Viewersquestion for our , what is your view on the Death Penalty . Pecial lines if you support the Death Penalty, call 2027488000. If you oppose it, call 2027488001. You can also reach us on social media, on twitter and facebook. Good morning. Before we get to your calls, your views on the Death Penalty, we begin today by speaking to lance rogers from bloomberg, the legal editor. We will talk more about the Supreme Court cases. Good morning, lance. Thank you for joining us today. Tell us a little bit about these two cases the u. S. Supreme court agreed to hear. Caller a pairenalty guest of Death Penalty cases per one has to do with the question of how we determine if someone is o mentally disabled to execute and the other is whether Racial Discrimination changes capital sentencing. Lawyers for duane booker saying the sentencing was tainted because blacks and hispanics are overrepresented in the criminal Justice System and he considered race when co calculating someones future dangerousness. The expertes khen on to testify that buc would that be a future danger if he was given a life sentence instead of death. He missed the deadline for raising an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Now, he is trying to take advantage of a rule of procedure that allows courts to give procedural forgive procedural lapses. Rescuing ll be wrestling with whether the racial overtones are enough to forward. Case going lawyers saymoores the state used an unscientific standard to assess whether his intellectual disability was so severe it would be cruel and unusual to execute him. Definition should match the most recent clinical used by professional medical associations like those propagated by the American Association on intellectual and about mental disabilities. He scores in the high 50s to hes on iq tests well within the range of mental retardation. Host can you tell us a little about Supreme Court precedent when it comes to taking Death Penalty related cases . Is this something that is unusual . No, the court is constantly taking cases to tweak and refine what the states are obligated to do in Death Penalty cases. The court is very sensitive to race issues and criminal matters in general and Death Penalty cases in particular. Several weeks ago, it overturned a 30yearold death sentence. Is acutely aware that 43 of the people on death row are black. Raising the question of Racial Discrimination is huge. The court will give this a close look. Host these cases are not giving to court the opportunity overturn the Death Penalty entirely. Is that something that could happen, something they could do on their own . Guest great question. Neither petition attacks the constitutionality of the Death Penalty itself, but the court is free to ask the parties to rebrief issues once they reappear before the court. It seems likely we will hear about it because Justice Stephen breyer is using Death Penalty cases as a springboard to iesisit whether Death Penaltys can be carried out without cruel and unusual punishment. The definition of cruel and unusual has evolved significantly. Host you mentioned Justice Stephen breyer. His views on the Death Penalty recently in his latest book. He had this to say about it. Can you talk a little bit about the current justices on the Supreme Court and the current vacancy . How that might affect how the court rules. Breyer was joined by Justice Ruth Bader ginsburg in that point. Perhapsonia sotomayor has sympathies in that direction as well. Im not sure we have enough justices to talk about overturning the Death Penalty at this point. The death of Justice Antonin Scalia was a huge blow for the proDeath Penalty folks. He was one of the most vigorous supporters. The court also issued a decision this week in the death on thursday, ruling that a state judge was wrong to participate in a death row case where he previously served as a prosecutor. Host it is a straight up prejudice case. The judge was involved as a prosecutor and it shows that the court is really nibbling around the edges of these Death Penalty cases. Procedures,l the dotted and tsbe to be crossed. Whether they will tackle it directly, we will see. Host lance rogers, legal editor for bloomberg bna. Think of joining us this morning. Thank you for joining us this morning could we are taking viewer calls on the Death Penalty. You support or oppose it. First, tom from wisconsin. You support the Death Penalty. Can you tell us why . Caller i have a quick question. Yesterday, donald trump gave a couple of speeches. I tuned in a little bit before your show started i still havent seen his speeches on cspan. You shown Hillary Clintons a few times. Yesterday, live. You put Bernie Sanders on instead of donald trump yesterday. Nt you playing Donald Trumps speeches . Host you can find the speeches from all the candidates on our website, www. Cspan. Org. Did you have a question or want to talk about the Death Penalty this morning . Caller i do, but i want to know why Donald Trumps speeches arent on live. Can you explain that . Host i cannot. Cspan3. Rried live on cspan has three stations. , live andcspan3 available on the website as well. Tell us what you think about the Death Penalty. Caller you are burying donald trump and he was supposed to be equal. All your guests this morning are liberals. Valerie calling in from victorville, california. You oppose the Death Penalty. Can you tell us why . Caller i oppose the Death Penalty because of the number of defendants who have had their charges dropped or cleared posthumously because of advances in Technology Clearing them. Erroneousight on the and the severity of punishment. Host you mentioned the advances in technology, dna evidence and such. The availability of that evidence makes it a lot easier to know for sure whether someone has committed a terrible crime is the right person. Do you think that makes it less likely someone is wrongly convicted . Caller no, because they have. Ot been using it pressure,the right apply it to people they killed to find out they are innocent. Host valerie calling in from california. Virginiafrom damascus, john is a Death Penalty supporter. Caller i am kind of in between. Because of against them shall not kill thou shalt not kill. That is my religion. , serialr half, i agree lers have host you said you are torn reasonings religious and you still supporte it. Is there any punishment that would be sufficient for the worst crimes we have . Cosby, heke bill needs to be dead. Seriously, just because he is a millionaire, he got away with how many rapes . He is free because he is a millionaire. If it were any other minority, do you think he would be free . Lets be honest. Host lets look at some information from the Pew Research Center about public opinion. Majority of Americans Still support the Death Penalty. That has changed in recent years. About 56 favor the Death Penalty for people convicted of murder while 38 oppose it. Support as low as it has been in 40 years. Dwindling support for the Death Penalty among most americans as we talk about the Death Penalty. Ahead of two Supreme Court cases next term taking it on. Up next, joe calling in from massachusetts. You oppose the Death Penalty. Why is that . Caller i oppose the Death Penalty because i believe there tonothing that could be done prevent innocent people from being executed. Cop really believes this guy did it, he will lie in court. Prosecutors lie. As someone whos had a homicide victim in my family, my sister, we have dealt with this ourselves. My main feeling is as long as the Death Penalty exists, innocent people will be executed. Advances in Technology Work both ways, right . They make it likely there is more accurate evidence to convict people and being able to exonerate someone who was in the past wrongly convicted. If technology continues to advance, might you change your mind . Caller no. Again, i believe witnesses lie, cops lie, prosecutors lie. If you are the innocent smock caught in it, you are going to as youu only get as much can afford. Host just calling in from oil city, pennsylvania. You support the Death Penalty. It provides justice to the victims families and all those who have known whoever lost their life. Host Pew Research Center points the19 states have banned Death Penalty. Does that raise any concern for you that people are being treated when it comes to the Death Penalty depending on what state they are in . Caller it does. There are certain crimes people commit there is a point of no return. It does provide justice for the victimss families. It does cause concern. More states should take all states should have that as the ultimate punishment. Host are you concerned about wrongful convictions . That is one concern that Justice Breyer talked about, as well as the arbitrary application. Are those concerning to . There has to be 100 without doubt they committed the crime. It has to be overwhelming, convincing maybe two or three trials to prove they done that. I have seen where people have been jailed and are under throw and found to be innocent down the road. Deathrow row and are found to be innocent down the road. Jeff calling in from pennsylvania. Up next, barbara calling in from florida. You oppose the Death Penalty. Why is that . Think they are i put in prison, they will have. He worst punishment in prison that you have wrong people have been on death wrote, they are exonerated. On death row, they are exonerated. They gave up the Death Penalty for people nor wrongly convicted. When a person who has done wrong to somebody else, they meet their match in prison. They get beat up and Everything Else in prison. It is the worst sentence they ever wanted. Host what about the argument the Death Penalty helps to deter some people from committing crimes . The you think that is a convincing argument . Caller if they are really guilty, it does. It does not serve the purpose of the once who know they can get ones who it the know they can get away with it. They meet the same kind of people on the streets who they have robbed, killed and stole from. College students and everybody else. Host barbara calling in from florida. Up next, roger calling in from mckinsey, alabama. Can you tell us why you oppose the Death Penalty . I oppose it, but i think it ought to be up to the state that does it. It youe dont get get out of life what you put into it. I remember the brothers that shot and killed their parents and started spending the money and were convicted and then somehow got another trial in turn it around to where the father had touched them naked, so they got it down to seconddegree. If you had been a poor man, that would have never happened. Host what if there were more funding for criminal defenders that would help level the representation of people . You can say that, but it never happens. You are not going to be able to a public defender and give them 5 million like the crazy guy in new york who inherited all that property money. They can kill people all over the country and get away with it. The states get to decide for themselves. Theyve never proven that one innocent person has been killed. You cannot trust people. The police, prosecutors and attorneys i would not trust either group of those as far as i can throw them. Host john is calling in from new mexico. You are in support of the Death Penalty. How firm is that support . Caller it runs parallel with whats going on in california. That is assisted suicide. Theres a lot of over criminalization going on right now. People are not able to use medications properly. Theres a lot of things going on right now the first question would be, would you want to not live any longer . That is the reason i do support the Death Penalty. Some folks dont have the