Love with eniac. He knew what it could do. Then it was this very wonderful thing where he taught clarie how to program it. There was a debate of who so what first, but somebody saw that they were designing the institute machine and writing code for it. But the machine was not ready. Someone said, we can rewire eniac and run programs on the eniac. They spent six weeks rewiring it and getting it to run. That was the origin of modern software. And that was such a fruitful time. So it was a mixture of their marriage, the coding. And she had no training whatsoever . She did have training. During the war, when johnny went off to england to do what, we do not know . She was left behind in princeton. Women could apply and get a wartime job. Hers was at the center for Population Research at princeton university. Her job was modeling populations of people. What would happen if you created a new state in the middle east or something . They model growth of population. That is what you needed to solve these early bomb problems. It was all about studying the population of neutrons. Escape is like immigrating. She taught herself the mathematics of population. That ended up being what they needed at los alamos. There is a point of controversy in history about von neumanns relationship to the intellectual work that eckhart and mo9ckley were doing. And whether von neumanns wondered to circulate that was sort of an opensource guy because he understood that the power should truly be secret. Or whether he played by the rules, so to speak. He certainly broke the rules. This is very controversial. There is no doubt that von neumann did not write the whole paper. He put them together. There is some debate what parts of the paper goldstein wrote and what part von neumann wrote. There is no question a lot of the ideas came from eckart. They should have been coauthors in the modern standard. The paper was released under john von neumanns name. I try to find out what the truth is, and the truth is that it was released and considered a publication. So it avoided the chance of patents. All i can tell you in terms of a smoking gun is that in 1945 von neumann signed a consulting agreement with ibm. So this result was highly favorable for ibm. That there were no patent restrictions on these ideas. From von neumanns1 point of view, he just thought this would be for the good of everybody. I think you have to remember they are coming out of world war ii, all these groups, they were all collaborating. They were all collaborating together. People from manchester coming to princeton, people from princeton going to manchester. Sort of arguing about who should get credit came later. They all come out of world war ii. The war ends, von neumann wants to transplant the entire eniac team and continue the work. And eckhart and monthly decline. Originally, eckhart was supposed to be bigelow. People went back and forth. There is a great letter from johnny saying they shanghaied two of our guys. Always stealing each others engineers. So in the end, it became very bitter. Again, you can read some documents in this book that are pretty incriminating that Accor Markley was doing quite well. They had a contract for three machines with the government that would put them firmly on the path that ibm took. And they have these security clearance question, and they lost the contract. There is a sort of disturbing memo describing what had happened. I do not think they were a security risk, but it put the company off the path forward. Von neumann was bitter about the decision, critical of this . He was annoyed. He wanted to go full speed ahead and felt they were Holding Things up. And they would feel differently. I try not to take sides, but i think there is truth on both sides. In 1946, he put that aside goes back to ias and begins working on this highly improved binary Storage Program successor to the eniac called the maniac. The maniac. That name was adopted by los alamos. The era of the acs. Was very practical. He said, we are not going to originate anything. We are going to work with the stateoftheart as it existed at that moment. And that meant vacuum tubes and crt memory as it existed at the time and 15 tons of air conditioning. Yes, magnetic wire, inputoutput. They made a lot of things. At that time, you could not modify ibm equipment. It was like the old telephones. They did modify ibm they got some punch card machines that still read 12 bits. And they converted the machines to read on the 80bit side. And that is the whole world we have. That is why we have 80 character lines. Is that innovation . That was a guy named hewitt crane, who moved to stanford research. He just died a few years ago. He did that alone and got in real trouble. Then ibm people said, we can probably sell this. They did very well. And put them in data processing. Francis bufford had a great review of the book in the guardian of london today. He says no other book brings to light anything so vividly or appreciatively like the immense engineering difficulty of creating electronic logic for the first time. Talk about the design, von neumanns drive to do this. He was tireless in bringing these theories to life. He was trying to do the almost impossible. What they did was