That the important voices have faced the challenge. I believe it is on the schedule. I am going to leave it there on the strategy consultation. The fun is about to begin. [laughter] maher we are going to have an incredible two days, today and tomorrow. Coming together, talking about the future of knowledge, talking about building a community, and where we can go as a movement , and what we want to be in the world. I am so excited that we are here together in san diego, with all the participation and diversity that that means, and i cannot wait to get started. Thank you so much. [applause] andrew lee. Ame is a lot of you may know me, i andh about it cap about have written about wikipedia. We have inclusivity as it theme theme of this conference. It is such a great theme to work with, because part of inclusivity is to include people from all walks of life, to help enhance, correct, and extend the world record. We really wanted to meaningfully engage the theme here in Southern California. Ive written a book called the wikipedia revolution. But i think the true revolution of wikipedia is allowing more than just the winners to write the history books. When we talk about education, what do you think about . You think about k12, curriculum, diplomas. But if you think about this, how much of our learning happens informally outside the classroom . Especially for the rest of your life, after your formal schooling. This depends on museums, libraries, journalism, and now wikipedia is part of that mix. It has disrupted the ecosystem, but with great side effects. This type of freely distributed, Lifelong Learning online and through wikipedia was the innovation of the enlightenment. Scientific and rational thought challenged established authority of the church and the monarchy , and you suddenly had scientific exploration and people creating content outside poles of authority. The problem with this is, as the authorities evolved out of the church and the monarchy, the viewpoint of the enlightenment was still very much a western perspective. The term Encyclopedia Museum has been up for debate in the museum world. Some see it as a pejorative to describe the imperial, colonial outlook and a message for western museums to extract and display artifacts outside their original location. Its against this context that a new wave of museums have opened up. Especially in washington, d c where we do a lot of our editing. The museum of the American Indian was one of the real hallmarks of this. The newly opened National Museum of African American history and culture is another example of this. Sherry is that there somewhere. Back there somewhere. Sherry, myself, and jim hayes stood in line for the first public day of that museum and edited in line at 5 00 in the morning. [applause] andrew yes, they thought we were nuts when we were doing that. We have backtracked and analyzed articles such as pocahontas, trail of tears, thanksgiving, and im sure our speakers will tell us about the gold rush, something you wouldnt think had implications for native americans. What was fascinating about that was that they were they worked with us very early on in the process. Three years before they were going to redo their prominent exhibit, they contacted us to edit with them and back back and backtrack and look at the wikipedia content for what they were going to have an exhibit on. Death wikipedia and beingdia wikipedians soft sought by museums. They immediately pointed to two folks, Stan Rodriguez and michael conley, and we are very happy to have them as our speakers here at the conference. One of the interesting things is that when we were talking to stan and with michael, they mentioned they were working with the museum of man at balboa park. Just a great coincidence, we had this great balboa park friday editathon. The colonizing the museum of man as an anthropology museum. Stan and michael are part of that effort. They have been working with the museum of man on a new exhibit on a form of astronomy, and we had some folks here working on that article yesterday. They looked at the exhibit and improved the article based on what they found at the exhibit. So things are coming full circle in terms of our speakers and what our editors have been doing with the content they been contributing to that museum. So innovative museums are trying to break out of the pattern and are seeing wikipedia as an ally in colonizing their museums. Im happy to introduce Stan Rodriguez, a navy veteran, native linguist and inspired musical can rattler. A devout student of native culture. He was named the 2015 American Indian heritage month local hero by the pbs affiliates here in san diego. In his nomination, it said, has touched the lives of so many of us, and his love of teaching our culture through his language, shelter building and toolmaking. Hes filled several teaching roles and is a member of the nation that aims to improve lives through Economic Development and cultural preservation. He sits on the board of a group whose vision it is to strengthen cultural revitalization. Hes also a board member of a Community College that has special focus on native American History and culture and provides computer courses as well. The college is open to native and nonnative students, and its my pleasure to introduce Stan Rodriguez to talk to us today. [applause] stan [speaking native language] [speaking spanish] for the rest of you, my name is Stan Rodriguez, and i want to welcome all of you here into the land of our people. Before we start, the last speaker i just want to say, it really touched my heart what you said. When we talk about inclusiveness, and i heard other people speak talking about the San Diego Public Library and wikipedia. For