opportunity, they dont have the support system so that they should be able to not choose to not live any longer because the way the system is set up. You support capital punishment, which is different from assisted suicide. Any of these, are concerns that have been raised by Justice Breyer or some of our viewers about wrongful convictions, is that a concern for you . Caller i agree, but i think the whole system needs to be we need to consider a lot of the ostics about what should c in terms of health care come in terms of taxpayers paying for people to stay in prisons. Do to haveoes it have t people stay in prison. People feel like they dont have a support system to be here, they should have that choice. Done, irong for what i feel remorseful and therefore, i feel like i should not be here any longer because i dont have the adequate resources. I dont want to spend the rest of my days in prison with a lot of thugs and criminals. Host john calling in from new mexico. Several states are taking a look at their Death Penalty laws. In florida, there was recently a finding the Death Penalty there was unconstitutional as it was being carried out. A circuit judge has ruled that floridas new Death Penalty sentencing law is patently unconstitutional because it does not require unanimous jury decisions for death to be imposed. The hillsboro county circuit judge on thursday sided with the. Efendant for to lawmakers drafted a new Death Penalty sentencing process this year in response to a u. S. Decision thatjustices a overturned the old law because it gave too much power to judges instead of juries. Courts across the country continuing to wrestle with the issue of the Death Penalty. Up next, connie calling in from rochester, new york. You oppose the Death Penalty. Why is that . Caller because my brother was killed. I feel the situation should have been differently. My mother and a paying the hospital bills and all the bills after this man had killed my brother. Andhould have stayed alive he should work out the debt he has made. Make him responsible for the actions. I have two nieces who needed to go to college. My brother had a job. He was supporting them. He needs to be in jail supporting my nieces and nephews. Men more than to know they make 30,000 and its going to somebody else. Did theat sentence assailant receive . Caller he is on death row. I would rather have him working in the prison and being responsible for his actions. Most people on death row are there for quite some time. Sometimes even decades. Are awaiting that sentence. If there was a way for them to do both, work to pay restitution as well as face death, would that change your position . He still hasecause a responsibility to the city and to the state. It is not just to my family, it is to the people he hurt. He hurt his family, he hurt other people. He has the responsibility to pay everybody back. Just like if you went to a store and you stole something, you are responsible to pay that that. That pay that debt. Host connie calling in from new york as we continue our discussion about the Death Penalty. Taking your calls. George calling in from massachusetts. You support the Death Penalty. Can you tell us why . Person has done such heinous acts, what other them a gift and eave them in prison . Its a terrible thing they have to go through. Massachusetts,in a state that does not have the Death Penalty in state cases. Would you like to see that changed . Caller yes, definitely. If they kill a person, take a life, they one of the shaltdments is thou not kill. They should pay for it. Host what kinds of crimes is there a limit . Caller i dont want to see them stay in prison and be tried time and time again. It has to be factual. Maybe you can stop other people from thinking of doing such a heinous deed. Alan calling in from texas. You support the Death Penalty. Texas is one of the states that does carry it out. How strong is your support for the Death Penalty . You are asking the wrong people to support or oppose. You need to talk to the inmates in prison. Put in prison you for life, they cause all the trouble. Al, theye, murder, stee are the head of the gangs in prisons because they have nothing to lose. The guys in there for one or two years are at the mercy of these people. Life, you pay for it for your life. With your life. Host a lot of deathrow inmates are in prison for a very long time as the appeals process moves forward. That change your mind, the fact that regardless, even if they are sentenced to death, they will probably still be in prison for a long time with other inmates . Caller they should not be in prison, they should pay with their life. ,ver 60 of them on to throw only their life mean something to them. They have nothing else to lose. Host that is alan calling in from texas. Desktop next,from jim calling in from illinois. Up next, jim calling in from illinois. Caller the prosecution bringing cases come a lot of cases go through on circumstantial evidence where they dont actually have the smoking gun or dna evidence they need to convict beyond a reasonable doubt. There is the idea of race, how that plays into it. Host you live in illinois, one of the states that has outlawed the Death Penalty. , did that helpte you form your opinion or did you oppose it even before that discussion took place . Caller i was kind of on the fence before. The fact that theres innocent people sitting on the throne was shocking to me. Row wasing on death wr shocking to me. It is horrific to think that can happen. Jarring toing and the point where, why take a chance . It is not worth taking an innocent life. You have to have a great case, it has to be beyond a reasonable doubt, that has to be overwhelming evidence. Even then, i still oppose it. I dont think it is morally the right thing to do. Host jim calling in from illinois. Have a caller from shreveport, louisiana. Have you always oppose the Death Penalty opposed the Death Penalty . Caller yes. For multiple reasons. First, religious reasons. Gives life and only one person should take it away. Being in the south, it is applied more, it is applied alongarily, it is applied racial and socioeconomic lines. It is not a deterrent. I also think it is barbaric in some ways. I dont really see the the victimss families left behind, life in way. N would be a better host how is administered in a raises concerns about race if you saw improvements in the system where we did not see statistics about Racial Disparities one way and if there were more reliance on scientific evidence, might you change your mind . Caller it still doesnt address the issue that it does not the term people from doing it. For me personally, it does not views as far as being a christian. I understand we all come from different backgrounds. It is not a deterrent. So, what are we doing . Mike in the denver post recently wrote a piece in support of the Death Penalty, making the case for it. In it, he says the overriding moral principle is retribution. A fundamental tenet of the law is that one who commits a crime be made to forbid something he values commensurate with the oss he inflicted on his victims. Forfeit something he values commensurate with the loss he inflicted on his victims. Up next, alan calling in from portland, oregon. You support the Death Penalty. Foretribution the reason your support . Caller that is part of it, yes. Im a very strong supporter of the Death Penalty. I would take it a step further. I would like to see the to be the same kind of death their victim suffered. I think that would give the murderers a few second thoughts. Of the deathsage penalty has been limited by the Supreme Court in some rulings given the eighth amendment murders are if particularly grisly, is their concerns for you that that would be unconstitutional. Caller no, not really. It doesnt have to be the exact same death. But close to it. In my point of view, that would be justice. Murderersat would put some serious second thoughts before they did what they do. Host alan calling in from oregon. Up next, vicki calling in from saint augustine, florida. You oppose the Death Penalty. Why is that . Caller i been visiting an inmate on death row for the last two years. I have gotten to know him well. I wanted to respond to the caller that was just previous to me. He implied that these people should have thought about what they did before they did it. At uniones i have met correctional, most of them on to throw committed their heinous crime while they were high on drugs. They could hardly consider anything intellectually when they were that high. All of them that i met in the visitor park grew up in horrible conditions from the time they were infants. Beaten, abused, hadron addicted parents. Had drug addicted parents. This is the bill them at every step of the way. The system failed them. What causes you to do this work . Whyd you visit those prisoners . Caller i feel that every life has value. When these prisoners were born, when their mothers gave birth to them, they were lovely, darling infants. Without thatn aggression, without that horrible feeling that they had to take their anger out on people. Born innocent. Host in Death Penalty cases, theres usually a separate proceeding after the sentencing where mitigating factors like the one you mentioned, drug ,ddiction, someones background all that is considered by the jury before the jury imposes this sentence. Why isnt that a big enough safety net . Friendsn my prison case, you are correct, there was a mitigation portion after the death conviction. The jury decided the mid of paving mitigating factors were not strong enough. 2. E jury decided 10 fortunately, as you said, now that the Supreme Court has said the judgment has to be unanimous , the prisoners on death row in irorida are all saying the sentences will be commuted to life without parole. They stay in their cells seven days a week, get out for two hours a week for exercise and two hours a week for showers. Thats it. There is no air conditioning. People have done horrendous things, but people have the idea that they hang around in prison and watch tv and play dominoes all day. They are totally isolated from other human beings. Host vicki calling in from florida. Her experiences visiting with deathrow inmates. Up next, robert calling in from florida. You support the Death Penalty. Is there anything vicki just said that might change your mind . Caller no, not really. That. S my view on a lot of people are calling and saying yes, kill, kill, kill. The majority of the people on death row are black. That is so unfair. There are more blacks being killed under throw than any other race. Killed on death row than any other race. The majority of people involved in it are the black men. Unfair to continue to execute us and not be the same with the other races. You support the Death Penalty but you want to see it administered more fairly . Caller yes, maam. The fact that such a disproportionately High Percentage of black people on death wrote are being on death row are being executed, does that not make you question the use of the Death Penalty . Caller if you do the crime, you do the time. If i went into your house and killed you are entire family, you would want me executed. If i commit that crime, thats what im looking forward to. Host robert calling in from florida. We continue our discussion with california. Ling in tell us why you are in opposition. Caller for several reasons. Lt not all raised thou sha kill. I dated a Police Officer in the 1990s. Takes 56 years of incarceration to outweigh the costs of the Death Penalty. I despise the Death Penalty on a more level. ,or those in between financially, it is an extreme burden. The right to appeal it would it would