really crazy. They are making a 40 bit parallel machine, where one bit is in a different to. Tubes. And if you walk past wearing a sweater, you might throw 300 bits off of them and nothing works. But they got it to work in new jersey, the least sustainable environment for delicate electronics. Any time a car went out the memory. Thunderstorms, they were so persistent. The fact they got this thing working is quite amazing. You used a phrase, a deal with the devil, talking about los alamos and the atomic bomb. There was a another deal with the devil made in the development of the computer that von neumann wanted to build. I feel, and i think this is still a fable for the future, the deal was made that the devil could have this weapon that could destroy all life on earth. And the scientists would get this computer that would reveal all knowledge. It was this incredible trade. Give me everlasting life, and i will give you my firstborn child sort of thing. And we think that we kind of won the deal. It is income rental today how real the threat of Worldwide Global nuclear war was at that time in the 1950s. There was a 20 minute launch window to destroy the world. We survived that. We do not worry about those conflict like we used to. I think what you have to remember is that computers could be equally threatening. So maybe the devil is out there. I do not want the bomb, i want the computers. That is what we need to be watchful for, that we do not let this Global Computing Network that is so beautiful and is a cathedral, make sure it does not become the tool of some totalitarian maniac. I want to get to that in a second. It was interesting incredibly compelling, that von neumann could see both moving and parallel. Having worked at los alamos, he could see what the net result of the Hydrogen Bomb was likely to be. And at the same time, had this premonition of what computing taken to its far extent, could turn out to be. He did not perceive the internet. We give von neumann credit for everything, but not the internet. Didnt they devise what you call a real problem and perfect cover . They are working on thermonuclear explosion models but they are also working on strategic weather. Meteorology. Von neumann was just an opportunist. A genius. He did sort of need a cover for this sort of work. Meteorology was the perfect work. They brought in real meteorologists. Anytime you check your iphone and get a five day forecast, it is the same code they developed. Just better input data and infinitely more processing power. Two applications that seem to catch on. Weapons and whether. Both hydrodynamics, is really what it is. You talked about the code for the eniac, and this is a great revelation of the book, which is that they are developing the monte carlo algorithm. Von neumann is instructing clarie coaching her, it getting involved in writing code for monte carlo. Had that been known that she was writing code . Some of these codes there is one in an envelope. That you can mail with stamps. Is what we call the source code for the Hydrogen Bomb. This code would run today. It would run on the eniac for six weeks to get a yes or no answer. Now, in microseconds, your screen is refreshed. You use up a zillion bits. Very different kinds of code but incredibly important. Monte carlo, it is the perfect example. Ulam invented it while he was recovering from a brain virus. He started playing solitaire and realized, we could do computing this way. [laughter] how did monte carlo, which is an incredibly sophisticated way of doing that, writing software, how did that happen so early in the evolution of computing when machines were so primitive and memory so small . They needed it, is why it happened. They needed to follow populations of neutrons and did not have the horsepower to do it in an analytical way, so they had to do it in a statistical way. The beauty of monte carlo is that it is not an approximation. It is closer to the way the world of physics works. Physics, at its essence is a physical process. Can you explain a little bit about that . There are people that know about monte carlo, but there may be people watching that do not. Instead of trying to get an exact answer you sort of developed a game of chance and run that game of chance. The more you play, the better your answer gets. If you are gambling at a casino, if you gambled a long time, you would get an accurate estimate of how what the take of the other side is. 3 or 2 . What is so beautiful, you could not imagine it was true, but johnny and clarie meet in monte carlo. He has a system for roulette and has lost all his money. [laughter] with his first marriage, he is still married to marinas mother. But he goes over to the bar, and there is clairie, whose husband is a compulsive gambler, and he knows her from childhood. She was an attractive figure skater. She buys him a drink. She had the money. So they meet in monte carlo. You could not make that up. It is a great story absolutely is. Work begins in 1946 and in 1951 the team from los alamos comes to princeton. They load a very large thermonuclear calculation into the maniac. It runs for 24 hours without interruption. For six weeks. 