our people, we have a saying that, when an elder passes away, its like a library burning down. What a library is is knowledge. The knowledge of the past, the present, and where we are going in the future. For all of us to come together, we come together to share this, our knowledge. This is what we do for all the people. So that we gain more. How many of you like to eat . [laughter] stan i like potato salad, myself. But i cannot see me eating potato salad for the rest of my life and that is it. Theres got to be more. Thats what all of us bring your ring here together. We bring knowledge. We bring these things. I would say to celebrate the diversity and all the knowledge that we have. What was your name . Katherine . And your name . Come to me, samantha. Watch this. [inaudible] quick, im in my second year of my doctoral program, and i have a class right now, and my professor i told him im at a conference and he doesnt believe me. [laughter] stan so i want to ask all of you how many of you are in the Witness Protection Program . [laughter] stan im going to take this to my professor. Thank you. So anyway, what we are going to be talking about today is the land of my people. One of the things about my people is first of all, how many of you ever heard of our people . About half of you. The other half have never heard about us. Let me ask you this how many of you speak our language . Ok, i want all of you to look at me. You are wrong. You do speak. How many of you have it means south of the border. That is one interpretation. Its a corruption of a word which means by the ocean. The spanish changed it around. How many of you have ever heard of la jolla . It means the jewel. That is a corruption of our word which means the place of the caves. How many of you have heard of palomar, like Palomar Observatory . What does that mean . You are not even trying anymore. [laughter] stan it means to win with arrows. How many of you have ever heard of tecate . Its another corruption of a word which means a man who chops wood. How about otai . And if you have been there . It means weed. Not this kind of weed, but the other kind of weed that grows. So now you have learned some of our language. Are you good . [applause] stan and again, we want to welcome you here to this land, the land of our people. I just wanted to say our tribe is on both sides of the border. On this side of the border, there are 12 reservations. On the other side of the border, theres really six reservations. Any of you ever been to baja . A few of you have. The rest of you are you from out of town . Check it out while you are here. Go run down there to that other country. It is really my country. Its really kumeyaay territory. Its a beautiful place, a lot of history. The reason im bringing all this up is because our people, the kumeyaay people, we have had to endure three waves of encroachment. The spanish ways wave which happened in 1542. Rodriguez, not related to me, came in here and started it. 200 years later, the invasion happened. A lot of people read that the indians of california had visions, and we loved it. And we were peaceful. No, we were not. We just disappeared. No, we are still here. That we have been conquered. But no, we havent. We will be talking about that today. Then the mexican era, we will talk about that. And this present era, the things endure. Had to indoor we continue to survive. We continue to live. As we say in kumeyaay, a long time ago before contact, we say our people had been here since the beginning of time. However, archaeologists and anthropologists say Something Different. I know those guys, and they come to visit us, too. They think weve been here 1700 years and prior to that. If you go into the desert, you will see many Different Things mounds, pictographs, things like that. People say it was a coastal migration. People were coming down the coast. Before i continue with this, im giving you whats called a kmart blue light special version. There is a lot, and i am going to shorten it up. Because my colleague mike conley is going to be giving a presentation on monday, and he will give much more detail on this. So a little bit of the la jolla culture, did you know that the beach that we have here went back a lot farther . There are actually villages that are submerged. The kumeyaay people speak a human dialect. How many of you are into languages . That is beautiful. Our people have a language that is a very old group. Weve been here for a long, long time. I would venture to say we are the most southwest of all the southwestern tribes. Later, the shoshone groups came in. This is kumeyaay territory. You see it goes on both sides of the border. Before contact, our people were governed by a family system. Everybody here comes from a family, right . How many of you have worked with native American People . Some of the first things if you ever come into our territory, we will ask you who is your family and where are you from . We want to find out where you are from and who your family is. Why do you think you want to know who your family is . I will tell you why. Because we want to find out if you are related to us. The family i come from is known as the dark cloud and the our claim. Owl clan. If you are owl clan, you are my relatives. If you are not, that is a different thing, too. Thats how we find out if you going to possibly date somebody. [laughter] stan now, as far as land goes, its a complicated system. The way it works is in our area, our family controls that area. Lets say who is not a vegetarian here . You are not . Shooting say you are at a deer, and it gets out of your territory and comes into our territory. If you shot that there, go ahead, you can pass, because you