to just take 56 years of incarceration to outweigh the costs of appeals. It is not cheaper, not ethical. Host what about the argument mike rosen made earlier . You should pay for a crime with something that is equally as volleyball. Thats equally as valuable. Equally asg that is a valuable. Thou shalt not kill applies to everybody. Nobody should kill. , stewart calling in from auburn, washington. You support the Death Penalty. The 1970s,call in we had ted bundy who began his crime spree here. He escaped twice and ended up in florida. We also have the green river negotiated with the states of they can find the locations of some of the victims. State so they can find the locations of some of the victims. Host what about the concerns about unequal application of the Death Penalty, different states having different standards . Do those things concern you . Caller it bothers me because i think for the heinous crimes, it all states, there should be a Death Penalty. Next, frank is calling in from west virginia. You support the Death Penalty. Why . Caller it is necessary as a deterrent. It could be a better deterrent if they cut short the appeals process. There is no need for it to reach over 1520 years. That would also cut down the cost of the appeals process. Host the concerns people have raised about wrongful convictions, is that a concern for you at all, if the appeals process is shortened . Caller a lot of the wrongful arising from police and prosecution misusing evidence. The should be a severe penalty on them if they ever do that. That would take care of a lot of that. It is plus impossible to get it 100 right. The people who say they oppose it on religious beliefs, god instituted the death sentence. God noah got off the ark, told him if man sheds the blood , by man, his blood must be shed. He reinforced it in the mosaic law. Those people who say thou shalt not, that should be interpreted as murder. Murder. Lt not coming up, we will be talking to Kristen Lombardi, a Senior Reporter at the center for Public Integrity. She will be joining us to talk about campus Sexual Assault. Focusing onbourke small dollar loans, discussing proposed regulations on socalled payday loans. On newsmakers this week, House Democratic caucus chair hobby of ier becerra xav talk about whether hillary elizabethould choose warren as her running mate. What is the idea of having an all woman ticket . With secretary clinton be better served by having someone represent the other constituents . The secretary has any number of great options to choose from in terms of her Vice President ial running mate. You ask someone like senator , it would be a powerful onetwo punch. Secretary will have an opportunity to make a selection based on what she thinks is best. I have total faith that she can look this over carefully and her decision will be a wonderful decision for the american people. Your name has been floated. You want the job . Theres a lot of talk that now the house of representatives could be in play and of a kratz have an opportunity to reclaim the Majority Democrats have an opportunity to reclaim the majority. I would be fortunate if i could see democrats reclaim the majority in the house and senate. A president clinton, i would be looking forward to working with her as a member of congress, hopefully in a leadership position. It is an opportunity we all look forward to having a good november. Where i am, my thinking is i will be hopefully an Effective Member in the house of representatives. Washington journal continues. Host joining us now from new ,ork city is Kristen LombardiSenior Reporter at the center for Public Integrity. We will be discussing the latest highprofile college rape incident at stanford. To raiseas done awareness about Sexual Violence on College Campuses. Thank you for joining us today. Guest good morning. Thank you for this opportunity. Oft you studied the issue Sexual Assault on College Campuses for years. What has this case in particular done to raise awareness about that topic . Step backould like to and say im looking at this case not as a beat reporter who focuses on higher education, but whon Investigative Reporter did a series of stories in 20092010 examining how colleges and universities adjudicate claims of Sexual Assault and rape on their campuses. Interesting case is in a number of ways because it differs a lot from the consequences we investigated for that report. What is fascinating about this case, it is not the School Administration that has sparked the outrage that has been bubbling in crescendos this past week, but the criminal Justice System. One of the things that is interesting about the case, the assault itself mirrors what weve found in that it happens in a setting that is very common, at a Fraternity Party on Stanford Universitys campus. There was a lot of drinking involved. In that way, it mirrored a lot of the assaults we looked at. The university responded in a , found anmpt way assault had happened and actually expelled brough Turner Turner very quickly. Wet is different from what found, that schools often botched these cases from the very beginning. , often to investigate discouraging students from coming forward and reporting. Basicg to provide very legal obligations under title ix. Enough time had passed that schools had done a fairly good job at responding. The fact that the stanford case made it to the criminal Justice System at all is really remarkable. I know that is odd to say, but the reality is, the students whose cases we investigated, the majority did go to belize, they wanted to pursue criminal charges and the local das declined to prosecute because of the nature of campus Sexual Assaults. In stanfords case, the da prosecuted, there is a conviction on three felony counts on the outrage is about the lack of consequences, the lenient sentencing handed down by the santa clara judge. The perpetrator is going to spend six months in jail, is that. If that. We are told it could be as little as three months in jail. That is where the outrage comes from. What is common in the cases we investigated and in this case is ,ust how the lenient punishment how cultural and social views who perpetrate sexual soul plays into the lenient punishment. Whoperpetrates playsrates Sexual Assault into the lenient punishment. Host youve been a journalist for more than 19 years, but your investigation into campus rape severalr the center won awards, including the Robert F Kennedy award in 2011. It has been some years since he released this study. Released this report. Inve some changes adopted at campuses since then. Why do you think theyre still has there has been the slow response overall in the College Issue . Ties to this host what is interesting about campus Sexual Assault, most of the cases involved allegations that come down to he said she said. Theres rarely physical evidence and rarely eyewitness testimony and alcohol and drugs can play a central role and complicated things. Eyewitnesses in this case. Knews not to students who each other at all. The victim was not a student at stanford. Two students who knew each other at all. This idea that this stanford swimmer who was very accomplished, was headed to the olympics, had won a scholarship, was attending a very prestigious university, was from a welladjusted middleclass american midwest family could actually be a perpetrator the judge expressed this disbelief perpetrator in the way that we think of a perpetrator of Sexual Assault when he said he thought a tougher jail sentence would have a severe impact on brock turner, he had been intoxicated when the assault was committed. , he had fallen victim to the campus Party Culture and the College Hookup scene. Disdainer expressed sentiment in the letter to the judge that became very public this week. We are talking to Kristen Lombardi of the center for Public Integrity about the recent stanford Sexual Assault case and how that has raised awareness in the discussion about sexual campus assault. About campus Sexual Assault. 2027488000 if you are in the eastern and central time zones. Mountain or pacific time zones, you can call 2027488001. Forave a dedicated line rape and Sexual Assault survivors. Call 2027488002. You, kristen. You were talking about the factors that were considered in the stanford case. These are factors that courts are allowed to consider when imposing a sentence. The you find fault with just the way this particular judge ruled e system guest the response you are hearing and the criticism is a ,esponse to the sentiment especially among student victims and student survivors that campus Sexual Assaults are not taken as seriously as a salt or ores offcampus a assault rapes offcampus. Sexuals that perpetrate assault on College Campuses we hear this a lot from administrators. These are not perpetrators, this is more typically about miscommunication because both parties are intoxicated. There is the whole binge drinking culture on campus. Almost as if the violence inherent in the acts is excused away. Did that did come across in the sentencing in madeemarks the justice had. To kristene talking lombardi. Calling in from connecticut. You say you are a survivor of Sexual Assault. You are on with Kristen Lombardi. Good morning. Caller good morning. Kristen lombardi, thank you for your work. Appreciated. When it happens behind closed doors, people dont want to admit it. I dont believe he should have gotten six months. He should have gotten way more than six months. I dont believe they should only look atsomebodys how he has done at school or look at how he has acted. After i was hurt, my School Started dropping it. They thought there was something wrong with me, it made it look like i did something wrong. Drink, i haveo medical issues and i take my medication. Be awake all the time, it was more so taken advantage of. Its not always him to do with drinking. I just hope the people out there watching no its not always the victims fault, its never the victims fault. Theres no reason to ever blame us. The perpetrator should take full responsibility. Even if there is breaking involved, that doesnt mean much of anything. You still had a choice to stop so i thanke doing, you so much. Host what is your response to sabias comment . Sophias comment . Guest she judges on something we explored in our series, which is the lack of consequences for the student perpetrator and in the college system, it was the equivalent of a maximum sentence would be expulsion or suspension even. We found that was very rarely needed meted out. Likely, students were given more modest penalties, such as social probation or required alcohol treatment, and so on and so forth. Brough turners sentence mirrorsrners sentence a lot of students found guilty of Sexual Assault on College Campuses. Victims life was turned upside down. Most of student victims that we interviewed ended up dropping out of school altogether. Educational careers were entirely derailed. It took them years to get back on track. Pain that theyhe experienced, the trauma, the psychological and mental fallout that they experienced is something thats going to last a lifetime. Them, the penalty doesnt begin to reflect the harm. Thats the basic point. Host up next, we have added calling in from fayetteville, north carolina. Ed, you are on with Kristen Lombardi. First of all, i do not condone it. I think its extremely disgraceful, any sexual excelled. Any sexual excelled. Assault. But how about these false allegations . I can name a couple, the university of virginia allegation, which was in Rolling Stone, and then you have the duke lacrosse, that ruined a lot of peoples lives. Alleged she was assaulted in college, she is now Hillary Clinton supporter. And i believe bill clinton assaulted about seven women. Host lets give kristen a chance to respond. What about the issue of false allegations . Guest we heard that a lot when we were reporting or theories as well. The defense, is which is of course, consent was there, and this is a false allegation. Honestly, we hope every student whose case we featured the question of consent was the real question. There wasnt a situation where we felt like this is a false allegation. There have been some very highprofile stories in the press about the Rolling Stone article being one, that really do suggest that there are false allegations, and somehow that this is a very common practice, but if you look at the research itself, its actually a very small percentage in the realm of that are false allegations. Many journalists its going to investigate a case needs to make sure, needs to look at the case and weigh credibility and make sure theres actual evidence that suggests that assaults happened. Not mantra that happened in the Rolling Stone scenario, im not sure it happened entirely in the duke lacrosse case. Host lets take a look at some statistics when it comes to Sexual Assault that we know of, according to the association of american universities 2015 survey, 23 of undergraduate women, 5 of undergraduate men said they were victims of nonconsensual sexual contact. 