60 days. More like eight weeks. With a flabbergasted . Confident . What was the reaction . Nobody was supposed to talk about it. We are not even supposed to know the maniac was working. They got it working early and ran it. We were desperate to know. That was when we were building the first big Hydrogen Bomb. So there are a few people left. Harris is still alive. Marcia rosenberg died not too long ago. That people were not supposed to talk about what they were doing. They were testing machine and running a real problem. You can tell by the dates at which nick metropolous shows up. [inaudible] you should give her a mike. [inaudible] we will have to get you a mike. Nick and stan came with the los alamos problems. It all came from po box 1663. Because nick had a girlfriend in new mexico. [laughter] she said he was so handsome. And the Hydrogen Bomb is detonated 60 years ago this year, november 1, 1952 in the south pacific. Von neumann writes about knowing, and he uses the phrase creating a monster, but he also said he felt it would be unethical for scientists not to see through to the end what they knew they were capable of. I think it is interesting that he juxtaposed ethics in that way. The monster being created, but the scientific obligation to see it through to the end. Was that characteristic of von neumann . And very character a stick of stan too. Stan was married to france wall, who was again the francoise who was against the bomb. He said, we have to know what happens. If there is a way to know what happens with energy density, it is our job to find out. It is not our job to say if it is good or bad. The next year, the soviets detonate their Hydrogen Bomb. It was not very successful. Like with the germans, they were not as far along as we were afraid of. Von neumann had los alamos. They were working on a Hydrogen Bomb design that was not successful, but we did not know that at the time. Then we find out that one of the researchers was a russians by. Russian spy. Less than four years later von neumann dies of cancer. Tragically. And the team scatters. They pull the plug. The computing team, because the plug gets pulled, it does not last. It essentially collapses. It setback Computer Science almost a decade. They had the script does doing computing for scientific purposes, which ibm picked up on. The Research Center started doing that, but there was a gap in between that was lost. It is understandable why the institute did not want to become a computing center. It was von neumann who kept it going. When he was gone, it was over. We have plenty of questions. We do. There are a lot of really good questions. Lets talk about the implications of all this. You talk a lot about the implications of where computing is and where it is going in the book. You said about a week ago that the last time you checked, the digital universe lets make sure that these numbers right is expanding by 2 trillion transistors per second in boston power and 5 trillion bits per second in storage. That is hard disk storage. Von neumann predicted a universe of 10,000 switches, i think. He said that was all you needed for a computer, 10,000 transistors. 10,000 switching units would be enough. With this unleashing of computing power, there are things you talked about. One is Artificial Intelligence. When von neumann spoke of computers, he never talked about Artificial Intelligence. Alan turing talk about little else. Talk about that dichotomy. The two of them, and where you personally leave Artificial Intelligence is headed. I am on the alan turing side. Turing never publish anything until it was perfectly proved. He spoke in perfect, complete sentences. Very much the other way. Stuttered, and said what he thought. Very different characters. That is the tragedy of von neumanns death. He did not want to bullish anything until he had a complete theory. You never got there. Turing that at 41, von neumann at 53. Is what we are seeing the approximation of Artificial Intelligence as they might have thought of it . I think it is awfully close to what turing was looking at. People remember his 1950 paper the imitation game, and his 1936 paper, the universal machine. The one that is equally important but less remembered is his 1938 phd dissertation at princeton that was on nondeterminate machines that he called oracle machines. Every once in a while, they take a jump like we do, in thinking. We put it together, and that is intelligence. Turing believed he had proved a machine that never makes mistakes could never be intelligent. Gerdle proved that as well. If it never makes mistakes, it is not going to be intelligent. But if you look at what google is doing, this indoor miss deterministic machine, a million servers all perfectly predictable. Yet they are connected by nondeterministic links, which are the people. You are given 10 search results and click on one. That is a nondeterministic process. And the deterministic machine incorporates the state of that nondeterministic leap into the deterministic machine. That is why google gets you result in a millisecond. It knows where other people have found meaning. You cannot imagine a more perfect blueprint for an oracle machine than what google is doing right here. That is not scary or anything else. They are just doing it and we love them. We could not live without