need to get that. Now, you come and try to pick acorns unless you have a permit, no, you are not going to do that. So, its complicated, and thats how it works. Harvesting techniques we are people of the oceans, the mountain, and the desert. We have all these areas that we deal with. The ocean in the springtime. How many of you have been out to old town . That is where a kumeyaay village used to be. The people in those areas would dry shellfish and things like that. People would come in from the mountains and deserts to gather and trade seashells for things out of the desert, things like that. Some people would say that the kumeyaay people were digger indians. We did not have any agricultural expertise at all. That we just other. How many of you are into agriculture . Our people were into agriculture. Because of the soil conditions here, it was not conducive to growing corn. But the kumeyaay in the desert grew corn. Our people planted acorns for oak trees. Trade and commerce have any of you been on i8 . Or i5 . Those are kumeyaay trails. , the otherquarries things we would gather for trade. Obsidian butte is one of the only places in Southern California where obsidian was. Now, we are looking at the major languages. Can you will see that . One of the things about california was the diversity and diversity in language and culture here. California had more language diversity than any other place in the world aside from papua, new guinea. You could go 10 or 20 miles to the east and run into a group that speaks a completely different language. Two miles north, a different language. So, what do you think happened . Our people learned to speak more than one language. How many of you here speak more than one language . Doesnt that give you a warm and fuzzy . [laughter] stan you have to be able to communicate, because communication is important. Thats what we do. How many of you noticed in the different languages you speak, you may speak something in one language thats not easy to convey at times the way of thinking in another language. Thats what makes diversity so beautiful, because of the different ways we look at things. Just like that diamond has all it is just like that diamond. It has all those facets. Our cosmology and mike is going to go over a lot more, he will go into deep that go deeply into this. He will go much more deeply into this. How many of you have been over to the museum of man . The Natural History museum . Youve seen the thing on the kumeyaay cosmology . Michael was the one who developed that. Prior to that, a lot of that went dormant, and mike is helping to revive that. And the cosmology talks about our creation story, it speaks about many Different Things. We had no written language, so our creation story is a story that takes 46 days to be told. Im not even going to try to talk to you about our creation story. It would take way too long. But it teaches us where the universe came from. Where we are today, and where we are going in the future. Now, how much time do i have left . Let me check. A half hour more. Or more. Thank you for letting me know. Im going to tell you Something Real quick in our creation story, just one part. I want to tie this in with mainstream thought. We say, before there was the universe, there was something else. And there was a creator. The creator had a younger twin. The creator decided to make. God. Not call him we call him the creator. No one knows why the creator decided to do what he did, but he did. The creator decided to make this universe as we know it, and the creator pushed the younger one through, because the younger one was not as strong. The younger one came through and was scared, because he came into this. The older one said, are you ready for me to come . The younger one said, yes, but keep your eyes open. The way it is thought about is, its like the difference between here and dry land and salt water, being underneath the ocean. Because we use metaphors. So when the older one came, he was blinded. So they decided they would make the universe. The younger one said, let me do it first. How many of you ever had a younger brother or sister . You have heard them say, i want to do it, i want to do it. One to our people, tobacco is a sacred plant. Hebrew he blew the older one said, let me show you how to do this. How many of you have ever known an old person . You better do that that the older one just yells at you. An elder will say, let me show you how to do it. So the older one blew to the north, south, east, and west, above and below. And it started to expand and expand and expand, and it made the universe. Some people would say that is an interesting myth. However, if you ask astrophysicists today, they will tell you that the known universe, as we can understand it, is like an expanding bubble. As we say in kumeyaay, oh. [laughter] with that said they decided they needed light. So the younger one said i will make this. And he grabbed white clay and blew it up into the sky, and it became the moon. You notice at the brightest time, the moon is dul. The younger one felt bad. The older said let me show you how. He got yellow clay and rolled it up. Brightly and glow explode with brilliance. It got hot. The older put it on his thumb one and it started to burn and the older one flicked it up into sun. Ky and became the it burned into the sun. I want all of you to look at your thumbnails, all of you. Do you see that half circle on there . When we say hello, the word means may the fire come to you or stay with you. The word for our soul means a fire within our body. When the creator made the universe and made us and our in our belief part of the , creator is in each and every one of us. So ladies and gentlemen, when you