11 of undergraduate women said it were victims of nonconsensual penetration or attempted penetration. And 20 of students said sexual is veryand misconduct workfamily problematic on their campuses. Thats the latest report according to that survey. What is it about College Campuses, kristen, that this problem remains so persistent . Guest i think part of the problem is it is such an intractable problem. The culture on College Campuses only recently has this become a topic for National Conversation. And only recently have schools begun i think to take prevention seriously. We did our series, we very much look at the response. The Institutional Response when students come forward and make an allegation, report that they were the victim of Sexual Assault. There are legal allegations that come into play under title ix, and schools really must investigate. If they find that an assault happened, they must eliminate any harm. Title ix does not lay out exactly what school should do, thats exactly what they should do. We found that schools were not following basic tenets of title ix. Did not have policies, they did not have procedures in place, students were unaware there was even a process. Victim services were not , educational, nations were not offered. These are all requirements under title ix. After our series, the Educational Department and office of civil rights released a guidance in 2011. I think it laid out in very standards the minimum that a school must provide, and mustard here to in responding to these cases. That was in 2011. I think a lot of schools have done a lot on the response, on the Institutional Response. And there is prevention. And that is i think part of the problem. Host we are talking the Kristen Lombardi, the Senior Reporter at the center for Public Integrity about College Campuses. We want to get to betty, who is calling in for Virginia Beach, virginia. Betty, you are a survivor of Sexual Assault. You are on with Kristen Lombardi the center for Public Integrity. Late, i am a survivor of , originally from sandy hook, connecticut. What a terrible murder took place of those children. I am 72 years old, and moved to Virginia Beach in october. Im 72 years old, i was beat up and raped when i was 18 years old out in california. I gone to visit a friend and met these people at a bowling alley. I didnt want to take the ride, she did, i was with her, i went along with it, i was beaten up and raped. Maybe ornt no yes or date rape, it was a complete stranger. The police came because they trespassed on a movie stars ranch. Californiaeamy, where she lived, and they made westerns. Got had my counseling, i over it, i am a survivor. But because of things in my background earlier, like sexual abuse in childhood, even the police were wonderful, they wanted me to say yes, and even if i admitted it, i said i have to go back home to connecticut. Im on vacation. But that had to do with my own previous background. I didnt know it then, but i know it now. Understand i didnt follow everything on this one particular case, ive heard some of it. Rapenot understand why a or Sexual Assault on a College Campus should be treated any differently than any other rape. When you said there is no witnesses, there are usually no witnesses to rape. Now im going to be quiet to listen to you. Host ok, kristen. Guest i agree. Yes. I agree there are usually no witnesses. Thati said that, i meant is one of the reasons why the criminal Justice System very rarely prosecutes campus Sexual Assault. The vast majority of campus Sexual Assault is acquaintance the studentwhere victim and the student perpetrator know each other, maybe they dated in the past even. Where alcohol or drug use is involved, which can complicate things in the minds of jurors. District attorneys told us when we were doing this series that proving these cases beyond reasonable doubt without eyewitness testimony, without physical evidence because a lot of it is coercion and not physically violent, is very difficult at that standard. Was trying to say is that the stanford case is very rare in that regard. There were actually two witnesses, and they intercepted or interrupted this assault. The student victim was unconscious. She was legally incapable of consent. The perpetrator was caught in the act. There was physical evidence. In a lot of ways, it was easier andprosecutors to prosecute move forward in the case then a lot of cases that we looked at. On the flipside, the punishment there was a conviction, which is very, very rare. In the punishment didnt really reflect the severity of the crime. One of the reasons i think the case has galvanized attention is because of the victim statements that was read in court. When do we ever hear of victims speak so eloquently about what happened to her . What the perpetrator took from her by assaulting her. Statementut wrenching to read. You couldnt put it down. It readanybody who read and to turnoved, around and have the perpetrator receive a sixmonth sentence was like whoa. It was crazy. Host you are talking about the reaction to the victim statements in that case, part of the reaction to the judge and the sentence. That reaction reached all the way to washington d c washington, d. C. A democratic congressman read part of the victim statement on the house floor. [video clip] i only have time to read an excerpt, but i encourage you to read the entire statement, all 7000 words. You dont know me. You have been inside me, and that is why we are here today. I was found unconscious, with my hair disheveled, long necklace wrapped around my neck. Pulled out of my dress, dress pulled off my shoulders and pulled up above my waist. I was but naked, all the way down to my boots. , and had beenart penetrated by a foreign object by someone i did not recognize. You are guilty, 12 jurors convicted you, guilty of three felony counts beyond reasonable doubt. Account votes for per counts, 36 yeses confirming guilt, that is 100 unanimous guilt. Alcohol is not an excuse. The one whonot stripped me, fingered me, had my head during around the ground with me almost fully naked. Regretting drinking is not the same as regretting Sexual Assault. We were both drunk, the difference is, i did not take off your pants and underwear, touch you and appropriately, and run away. Thats the difference. Host these victim impact statements are often read in court, in these cases. Of thisic release victim impact statement, can you talk a little bit about how that has affected the discourse . Guest i think that the public nature of this stanford case is another way that this case is different from the cases we looked at. These college setting, proceedings take place behind closed doors. Process, and even students on the campus never sometimes they dont even know these proceedings going on. They never hear from the victim or the student may be found responsible, and his or her fellow students have no idea that they were found responsible for Sexual Assault, because these are closed proceedings. And that is where a lot of problems arise. One of the reasons why i think the stanford case is going to change, i think make a real significant change in how American Society views campus Sexual Assault is because it took place in a criminal court, which is entirely public. You were able to sit and listen to witness testimony. The documents were just released to the entire country yesterday. The courthouse released all the documents. Stupid read the medical reports, you could read the police reports. You could read the eyewitness statements. You could read the letters to the judge in support of the defendant and in support of the victim. And you got to hear the victim, in her own words, explain and articulate what happened to her as a results of this assault. And that is very, very rare. I think it is the reason why this case has galvanized the country in the way that it has. Host lets take a look at some of that information was released on this casements in todays Washington Post, it points out that one of some of the evidence undercut one of the argument made by brock familiarhat he was not with how color drug use. In photos and phone messages, turner appears to be holding a pipe for smoking marijuana as well as talking about drinking and buying drugs before this incident occurred. In a june 2014 exchange, after he was asked host those words and images contrasted the message turner gave last week at his sentencing. What are we to make of this information . Guest well, i think it puts brock turner in a different light. If you werent sitting in the courtroom, as many of us in the country were not, you wouldnt know that this evidence was entered into the courtroom as part of the trial. He wouldnt necessarily know the extent to which he may have been deceptive. Shows the failure on his part to take responsibility for what happened, which is i think one of the reasons that people are so upset about the case. To a few moret calls. We have a lot of calls led up to talk to him including from joe, calling in from jacksonville, florida. You were on with Kristen Lombardi with the center for Public Integrity. Caller hello. Imst wanted to say that ing to comprehend [indiscernible] each year, we spend billions. And we cannot afford security psychiatrists its impossible. In some other countries, its like in india, its ok to rape , like gang rape. Its ok. America, if someone rapes women, they get killed, like literally, killed. Understand the spend billions of dollars. Host lets let kristin responded to the issue of cost. Guest im not sure i understand. Is it about the cost that schools need to spend to respond to these cases, or the criminal Justice System . Their, the cost you are referring to . Host lets talk about College Campuses. What more can College Campuses do and what would the cost be to prevent Sexual Assault . In the aftermath of our series, there was legislation that was passed as part of the reauthorization of the violence against women act. It was the campus save act. It requires schools to provide prevention programs, and there has been a lot of discussion because the law went into effect last year, and so schools are now in a position where they are required not just to provide a seminar during orientation, freshman orientation on campus Sexual Assault in what it looks like, but to actually provide prevention programs throughout a