it. The second thing i wanted to talk about was computers as an organism. You talk a lot in the book again, it is the juxtaposition of turing and von neumann. You say many decades later, we still face the same question. Turings question was what it will take for machines began to think. Von neumanns question was what it will take for machines to reproduce. The notion of a replicating computer is in your book. You talk about that logically and practically. What do you think the implications are . That is why we ended up with silicon valley. These machines became effectively self replicating. They are replicating themselves. I think that is why this von neumann machine is so important. Even though that were there were other machines, it is bigelows machine, the chip factories that used to be here making millions everyday. Is organism the word . I am more interested in codes than organisms. You have to pick the great character in this book. It is von neumann it is Julian Bigelow. Of araceli came in with the idea that codes can be viewed as organisms, because they self replicate, they crossbreed. And he looked at that in 1953. In a way, more stuff is happening on the coding side. The chips are sort of a soup out of which interesting stuff happens. The third one is Big Computers. Von neumann envisioned a world in which there was no network to speak of. A few Big Computers would perform all of the worlds commutations. Computations. You see that being realized in some respects. Strange how were going back to that. His vision was it would be three or four Big Computers that you would dial in your computation over a network. Then we went to a vast distributed network and going more to things like google and facebook, which is essentially are large computers in a broad sense. In a way and of course people in the industry, it has gone back and forth many times. Lets get to some audience questions. Heres one that says it is not unreasonable to say that theoretical Computer Science is still dominated by turings concept. You think that is possible to change in the near future . Yes. I think the way it will change is not from the bottom up. I do not think we are ever going to escape the turing machine running on the von neumann matrix. Turing had a onedimensional model. I think we are stuck with that. It works so well. At a higher level, i think we are now free to build all sorts of different models. I think the answer is yes, it is going to change. There is a question from someone who went to the ias in 1955 and saw the computer they had had vacuum tubes hanging out. Was that a temporary situation or did it look like that . They might have been looking at i do not know. I would like to know exactly when that was. They had monitors. That could have been what it was. They had tubes that would look into memory from outside. There was a real conflict at the ias among the physicists and mathematicians, what they call the computer guys, computer people. They were relegated to the worst space. They were put in the basement. Next to the boiler room. Than they were put in an out building. Was that ever reconciled . It has been reconciled through charles simoni, who built the most fabulous building at the institute. Now they have the best quarters. The hungarians had the last laugh. [laughter] there is a suggestion that von neumann had to charm the ias into making the machine. Is that true . Very true. He threatened to leave. It would be embarrassing for them if he left. He had offers from m. I. T. , university of chicago, l labs. They could not let him go. If you were to describe what von neumanns vision was for the u. S. And society in this country as he found it and chose to make his home, do you know what that would be . It is an interesting question. What would he think of us now . If he had to fly through an airport and go through tsa . [laughter] it is sad. He certainly had a great vision of a free, democratic society. And he also said explicitly how quickly this can change. The good guys can become the bad guys. The bad guys can become the good guys. Yes, he loved america. He wanted to keep america strong , but also fair. Another interesting person at ias was Norbert Wiener, who did theoretical work there. There is a question about the conflict between von neumann and weiner. Can you talk about the conflict . We love conflict stories. Norbert wiener never did cover the ias. He visited, but was not a member. He was at m. I. T. We kind of play of these conflicts. Actually, Norbert Wiener and von neumann Work Together on a number of things. Norbert wiener was opposed to the Hydrogen Bomb. There were a lot of very sad splits between people. It broke up friendships. They differed greatly on weather predictions. Norbert winter believed it was nondeterministic and you cannot predict it. And he was right. But they did not really argue about it. They just disagreed. A couple questions from earlier today. One is about the first draft of the report on edvac which is said to client contain some of turings ideas. Can you talk about which of those ideas were in that report given turings description was not published until a year later . It gets very collocated. The report was given to turing. An report was i agree that