come together and you talk about strategy building, you are honoring the creator. That part of the creator has come into you. When you talk about building something, that is part of the creator coming together. When you make something at home, when you cook or clean or seeing, sing, all these Different Things, it is the creator inside each and every one of us. I just wanted to say we celebrate our diversity, but we are all still the same. We are all human beings. We all came from the creator. And i believe we come together and we talk about this, and inclusiveness, bringing in all these different cultures, and we grow. I talked about hunting earlier. The word we use for an arrow, it ever go shooting . An arrow, it can hurt, but it is easy to break. Each and every one of us are arrows. But when we come together with all our knowledge and try to put it together, its a powerful thing. All of us coming here together, we are a powerful vehicle of movement. When we talk about social justice throughout the world, change, equality, equity, all these things come with this, but this knowledge, these libraries that we talk about, and inside each and every one of you the library, too. We talked a little bit about cosmology. Michael will talk a lot more on that. Observatories. With our people, we are governed by the seasons. We have many Different Things that we learn in our different areas. How many of you live in the northeast . Any of you . Pretty dry over there . Not really. Warm like here in san diego . Oh. You have what they call snow, ok. The thing is every area is different. In the desert, the things one needs to know are a lot different than up in the mountains or out by the coast. This is where observations are important. Just like where you are at your , houses are different. Places,a jolla or other its is a different purpose. This right here, we have a lot of things in the desert, and i wont get too much into that, but we have been there for thousands and thousands of years. There used to be a great lake over there. Early expeditions, youve all heard of cortez. What did he come here for . To liberate the people, right . [laughter] so the peninsula was decimated, then cabrillo came. We talked about him. I just wanted to touch a little bit on that. We talked about the missions. California has all these missions that go up to the peninsula and down. Ive seen pictures of Mission Indians taking care of the crops and they are all sitting together while the padre is instructing them in catholicism, and everybody is happy. That is what they teach in the school system. I have seen that in the books. In the third grade they talk about the missions. The mission was made and im proud of it. When the missions were made, the spanish government, in collusion with the vatican, they use d these missions along with the papal bulls has justification to subjugate the people. They want to use native people as slave labor and to build an infrastructure as a prelude to spanish colonists coming in. They would have a servant class already trained. That did not happen well. In 1775, november 5, around midnight, the mission here in san diego was attacked by 300 kumeyaay warriors and burned to the ground. Father jamie was killed. On the other side of the border have any of you ever been to encenada . It was named after a mission. There was a mission that was there and warriors dissented from the mountains under they were chief. Under a war chief. Black dog came down with a group of warriors, they burned it down and looked for the priest. The priest would get the soldiers and they would chain of the indian people and whip them and forced them to work. They were looking for that priest. They found a spanish senorita and her skirt was shaking, and they lifted up her skirt and the priest was hiding under there. So they did thanks. After that, other missions were so they did things. After that, other missions were raided and burned up and down the peninsula. Our people resisted. We resisted that, because our beliefs and our love for ourselves and our family were and are strong. Still continue to be strong. Then what happened around 1811, independence from spain. Look it up in wikipedia, people. [laughter] all right. The Mexican Government took over. Mexico became a republic. Guess what. California is part of the mexican republic. The Mexican Government said they would secularize the missions. In other words they were going to give the land back to the native people. Thats what they said. But then, what happened was this. When they started giving the land to their friends, that started a new set of revolts all up and down mexico. California especially. Kumeyaay people, their raiding techniques were getting much more advanced and sophisticated. San diego almost fell three times. Almost three times. A lot of people dont know that. And then something happened. Friction between the United States government and mexico spilled over into a war. It spilled over into a war. Guess who came to california . The americans. They came out here and landed over by mission bay. Have you ever been out there . They were surrounded by mexican soldiers. The mexicans told the kumeyaay people, if you help us defeat the americans, we will give you all of san diego, we will give you all the land back. The americans were handing if he help us defeat the mexicans we will give your land back. So it was a winwin situation for us. [laughter] yes. Well, general kearney came down. Ever heard of general kearney . Ok. A big fight happen, they only battle in mexicanamerican war in california was here in san diego. Guess who won . [laughter] the mexicans won that battle. I know there are more things that happen before. I told you the