Students College career. There has been some talk about how this sets up an industry, a Cottage Industry so to speak where schools are going to have to spend a lot of money to satisfy these requirements. But then, it costs a lot of money to take care of someone who has been assaulted as well. And those costs last a lifetime. They may show themselves in American Society in different ways. A question of do you want to put your money into resources and prevention, or do you want to put it in the backend, and also in the costs of incarceration or punishment or whatever for perpetrators. The Lasting Mental Health effects. Host up next, we have karen calling in from portland oregon. You are on with Kristen Lombardi for the Center Public integrity. Caller thank you for cspan. Im calling because im not a victim, i havent been a victim, but a close friend of mines daughter in new york was date raped. Used toon who did it horse tranquilizers on her, when disoriented,was ran naked out into the streets of new york, and fortunately, people came and surrounded her and covered her up until the police came. And then, when the police came, they did exactly what some of these other cases have shown. They blamed her. Occurred stanford case , she wasnt getting any action on the part of police. With the stanford case, the da is now cooperating. Happen, i dont care whether its on campus or in the middle of new york city. I wish anyone who has gone through this the best. Thank you. Kristen. Ahead, i would just say guest i would just say, theres a whole other series on how the criminal Justice System has abdicated its responsibility in prosecuting rape cases, especially clintons rape cases. Nationwide in the number of prosecutors that are willing to prosecute these cases is i havent done the investigation, but it is they are. Mica said, i think its one of the reasons why the stanford case is unique, is because this was rigorously prosecuted. Host up next we have lydia, calling in from minneapolis, you are a survivor, lydia. You wrong with Kristen Lombardi. Caller you are on with kristen the party. Caller Kristen Lombardi. Dont report it. But about 80 of Sexual Assaults , the perpetrator and the victim know each other one way or the other. I have been assaulted twice in my life, once at 20 years old by a total stranger, very brutal in the late 70s, and then about 15 years ago, by a friend, someone who would never expressed the slightest romantic or sexual interest in me. And i did not go to the police, primarily because he and i were both well known in our community, and i didnt want my reputation ruined. I think that people need to understand that sometimes there is this obsession that women lie. But the fact is, most of the time, that is not the case. I warned other women the new him and said he is homeless sometimes, and you may want to let him sleep on your couch, but unless you want to have sex with him, i advise you not do it. Is, it got out, my reputation was very much destroyed in my community. I was called a liar and a racist, it was awful. When people say why didnt she come forward immediately people dont understand how this can impact you. Is final thing i want to say as awful as it was to be brutalized by a stranger, and it certainly impacted me at the time, i was 20 years old, in a way that was far easier for me to get over then the incredible damage to my trust that someone i knew and had an affection for like a brother would do this. Later, ily, 15 years still find myself wondering how i know if somebody is trustworthy . People need to get it. This is not as the stanford rapistsdad said, 20 minutes of action in a lifetime great in a lifetime. That 20 minutes can change womans life forever. Thank you again for cspan. Host what is your response to lydias statement . That there isink still a problem in this country with blaming be at a student or a woman in your local Community Comes forward and says i was the victim of Sexual Assault and ise, she is the person who questioned, and who ultimately is on trial. I think in the stanford case, the victim expressed to this when she talked about what it was like to take the stand, and to have to answer the Defense Attorneys questions. What it was like to have to repeatedly justify the fact that she attended a party, that she had some thing to drink, that she drank to excess, to the point where she blacked out. What it was like to have to address this notion that she could be lying about it, that she may have regretted what happened and concocted a story after the fact. Thats why i think it should be required reading on the part of everybody, but certainly on College Campuses. Because this notion is real. When we did our series, we interviewed 33 students who have reported rape to their school administrators, and many of them talked about the backlash that they received when they came forward, even to friends. Because in the context of a College Campus, it is overwhelmingly acquaintance rape kind of scenarios, where the victim in the perpetrator know each other in some way. Maybe they attended the same classes, maybe they were dorm mates, they lived on the same floor or in the same dorm building. Maybe they were from a sorority that hung out with his fraternity. They knew each other in some way. They traveled in the same social circles. Us,as really interesting to and moving to us to hear them talk about the backlash they received, the immediate doubt that they faced from their own friends what were you wearing, you shouldnt have been drinking, so on and so forth. Sometimes being blackballed by their friends, friends choosing sides, who do they believe, people not wanting to report for that simple reason. Host we have some recent statistics released by federal officials about the prevalence of Sexual Assault, showing the data with the colleges with the most reported incidents of Sexual Assault and rape, Brown University tops the list along with university of connecticut with 43 reports a piece, followed by Dartmouth College in new hampshire, wesleyan in connecticut, and the university of virginia when it comes to reports for 1000 students, that puts wesleyan on top for a enrollees,just 3224 but with 37 incidents of rape. Is there something in your study and reporting that talks about factors that affect how high the incidence are . Is it something about a school like wesley in the gives is that a High Percentage of rape reports . Actually, we did a whole story looking at how the official to the sticks statistics dont begin to reflect the scope of the problem. Its the very first year, this is the result of this campus safe amendment to the query federal mandatory campus Crime Reporting act that requires schools now to actually report the number of rape reports or Sexual Assault reports theyve seen. Tose statistics are hard gauge, because there is nothing in the past to compare them to. When we did our series, we looked at what is called forcible sex offenses. Under the cleary act, it was the campus crime that most reflected Sexual Assaults. We really explored the loopholes in the limitations in the law which resulted in very low numbers. The vast majority of schools were reporting zeros, ones, twos. Reported 0, 1, 2. It was very rare for schools to be reporting high numbers. When we talked to a lot of schools about this, the sentiment was there was a desire not to have high numbers, because it would be misread. People might think that there are higher incidence of rape or Sexual Assault on campuses, when most people think that that is a reflection of a school that has a more supportive and may be effective process for reporting. The students feel more accountable coming forward. Way up next, we have calling in from tucson, arizona. You are on with Kristen Lombardi. Caller hello, thank you for taking my call. I would like to add to your thoughts that culture should never be used as an excuse or ameliorative circumstances for commission of a crime. Thats about all the rest to say, really. That was ray calling in from tucson, arizona. Family of married calling in from fort myers, florida. Mary, you are a survivor, and you are on with Kristen Lombardi. Caller thank you for taking my call. Im sorry my voice is already shaky. I am pushing 73 years old, and my first encounter, i barely was 10 years old with a close friend of my family. I never told my parents, because at that time, we didnt get any Sex Education or anything. And i didnt know. All i knew was that it felt uncomfortable. To this day, i have not forgotten that. I had to see that man until i was 18 years old, until i moved away from home, and my parents did not know. Moving forward, as i went into the health care profession, i andinducted abducted tied down, and i was going to be butchered with a serrated butcher knife. I was doing home health care, im sorry, my voice is getting shaky. This was 30 two half years ago. And it hasnt gone away. No matter what a psychiatrist says or anything, their modality is subjective. There are no facts and figures. , the word is traumatic. Our soldiers are not the only one who get ptsd. Me, andng has plagued in addition to that, im a survivor of world war ii, even though i was a baby. You would be amazed how much i can remember of shootings, ive been shot at. All of that is ptsd. And i am so disgusted and disappointed that College Administrators what are they doing . Im disappointed with the young people. And not every man. I have to delineate that. There are those who are not good, and shame on them. These are the leaders of the future who are going to an institution of higher education. Its unbelievable. Personally, me, if i saw that assailant who attacked me 32 and a half years ago, i would get a gun and shoot them in the face without blinking an eyelash. Because he destroyed my life. Host mary, lets give kristen la guardia chance to respond. Guardia lom bardi a chance to respond. Has been a topic of National Conversation for a riod of time, and has reached the highest levels of government, all the way up to the white house when president obama created a task force devoted to campus Sexual Assault. Vice President Joe Biden wrote an open letter to the stanford the its on us motto, because that is a Public Awareness campaign that the white house is putting out. The conversation is happening in a way that i dont think it has ever happened, it certainly wasnt going on we did the series. You dont find very many stories in which the level of attention has been sustained as long as it has. Its only going to results, i think, the more people talk about it and the more the media covers cases like stanford, its only going to result in changes. But the issue itself has been College Campuses. Mina want to make it seem like its a brandnew issue. The issue has been going on even before the series, it was going on for two decades. Five, is aic, one in fairly reliable statistic that dates back two decades. And has been reinforced by numerous studies. , senioristen lombardi reporter for the center for Public Integrity joining our committee. Thank you for joining us talk about this today. Guest thank you, kimberly. Host coming up next, we have nick bork nick bourke, from the Pew Charitable trusts. We are discussing socalled payday reloads 80 loans. And later, parkinsons disease affects nearly one Million People in america. We discuss with dr. Christopher hess. Stay tuned. Well be right back. Book tv has 48 hours of nonfiction books and authors every weekend. Here are some programs coming up this weekend. Today on sunday 11 00 eastern, book tv is live in chicago. One of the midwests largest s. Ee outdoor literary event today features thomas frank, author of listen liberal, or whatever happened to the