the idea in the report are based on turings ideas. I do not think it is my opinion, but i do not think eckhart was is up to speed on turing as von neumann was. I would like to leave it as they all had great ideas and were collaborating at the time. We do not realize how much collaboration there was during the war. Is that part of the zone of history we will never know anything about . Radar is a good example. It was such a collaboration between the americans and the british. Neither side would have done it on their own, but together, they got it done. Another question is, it has been said, perhaps unkindly, that alan turings best contribution to the pilot ace develop and was to lead the laboratory altogether and let team get on with it. Was alan turing anymore of a team player in the u. S. Following princeton . Was he really not ultimately much of a team player . Was he at princeton, was he more of a team player . He joined the rugby team. [laughter] team of a different sort. I think in some ways, he was 18 player, but his sport, he was a longdistance runner, which is a lone thing and not a team thing. So he had a reputation as being a loner, but i just think he was difficult to deal with. There is a fantastic memo where he asks the poor people handling him have to ask is he going to work part time so he can play tennis rather than going to work in the morning . . It was difficult to keep disciplined. These questions are from kevin merle, who is instrumental at the museum of computing. Can it really be said that his best contribution was to leave . I would not say that. I do not know. I am not at all the expert on turing. I have not done this kind of looking at archives or documents. But i think turing they made great contributions everywhere he went. It may be that kevin is looking for validation that it was not the case. You may have given that to him. Was there another intellectual passion of von neumann decides this insatiable in curious mind he had . He was passionate about history, particularly the history of the byzantine empire. He had a tremendously wide range of interests. He loved mexican food, alcohol. Women. [laughter] as akrevoe emmanouilides will testify. He was fascinated by landmarks with strange names. To go out of his way to go to places like the devils post pile. We have this tradition in america of you have to go 40 miles to see this thing, and he always went. He was superstitious. He would never turn a light switch off without turning it off seven times. [laughter] really . How did that come to light . I do not know. I am taking claries word for it. She wrote if you got a question in his mind, he would be very temperamental until he worked it out. There are cases of people giving him unsolvable problems to watch. [laughter] and someone else said, no one could be so physically in different as von neumann when he was listening to a lecture or a talk he had zero interest in. He had no time for smalltalk. But he was very diplomatic. Lewis strauss, who was in the navy, he said it was great how he could negotiate a agreement among a room full of people that disagree. That is why he got people like bigelow and goldstein to Work Together. We need people like that. When you get a lot of credit for things, suddenly you get all the credit. And you should not go that far. She did not seek. And any time that occurred, he seemed to be pretty good about pushing that away. He got his share of credit and did not want more. But his ego did not require that sort of continual feeding . Is that what you are saying . I think he kind of feed it himself. So we are going to do a reading. We like to have our authors read. Somehow, this is so much more powerful when it comes across in your own voice. You have picked a couple of passages out that you are going to read. I want to just close this with your giving us a bit of that. I picked the beginning and end, leaving out everything in the middle. [laughter] bit knowledge meant, in the beginning was the command line. That was in honor of neal stephenson, who helped this book cap and. At the age of three, i was walking home with my father from his office at the institute for dance study at princeton, when i found a broken fan belt lying in the road. I asked my father what it was. It is a piece of the sun, he said. My father was a field theorist and protege of hans beta, former wartime Development Leader at los alamos, who went excepting his nobel prize explained that stars have a lifecycle much like animals. They get born, they grow, they go through a definite interim of development and finally give back the material of which they are made so that new stars may live. To an engineer, fan belts exist between the crankshaft and water pump. To a physicist, they exist briefly in the end goals between stars. [laughter] Julian Bigelow gets introduced them. Now i will read you the end of the book. The basement storeroom is where they were delegated. Next to the boiler room. Where the first workbenches where installed in 1946 was thes institutes main server room until recently, connected to the world through optical fibers in a reversal of attempts to incubate self propagating numerical ordinances and dedicated monitoring systems. It now watches over all