mexicans almost lost san diego three times. What they did was they went to the prisons down south. Lets say all of you are in prison. Are you enjoying your accommodations . Have some more beans. You can stay in prison or we can exonerate you and we will give you a gun and you can be part of an army. What would you pick . Who said they were going to stay in prison . How to go and serve my country. It became what is known as the cholo army. It helped to defend california. They were defending san diego but they were not getting paid. So if youre not getting paid, what do you think is going to happen . Oh. At night they would raid the restaurants, the cantina, all the Different Things there. They were finally evicted. All these things started happening. After that in the end, who won , the war . The United States. I am skipping because there is a lot to this. Then something happened up north. Gold was discovered in california. And then the third wave of encouragement, and this was a crucial way of encroachment because this was governed by greed. It truly was. The people who came through, the things that happened, the atrocities that were committed, especially in central and northern california. When we talk about the holocaust, there were 251 tribes in california prior to the gold crust. After a few years of the gold rush they were only 51 tribes. Most of their tribes were just annihilated. What people would do is they would take whole groups of people and just wipe them out. There was a policy of extermination that was going on. There was a bounty for the scalps of native people. Down south, there was not as much gold so there was not as much encroachment that was taking place. Another thing that happened remember the mexicanamerican war . One of the things the mexicans did was they armed the kumeyaay people, so a lot of kumeyaay had weapons. Its a lot harder to annihilated annihilate a group if they are just as well armed as you are. There are still things that were being done. They had a process. They decided they were going to make reservations. So in 1851 or 1852 . 1852, january 7, the treaty of san isabel was made, and it was going to grant us from east of the border all the way to Riverside County and east of alpine all the way to the desert, that was going to be one large reservation. This is one of the 18 treaties that was made with the surviving california tribes. Remember this gold rush, the things that were happening, people were just flooding into california. A lot of people were coming from the carolinas, georgia. This was 1852. Take a look at that date in American History. What was happening then . What was that . This was a prelude to the civil war. So what happened was these people were coming in from georgia, the carolinas and places like that. They were saying if you ratify these treaties, we will start side with the confederacy. Guess what, do you think the federal government wanted to have another group of people fighting against them . They lost those treaties and they were never ratified. This is one of the reasons why california has such small reservations. In san diego, we have more reservations that any other county in the country. We have one of the smallest, which is six acres. As all this started happening vagrancy laws were made. You cannot leave the reservation unless you had a permit from somebody you work for. You could be arrested and kept in indentured service for six months. So all these things were happening. One of the things going on when we talk about gold, lets move down a little farther south. Lets go to peru. What happened in peru . In 1561 . Pizarro came to peru and the leader of peru was captured and ransomed for a huge room full of gold once and silver twice. The largest ransom ever paid. Then he was executed. This was the inca empire. Huge, one of the largest empires in the world. But did you know more gold was taken out of california that was extracted over there . This is how bad it got. So these were some of the things that happened. This was some of the things that contributed to the loss of life, and the policies of native people here in california. And there is a lot more to it. A lot more to it. Our religion was made illegal. Native religion was made illegal. Do you know when it was legalized . When do you think our religion was legalized, when we could actually practice it . 20th century. August 10, 1978. The freedom of never native american religious act. Prior to that it was illegal, we didnt have the same protections in this free country. And it was not really ratified until clinton was in power in the 1990s. There was still struggle against that. People dont learn about that. Schools, in an effort to stamp out native culture and language starting in the 1870s with colonel pratt, kill the indian in order to save the man. They would take children away from their homes and raised them in boarding schools and cut their hair. A lot of times they would say he was the cleanup of lice. Actually, in our way, our hair is part of our religion. We only cut it when somebody dies. So all these things were attempts to eradicate culture. Even the termination acts in the 20th century, indian relocation, a lot of things that have happened but are people still survive. Our people still survive. On the other side of the border in mexico, the Mexican Government didnt harass the native people in baja as much, possibly because mexicos filled with indians. You mess with one, you are going to have to mess with all of them. However they did have policies of forcing them to speak spanish. The bilingual schools in baja, they would bring in mexican teachers and the teachers would hit the kids for speaking their language. They would tell