party of the people. And lindy west. Hersh, and jeremy carter. Sunday, sebastian gender junger, elizabeth hinton, Sidney Blumenthal discusses his man. A selfmade with russellursar kirk, american conservative. From tom colers talks about his personal library and his reading habits. , california at 9 00 senator Barbara Boxer talks about her book the art of tough. Plus her life and career in politics. Senator boxer is interviewed by the minnesota senator. I employed the art of tough. Know, thats all well and good, but if we had to turn back and walked down the stairs now, theres a bank of cameras down there, and were going to tell them that we werent able to see anybody. She said just a minute. She goes back and says ok, go in the side room and George Mitchell will meet with you. And we told him, you have to open up, and they did. Go to book tv. Org for the complete weekend schedule. Washington journal, continues. Host joining us now from ,hiladelphia is nick bourke smaller loans project director at few charitable trusts. W terrible trusts. He is joining us to talk about sew regulations for payday loan in an effort to end the debt traps. ,thank you for joining us. Guest glad to be here. Host tell us about these rules that were put out to address the socalled payday loans. Loans are small loans, usually a few hundred dollars, theyre usually do back in full on the borrowers next payday. People usually take them out to get help paying some bills like mortgages or rent or utilities. With the Consumer FinancialProtection Bureau is doing is announcing the first ever federal regulation of this market. One of the adjusting things about it is there is no federal regulation of these loans right now, only subject to state law to moment. And they are putting our regulations that all lenders will have to follow, whether its Payday Loan Stores that is a state license entity, or whether it is a bank or credit union or online lender. For the first time, they are going to be uniform regulations governing how these high cost small dollar loans work. Host you mentioned that these loans are high cost. Tell us a little bit more about how these socalled payday loans work. Why are they on the specific subject of these new rules . Guest we conventional payday loan is on average, 375. Its high cost, the way they are typically advertised is there will be a fee of about 15 per 100 for two weeks. This equates to about a 400 annual Percentage Rate or a pr. Full in is due back in about two weeks, its called a payday loan because the payday lender has this very unusual leverage over the borrower. They have direct access into the borrowers Checking Account. They have a post dated check or electronic access. Whenever the borrower next get paid, the payday lenders essentially standing they are first in line, and can grab the money out of the borrowers Checking Account in order to ensure that they get repaid. The trick here, the real harm is that when the loan comes due, it usually takes four to 30 is due when you include the fees. 430 is due when you include the fee is. Thats 36 of the biweekly twoweek paycheck. You have a situation where somebody who is having trouble paying bills goes to a payday lender to get a 300 or 400 loan to get help paying bills, and it helps them a little bit to pay their bills, then two weeks later, the full loan plus a big fee comes due, it takes more than one third of their paycheck, and unsurprisingly, that blows up most peoples budgets. Because the payday lenders standing first in line, they always get repaid. Now the borrower cant pay their mortgage or rent or other bills, so they dont get another payday loan right away. ,nd that is the Business Model people borrow the loan over and over again, paycheck to paycheck , on average about half of the year. They end up spending more than 500 to receive just 375 in credit. Thats the problem there try to tackle. Rules regarding payday loans would do several things. It requires lenders to assess the borrowers ability to repay a loan, and puts off repeated debit attempts by lenders. It meant is a cooling off it afteres a cooling off three consecutive payday loans, and it makes her heart is for lenders to roll over these loans. Please apply only to payday loans or other types of loans as well . Any lender apply to making a socalled covered loan, a very shortterm loan that lasts less than 45 days, or the loan is longer term, like an installment loan that might last several months, it applies to any lender making the loan it 36 ,n all in a pr above and where the lender has access to the borrowers Checking Account with the ability to the vehicle the borrower already owns. The title loan. Where the letter holds the title to a vehicle. Hasne making a covered loan to follow these rules. And that includes banks and Credit Unions and others. The good news in all of this is were finally going to have more of a level playing field, and there actually is an opportunity for banks and Credit Unions to enter into this market, and they have a lot of advantages, not least of which is that all payday loan borrowers are already a customer of a bank or credit union, because you have to have a Checking Account in order to get a payday loan. Eb makeslly, if the cf adjustments, theyre going to get into the space and make loans that cost at least six times less than what payday loans will cost going forward. That could end up saving millions of dollars. Host were talking with nick pew terrible trusts. Charitable trust. About payday loans, what to bring our viewers into this conversation. We have special lines for this discussion. If you use or have used a payday loan, even call call 202 7488000. Ll others, call 202 7488001 in this discussion about high interestse payday loans. You talked a little bit about the people who use these payday loans. Can you talk a little about the impact that it can have on them was they take out a loan like this . Guest its important to remember the situation the most people find themselves in when they go to get a payday loan. There are a lot of reasons why people get payday loans. The one that shows up most clearly in conversation with borrowers and research on this issue is that people who get a payday loan are living paycheck to paycheck. On average, they are making about 30,000 a year, which is 15 an hour. They are making income, but they are living paycheck to paycheck. You dont have a lot of savings. Maybe they already maxed out their credit card and they need a little bit of help paying a bill. The going gets a payday loan, and what borrowers tell us in with the Research Shows is that the loan can offer a little bit of relief when they get it, because they have an urgent need, the need to pay their rent. Two weeks later, as one borrower explained, she said it was a sweet and sour experience. It was sweet when i got the cash, but then two weeks later, when the loan blew up my budget, and it wasnt able to pay my other bills and i had to go borrow another loan to make ends meet, it was a sour experience. The solution is rather simple. Credit can be made available for folks in that situation, and it can help them. But only if it is structured in a certain way. Basically, that means the loan has to become an installment loan the last five or six months for a loan of a few hundred dollars. And takes no more than a small percentage of their paycheck, about 5 is with the research would indicate. Host how large is this payday loan industry . Guest payday loans are currently available in 36 states. If you add auto title loans, goes up to 39 states. Uset 12 Million People payday loans, little over 2 million use auto title loans. Altogether, these folks are spending about 12 billion on payday and auto loans. Host were talking a nick andke about payday loans recent federal regulations proposed to govern them. Were going to go to our collars. David is calling in from orlando, david, you have used or use payday loans. You wrong with nick bourke. You are on with nick bourke. Caller i worked in the business. They are not telling you the whole story. Original payday loan was because people took out too many at one time. Five,ould take out for and then try to pay them back. Up withida cleaned that a central database. That way you only take out one loan at a time. You can take out more loans and leave him back. Are high ontes paper, but a 500 loan is only 50. A 300. The bottom line is, its a doable thing to pay it back. Who is going to give them alone for their a loan for their rent . Ok, david. Lets give you a chance to respond about those points about these loans. The callerest mentioned the database, and there are some states like florida that instituted a database to try and limit how many times people borrow the loan. Its an attempt to try and limit the harm it. But generally speaking, Safe Products dont need to be rationed by the government. Another state, colorado actually figured out how to just make the loans safe. They turn to loans into sixmonth installment loans, back in 2010 when they reformed their law. Payday loanid a needs to be a sixmonth installment loan up to 500, takes a small percentage of a persons paycheck. And now, about six years later, access to credit and colorado is widely available and people are expressing much better outcomes. They are spending 42 less to get the same credit, the report being much more satisfied and having a much easier time with the product. Defaults are down. A lot better outcomes. The solution here is that we can make access to credit, and a lot of people can benefit from having small amounts of credit. But it has to be structured in a way that gives people a chance to pay it off and get back on their feet in a reasonable amount of time it. Host were talking to nick bourke from Pew Charitable trusts. How does the use of payday loans correlate to the availability of other types of credit, big credit cards or bank loans . Was the correlation what is the correlation . Guest contrary to conventional wisdom, most people who use payday loans are conventional Consumer Finance consumers. Who uses aoses a payday loan has a Checking Account, so these are bank people that have a relationship with a bank or credit union. Research isn the that most people who use payday loans also have a credit card. Is usually maxed out, which is why they can use it anymore to do whatever it is they are trying to do. 41 of payday loan borrowers own a home, so theres usually a mortgage. A lot of them have student loan debt. Are very conventional kinds of folks who have maxed out most of their other Credit Opportunities and are looking for little bit of help to pay bills. Another thing i will mention is that a surprising percentage of households in this country are what we would call income volatile, meaning their income goes up or down by more than 25 compared to their average income from monthtomonth. A lot of the reason why that happens is there are folks who are hourly wage earners working in a factory will retail, maybe a restaurant, and their schedules are not protectable. Their schedules change a lot. So their income is always changing from monthtomonth. Why peoplexplains find themselves with a gap of a few hundred dollars youre there, where they need a little help paying their bills. It also explains why the conventional payday loan doesnt help them, and in fact, harms them. When alone comes due in a short amount of time and takes more than one third of the next paycheck, it just becomes another burden. That means their way down on their income, leave an even bigger gap in two weeks. A little bit of credit can help them, but only if they stretch it out. Host joe is calling in from lewis, colorado. Joe, you are on with nick bourke. Caller i