traffic, trying to keep out self propagating numerical organisms attempting to get in. The viruses are getting so intelligent that it is really an arms race administrator in 2005 explained. It is watching traffic as they go by. Machines watch out for machines. The arms race being fought in the basement will never be decided in favor of the completely deterministic over the probabilistic and incomplete. Wilderness even if a digital wilderness, will always win. There are codes and machines that can do almost anything, but it will never be possible to determine sibley by looking at a code what the code will do. No firewall can ever be made complete. The digital universe will always leave room for more mysteries then even robert frost could dream of. The 40 bit matrix constructed was initialized with coded instructions and given a 10 bit number with orders to go to that location and perform the next instruction, which could have been an instructor to modify existing instructions found at that address. Even from so finite a beginning there was no way to predict the end result. In november 2000, the Cardboard Box turned up in the basement of the West Building at the institute for advanced studies where it presents have been overlooked. A smell still permeated the layer of dust that had settled over a collection of World War Ii Service manuals which for some reason had not been drawn up when the output was switched from punchcards to paper tape. Underneath them was processing cards. And a note written in lined paper, identifying the cards as the drum code, with instructions for how it should be loaded and run on the highspeed magnetic drum. Along with a stack of cards worth three sheets of letter paper filled with dense handwritten code specifying the logarithm preserved in suspended animation on the cards. Here were the dead sea scrolls. The note a comforting the cards addressed and signed, twl concludes with the following statement there must be something about this code that you have not explained yet. That is the end of the book. [laughter] [applause] we have a shortage of many things in this country, george. Engineers are among them. Software hardware. You name it. I am now convinced that one of our other great shortages is a set of diligent and motivated historians who are going to find these boxes of incredibly rare papers and notes who really will help us understandable scope of what has happened in history and what the indications are for the future. I agree. Here we have living history tonight. Akrevoe emmanouilides has a microphone. Good. You want to talk a little bit. First, let me say thank you to george dyson. [applause] come on up. Take a chair. I want to hear her explain what it was like to join the project at age 17. Have a seat. You and george have a little conversation. Just hold it up. There you go. George and i have had several conversations. Perhaps he you would be interested to know how we met. I have a son in philadelphia. And i went backandforth in fort collins, colorado. I met a woman whose father had been Woodrow Wilsons taylor when he was the president of princeton university. Imagine how long ago that was. She was going back to princeton for a high school reunion. And we decided we would meet at princeton for lunch. But since i got there early, i went out to the institute. And the receptionist, when i told her my little bit of history, said why dont you go over to the library . You might be interested in what is over there. And what was over there was a display of the institute electronic computer 50 years ago. And in the case, i found onion skin copies of letters with my initials at the bottom. [laughter] all those years later, i probably did not remember writing those letters. But the librarian at the institute said, i think you might like to meet george dyson because he is writing a book about the electronic computer project. I left my telephone number and the next day, george telephoned. And i came back to princeton. And we have had, i think, a friendship ever since. And i got to i do not know if that is of interest to you but when i was 16 years old, i graduated from a high school in philadelphia, William Penn High School for girls. And my parents, my father, who was an immigrant, made it very clear to me that i could not expect to go to college. Nice greek girls found husbands and went to work. And that was the end of it. But a counselor at the high school i was at the top of my class she said, we have gotten a request for a secretary at the university of pennsylvania. She sent me out there. And i met Herman Goldstein dressed in his ordnance uniform. And his wife, adele goldstein. For some reason, they hired this naive girl who did not even know algebra. And there i was, thrown into this magic world that i think of as a miracle. And after the eniac was introduced, herman and adele invited me to go to princeton with them. For a year, i commuted on the Pennsylvania Railroad from philadelphia to Princeton Junction. Have any of you im sure many of you have been to princeton. How many . Look at all the hands. Did you take the train . He took the train from Princeton Junction into princeton. I did that for a long time. Then solomon volcker, who was a mathematician, was