the parents, if you want them to do good in school, only teach them spanish. Very similar to what was going on here. The different organizations that the Mexican Government worked with for the native people in mexico. I would say at best it is marginal. The Mexican Government, the tribes over there, they dont have the same protections that we had over here. We had reservations. Over there, the indigenous lands, the Mexican Government can come in and say if you are not working all the land to our specifications, we will just take it and give it to somebody else. These are some the things our people were struggling with also. How many more minutes . Five more minutes . Ok, im going to shut up pretty soon. I want to sing a song real quick, but i want to say that our culture has been like a pot that has been thrown on the ground and shattered into many Different Things. How many of you have worked with pottery . I talked to an elder one time and she said that pot is all of our culture, but we put it together and we grind up those shorts. It makes temper. We put new play in there, which is today, and we make a new pot and we fire it. It has both. This is who we are. I think it is our responsibility to remember this. I will just call it the sacredness of every different culture, and to honor that, because with that comes a way of knowledge and a way of being that cannot be replicated. We praise you for your work. And now before i shut my snoot, i want to really welcome you here. Im going to sing a song. Is that ok . Now, our songs tell a story. Im going to tell you a quick story. Again, this is the kmart blue light special version. This story talks about when the sun and the moon were going to get married. How many of you have ever been in love . How many of you have been to a wedding . So you can relate. A long time ago, the sun and the moon were going to get married, and they invited all the animals to the wedding. There were these two frogs in love. As soon as everybody went up the trail after they were done, they , were just relaxing. The female said her stomach was growing. It got bigger, and she jumped into a pond. She looked in there and it was filled with pollywogs. Look what happened. When the sun and moon get married, weve got to warn them. So they started hopping up the mountain. They got there in the sun and the moon were waiting for them and said, you are late. The two frog said, you cannot get married, because look. They looked at the pond and all the little frogs were in there. There is only one of each one of you. If you get together, the sky will be filled with suns and moons. They said you are right, but we are in love with each other. How are we going to do this . So they agreed that the sun would be up when the moon was asleep, and the moon would come up and the sun would sleep. So that is why it is what it is today. But every now and then you see the sun and the moon up at the same time. We say they are throwing kisses at each other. And every now and then, you will see a solar eclipse. [laughter] [singing in native language] thank you, everybody, for coming here. I wish you all success in anything you do. [applause] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2016] the cuban government has declared nine days of National Mourning following last nights deficit l castro. The funeral for the former president will be held in santiago on december 4. Four years after he stepped out from office, he spoke to the national assembly. He talked about what he called the end of the u. S. Empire and compared barack obama the past u. S. President s. Here is a portion of his remarks. Otherwise, what is going to happen . Do we see the end of the empire . Is sustainedat through the use of force and wars. Wars are no longer instruments for sustaining the empire. Theuld have to advantage with obama is not a. Nixon was a cynic. They had president s. Many were cynical. Others were ignorant. Reagan was a total ignoramus. We have president s like carter, a decent human being, or president roosevelt. The two atom bombs were not even launched over hiroshima and august sake. They would not have been dropped. It was done by truman. Truman, it was ignorant and irresponsible. He did not even drop these weapons against the military objective. There was no need to drop these bombs. The japanese were already defeated. The emperor had already made a decision to put in and to the war. End to the war. Before Nuclear Weapons were dropped. One was dropped in the second one. Do you know the power that possessed that are accumulated worldwide . Comparing theust destructive capacity of those first two bombs and those that are today stockpiled by mankind, and the two most powerful nations, the u. S. And russia. Of thelosive power weapons accumulated worldwide 450,000ivalent to greater power than the two weapons and destroyed hiroshima and nagasaki. It does not seem eager. It is so destructive. What is left after that . Nothing. Thank you. See Fidel Castros entire speech to the Cuban National assembly tonight at 10 55 p. M. Eastern here on cspan. Now former secretary of state Henry Kissinger and former british Prime Minister john major discuss Foreign Policy over the conflict in syria and the impact of brexit on the relationship between the u. S. , u. K. And european union. This is about 45 minutes. [applause] dr. Kissinger ladies and gentlemen, ted heath and i we were friends. I met him before he became Prime Minister and we have stayed in contact through the rest of our lives. When i was invited to give this speech it became evident that the house in which ted heath lived was close to where i was stationed when i was here with the 84th Infantry Division of the United States. Where i