am 65 years old, and when i see wrong here is first of all hello . Host you are on, joe. Old, andm 65 years what i see wrong here is this gentlemans idea of helping these people would loans is completely the wrong way down the road. Here is the problem. We dont people we dont teach people how to budget, we dont teach them how to do mathematical equations so they can even figure out their Checking Account. We need to go back to teaching the new generation on how to budget, and on their wants and needs. He wants to propose a way for them to be able to keep getting their wants, lets get their needs taken care of by teaching them how to budget their money. What we are proposing here is a lifetime of servitude to these loans. We need to teach people mathematics. Nick aets give it chance to respond. Is this a matter of poor budgeting . That is a vertically legitimate sentiment that i just heard, and i agree with it. We need to do a better job in this country getting People Better educated in terms of how to manage their finances, but from a financially stronger generally. Number ofsurprising people in this country who you would call financially fragile. Have trouble with it budgets, they have fluctuating income, they dont have savings. Theres a big problem with that in this country. Peopleow, there are using payday loans to the tune of 12 billion in fees. We have a real and specific opportunity to save those people billions of dollars, if this new federal regulation gets into the right place. It is not there right now. If this federal regulation is improved before its finalized, banks and Credit Unions where all of these people already have relationships, we will be a help them close their shortterm gap, save a ton of money compared to paleo loans a day loans. Because they are extending their relationship with their financial institutions, that is the way we can really help people who are in this problem, not the young people who was to have a chance to maybe get into a different situation, the people who are in a bad situation right now, this is how we can get them help that they need so they can have a better future. At the federal level, we have a big opportunity to do that. And we are missing a right now. Missing it right now. Host we are talking to nick bourke with the Pew Charitable trusts. He is working on regulation of the credit card industry. You believe that these regulations fall short. Exactly what else would you like to see the agency do . Guest it is pretty simple. What we have here is a harmful and dangerous product, and they are not going to take it off of the market. They dont have the authority to regulate Interest Rates. Payday loans are here to stay. Are becoming installment loans that people pay off over months, as the net effect of what this relation will do. What they need to add to the rule is clear product Safety Standards, to define in federal regulation what a state installment wrong installment loan looks like. Limit Monthly Payments to affordable percent of a persons income, 5 , and make sure people have a reasonable amount of time to repay the loan. Too short and it blows up their budget. Too long, and it puts people in a cycle where they pay too much money and have bad outcomes. Six months is the right time. When the payment is 5 of a persons paycheck, make the loan last no longer than six months. This is exactly the kind of thing that would not only protect consumers, but would give banks and Credit Unions the type of guidance, clear guidance that they need in order to get into this space and serve the customers that they already have with a new type of lowcost small loan. Host up next, we have guy, calling in from maryland. You are on with nick bourke. Caller how are you doing . Can you hear me . Host we hear you, youre on. Go ahead. My problem is not so much of the payday loan people arent being i guess you can say findp for people who themselves in the situation, but are takingy advantage of a person when they are already down on their luck. That is the part that we really need to be careful about. Because if the Interest Rate is so high, then even though im getting what i need today, if it is going to put me in a worse predicament tomorrow, i havent gained anything. Im losing more than i think that i am. Bourke, do you have a reaction to that call . Pew, we have done a lot of surveys and looked at the data. That sentiment is reflected everywhere in this industry. In this whole market. Lenders are giving people a product that very predictably is a burden. Is too much for them to handle when it comes due in full after two weeks. If you look at the way the payday lenders make their revenue and become profitable, they are not profitable on a borrower until the borrower has had to renew and rebar without loan for somewhere between four and eight times. The paydayus that lender the very start of the relationship of the borrower, they know theyre not good to be profitable unless they find a way to get that person to renew or rebar the loan four to eight times. Fair businesst a model, not the way the market should work in this country. And that is why the cfp b is try to do something. Pam up next we have calling in from io. You have used a payday loan. You were on with nick bourke. Caller hello, that. Back to ohio, i lived in florida for 33 years. The first loan i ever took doubt was a title loan, and took out was a title loan, and i did lose my car. In fact, it was a friend of mine that ran the title loan, and i said how does it work . I tell you what i can give you on your car, you make Monthly Payments, and in three months, i own your car. And thats pretty much exactly what happened. Of course, it broke our friendship, i didnt have a car, and maybe three years later, 2006, i was out of work for about three weeks. I went and got a 500 payday loan to pay my rent. I hear people talking about i think it was you that said they get you to come in for an five times and renew your loan. I got that the only way i got out of it was , in 2012, i went in there and said, i am not paying my loan. They said, we will run the check through the bank. He said, you will not be able to anywhere at loan all. I said, good. That is what needs to happen. Lets give the guest a chance to respond to your experience. Is an unfortunately, that alltoofamiliar experience. There are 14 states that have eitheryday loans by explicitly prohibiting them or rates lowterest enough to where they dont think they can operate there. Unfortunately, that leads 30 lead 36 states, including ohio, where the caller payday loans. Have i mentioned colorado before. Now those loans are sixmonth small Monthly Payments. Where, if people pay as they are supposed to, they get out of the debt after several months and then they can walk away if they want to. Ohio is one of the worst payday loan states. They tried to reform the market in 2008 with a new Interest Rate found athey quickly loophole. 591 after the reform law. Intois one auto loans came ohio. I have not sensed a strong support in ohio for banning loans. Host recently in a piece in the boston globe, a piece pointed out problems with payday loans, but also problems with eliminating them altogether. That is what the obama mr. Should is seeking to do. He writes, then what . Reinstate operations that provide quick cash. What about the 12 million americans who annually take out loans . There are not irrational bombs, they are mostly lower middle almost allot Poor High School graduates with a job and big account, but not ready cash. What option does this leave them . Ith guest the federal government is not on the verge of banning payday lending. They do not have the authority to regulate Interest Rates. What happenser after payday lending is the wrong question, when were thinking about the federal regulation. What will happen with the federal regulation is that by and large we will move from 400 several payday loans to monthlong payday loans, installment loans. The better question is how can we make these loans work better whenever they are available. Putbest way to do that is ,lear standards on the loans limit them to 5 of their paycheck. The rule is not going that way yet, although they have been asking some questions about it. Commenting, going on get hopefully they will more permission about the need for clear product Safety Standards. We make it a final rule that columnist is calme talking about. Host up next, we have cherry, calling in from cottondale, alabama. You are on. Good morning. Caller good morning. Outfitscalling them wrong. Theyre are not payday lenders, they are loan sharks. Alabama, we were sharkted with loan lenders. 34 in alabama, the maximum you can charge. Government decided not to enforce these laws. You are calling them loan sharks. Tot we need is a legislator go and pass a law putting these people out of business and putting them in jail. Alabama law i dont know about other states it is a sixmonth jail term. Start calling them what they are. What it really is is big things banks want big and then get as 30 40 of that interest. Rourke as give nick chance to reply to your comments. Guest alabama is an interesting state. States, theyyday created a special law that lendersut the payday from the interest cap. There is a special law that allows payday lenders to do what they are doing and charge the Interest Rates. Session, a reform bill was proposed that is a very otherbill, resulting in outcomes. He passed it on the floor, but it got blocked in the house. To gets a movement afoot reform done, but it will take some time. I take the callers point. Even a 30 40 Interest Rate is a shockingly high level of interest. Banks in this country are charging 35 anytime anyone overdrafts, even for a couple of dollars at the grocery store. That amounts to an annual Percentage Rate of over 1000 percent. Thinking of ways of getting reasonable installment loans so that people can take care of gaps in their budget is a good way to think about how not only to address the payday loan situation, but maybe even provide a pathway to pull this country out of the Overdraft Fee mess that we are in. You talked about the efforts to push for changes. One of those, according to todays Washington Post is that it is being led by a group of christians united against predatory lending. They describe polling some finding in missouri and that the majority of the Ideological Group supported buty Interest Rate cap, conservatives supported the more s. An moderate have you seen this in your reporting . What sort of groups are coming together to push for reforms here . Guest Interest Rate caps have a long and rich tradition in this country, going all the way back to the colonies. The colonies have Interest Rate limits. Going forward, the vast majority of states do have Interest Rate states,i believe 46 which regulate on one way or another. Interest rate limits have a role to play and they are very widely supported, the question is what is the right number, what does it apply to. So far, only 14 states plus the district of columbia have achieved passage of a law that restrictiveso rej that lenders go away. Problem inpayday this country. Host that story, about the Christian Group was in the new york times, i mistakenly said it was the Washington Post. Carol calling in. You have had a payday loan. You are on with neck rourke. A payday loanied for quite a while. I worked for the state of illinois. We only got paid once or twice a. Onth and it made it hard i have a college degree. m not stupid, just broke sometimes you would have three weekends where you would go without having any money because you paid the bills on the first paycheck you get, or the second paycheck, but you never had enough money to run