going on a sabbatical to hartford. He wanted someone to stay with his wife. I got the privilege of living in their house a few blocks away from the institute, where i had my own bathroom and my own bedroom. And mrs. Volcker took me in hand. I was born a redhead. She told me, you look like a renoir painting and you should wear blue and green. So it changed my life, as you can imagine. Just going downstairs today, i saw a shot of me in the eniac display. You never know where life takes you, do you . Think you. Thank you. [applause] all these papers at the institute are terribly disorganized. So we went down into the basement. And akrevoe emmanouilides said, let me organize them. I did not leave them in this state of disorder. [laughter] you do not have to pay me. Let the archivist know they have to be preserved in the state in which they were found. I think one of the things george talked about, the institute itself. Perhaps some of you have been to the institute. But the institute is now, and certainly at that time, was a very unique lace place. It was founded by a family who owned Department Stores in newark. And george can correct me. They certainly saw what was coming in europe. And they brought professor einstein and newman. The names that are all in the history books. Brought them to the institute to this absolutely beautiful landscape. And i remember seeing professor einstein walking with kurt go dell, coming to the institute. One christmas, the director of the institute, who was frank adelaide, who had been president of a university, invited all these secretaries to his house to the mansion, alden manner manor. I was the youngest, probably 17. All the other women were much older and experienced. There was a knock on the door. And professor einstein came in with georges babysitter. And i embarrassed to say i do not remember a word he said. [laughter] [applause] and one other thing i remember was that professor von neumann in georges book, he talks about the wonderful parties the von neumanns gave. One time they invited the computer group, and i wore my radiused black dress. And i got to dance with j robert oppenheimer. [laughter] can anybody else say that . [laughter] thank you so much. [applause] one other quick thing. You are telling me earlier that you are thinking about writing a memoir. Talk about that. Especially the title. Today, i do not think young women are called secretaries. They are called administrative assistance. They have pretty fancy titles. In 1946, i was only the secretary. I think that is what i want to title my little memoir because you can do a lot of good as a secretary. I do not say you are very important, but they need you. And all of you probably have had secretaries. Were they important to you . [applause] and i also had a wonderful experience. I was the book secretary at nyu because when i needed a job, i went to any academic institution. Because that was my experience. And i have great experiences being only the secretary. So, if i can learn to use my computer, maybe i will write it. [laughter] [applause] to george dyson. [applause] [applause] a Cyber Security compass tomorrow with director mike rogers. Watch it live at noon eastern on cspan2. Monday night on the communicators, we spoke with industry executives at the Consumer Electronics show in las vegas. Senior Vice President at ericsson and cisco senior Vice President talk about their companies and the technology on which the internet and cloud operate. We talk about something we call the neck of Society Network society, a society where everything can benefit from having a connection will have one. We put our Vision Forward in 2009 in barcelona, in the trade show going on there. More than 50 billion connected devices in 2020, which is gone very well in the world. That i think holds in many peoples minds, that normal industry is not limited to smartphone devices that we carry around personally. It is also a Great Technology to connect some any other things and build a better society. The internet started with this thing that people needed to get to somewhere or somehow, through dialup connections. We brought the internet to your home. We brought the internet from being your phone to being every device you carry around. The next age of the internet is about taking it from all these mobile devices to information and connecting not just people but things with people, information with people. Processes with people and things, so we can create an internet of everything. I think we are in the early stages of building that internet of everything. Monday at 8 00 eastern on the community is on cspan2. Tonight on cspan, q and a and Chris Christie speaking in new hampshire. Then, Prime Minister shinzo abe talk about priority for the japanese government. This week on q a, our guest is jan jarboe russell. Her new book, the train to crystal city fdrs secret Prisoner Exchange and americas only family internment camp during world war ii, examines the unique nature of this camp located in southern texas, which was home not only to japanese detainees but also germans and italians living in the u. S. During the war. Operated from 19421948, the camp was the center of the secret program called client passage in which hundreds