the whole gamut of time. When it was summertime and people were out doing stuff with the kids, you are sitting at home with no money, so you go and borrow some money. They turn around and charge you interest on that. You know, if you are conscious about paying bills, you pay those first, then you are left with nothing. Since i have been retired and worked 50 years, i feel like my life has gone down the tube to planng i have tried for, and leaving a home for my kids when im gone. A chances give nick to respond. She is a retiree. Do you see a retiree as being more affordable to these types of loans . A payday loan, you have to have some kind of income stream. If somebody is on Social Security or pension, that qualifies. I forget the exact number, but about 15 or 17 of loan borrowers are retirees trying to get some kind of fixed income. Dayard somebody the other talking about if someone is hungry, you can talk about giving them food, but if the food is poisoned, it will f ir belly, but kill them down the line. Host we have another payday borrower on the line, gwen from maryland. You are on. Go ahead. Good morning, everyone. Out alling because i took payday loan in 2011. I did it with the intention had a good job, i had homes to make repairs, i had extra bills. Money was running a little low, and i went online, to google, what can i do to make extra money. Paydaysite came up about loans. I went on the website, and they. Ade it so easy they said, we will charge you an and within two weeks, you pay back the loan. What happened is i was not able to pay it back in time. Due allent that i was went to the interest, none of it to the principal. I got caught up in this vicious cycle that none of my money was going where it needed to go. Luckily, i had a Family Member i could go to, and i told them what was happening, and they were able to help me out. Was notay lender wit empathetic to me at all. When i called and tried to negotiate they pay me back, they did not help me, they said they could not do anything for me. It was my responsibility to try and figure it out. I just wanted to say that these payday loans really need to be regulated and they do take advantage of a person because they know that at the time, they are in a really bad place. Host lets let nick respond. Guest the caller raises an interesting issue. You can get a payday loan online. We surveyed borrowers that got these loans online. More than 30 of them reported they experience some kind of fraud where a lender or fraudster was taking money out of their account without authorization from the consumer. There are a lot of special problems going on with online payday lending. The cfp is starting to take the problem. Of this not only are they doing strong people,ent actions on but in the rule that they have published, they have also proposed to limit how may times a lender can electronically that it an account when there is not money already there. Some people find themselves in the situation where a very aggressive lender gets access to the borrowers Checking Account and drives up hundreds of dollars of fees from the bank. That will be a big positive for people who get long online going forward. Bancanext up, we have colligan from new orleans. Well, my family did. One was my son, for years. Then, my brother. I see, i have the papers here for my brother. He died already. 350 and onerrow months he had to pay 405. 50 for one month. I went there and take them, dont give them your money, he is very sick, doing drugs, he doesnt need the money. Live because he would buy drugs. Host lets give nick rourke a chance to respond to that. An example of where new federal regulations can help. Somebody in that situation where they are sick, have problems, need money for medication, and so on, the new ability to repay standards can catch that kind of thing. There is a bit of relief coming. For most people who use loans who need help with mortgage or car payments, they are still going to be exposed to a lot 400 or higher interest. That is why they could do a better job of protecting folks by putting clear product Safety Standards on. Of theick york, director project. Thank you for joining us this morning. Coming up next, parkinsons over one million americans. We will discuss with dr. Hristopher hess on tomorrows washington journal, we will talk with author Craig Shirley about the history of the Gop Convention and the floor battle between gerald ford and Ronald Reagan. Earlier this week, we spoke with bob dole about whether Ronald Reagan did enough to help gerald ford unite the party coming out of the contested convention. Let me ask you about that moment where Ronald Reagan came down and you were standing off to the side with president ford. Do you think at that point he did enough to unite the Republican Party in 1976 . I would have to say, probably not. Mean, the reagan people were reagan people. A wonderful candidate. When he did not get the wereation, i think there thousands and thousands of republicans, reagan republicans, and reagan democrats, who did not support ford. One whoer, i was the met with reagan a couple of hampshire, in new and i cant remember the secondplace, to try to bring him around and get him to heartedly for it. He was very good to me. Finally gave a tepid endorsement, im not certain how he said it, but it was not very long. Athink he could have made difference. Talk about a very close election. This was a very close election. Washington journal continues. Host in 2002, mohammed alis wife spoke on behalf of the boxer in a congressional hearing on parkinsons disease. Lets take a look. [video clip] scientists are fighting each and every day in laboratories to find a cure. They tell us that parkinsons is neurologicalble disease. In fact, in a hearing before a doctormmittee, but and member of the Advisory Board for the Michael J Fox foundation is fullat parkinsons of serendipity, at some point, you hit the point where it is time to focus. I truly think that we are at a point where there is enough knowledge, it is time to focus. The pieces are in front of us, and the science is there, i think we can make major progress towards this disease. Us is dr. Joining Christopher Hess. He is at the university of floridas Health Center for Movement Disorders and neil restoration. He is joining us from gainesville, florida this morning. Good morning, dr. Hess. Saw was 14 years ago, we mohammed alis wife talking about parkinsons disease. What has happened since that time . We continue to make slow and steady progress. It is not a simple thing to slow down the course of the disease. Eric key aspects there are key aspects were trying to develop. Stop the in its place, the progress. Another important aspect of research right now is developing biomarkers for parkinsons disease. Right now, when someone is diagnosed, it is a clinical andnosis, based on opinion clinical examination. What we really hope to have is a biomarker that would clearly establish the presence of parkinsons disease, and allow us to follow it over time and see how the disease progresses. The ability to have a biomarker is the ability to test a disease modifying mechanism. Drug ornow you have a therapy that could potentially slow down the course of the disease, there has to be a way to track it. Those are the two most important things we are working on now. I think there is very Good Progress in that area. Viewers,lain to our what exactly is parkinsons disease . New road is a new roa eur theative n generativeo degenerative disease. E is to function dysfunction at the Cellular Level that chronically progresses. Patience, slowly, over time, to at the Cellular Level and with regard to symptoms. It is similar to alzheimers. Isease it is the second most common ne uro to generative degenerative disease. Host we are speaking with Christopher Hess about parkinsons disease, a disease that has gone renewed attention since the passing this week of boxing legend, mohammed ali. Colors can join the conversation by calling. If you have experience with parkinsons, you can call, 202 7488000. All others can call 202 7458002. Is parkinsons disease worldwide . It affect about 1 of the population in the United States and people above 60 years old. By the time you get to 80 years old, that goes up to 4 . 11. 5 Million People affected. Host what are the causes of parkinsons disease . Guest that really is one of the biggest questions we are working on. In most patients, we believe it is a combination of a genetic predisposition plus environmental factors. There are genes that increase your predisposition for parkinsons and also genes that can because of, although not all people that have them always. Evelop the disease we believe there is a genetic predisposition, but in addition, an environmental factor. We know that patients with similar genes that carry similar genetic background, some develop the disease, and some dont. It seems it is both factors. Host that goes to an issue articled in a slate. Com about the boxing legend, mohammed all the where members of his family think it was not the boxing that led to his disease. Members of his family provide another potential cause, pesticides. Or theories, i believe it may have been a combination of head trauma from boxing and pesticides. He was exposed to a lot of pesticides at deer lake Training Camp in pennsylvania. Blaming parkinsons on bug sprays may seem like a reach, but the data is even clearer spent on head trauma. What do we know about this link with chemicals, such as pesticides . Guest we know there are certain factors that increase service for developing parkinsons disease. Pesticides is certainly one of them. Ral living, well water. Pesticides is one of the leading environmental factors that is thought to play a role. I think her statement about the evidence being more clear and pesticides than chronic head injury is probably correct. Host what are some of the signs that people can look out for that could be a warning that someone has parkinsons disease . Signs and hallmark symptoms of parkinsons disease toe due to the neurons a loss of neurons that create dopamine. This abnormality produces classic symptoms of parkinsons disease. The most common and important are slow movements. The movements of parkinsons patients are slow, smaller than the average person, and they also tend to have less voluntary spontaneous movements. Another major symptom is rigidity. People become very stiff. If you were to move their limbs passively, he would notice rigidity present. Another major sign receipt is arresting tremor. Patients develop a lowfrequency tremor, normally when the hand is resting. Is probably the symptom that is most associated with parkinsons disease, but it is important to note that not all patients have resting tremors. It is probably about 70 . And, not all patients that have tremors have parkinsons disease. Tremors, all sorts of and they can all be mistaken for parkinsons. That is why it is important to a specialist. By there is not a test that we can send for for these diseases. It is dependent upon examination by an expert. Host viewers are already calling in, those who have had experience with parkinsons disease. The first is patricia from arkansas. You are on with dr. Hess. Good morning. Caller i have been diagnosed, seven years of parkinsons disease. I want to know how people cope because i am having a hard time walking without tripping. I was reading about a surgery, and i was wondering if that would be advisable. We really have no neurological doctors in the area. The nearest town is springfield, missouri. Guest that is a very good question. The problem with having Movement Disorder experts locally that people can get to is a very big problem. There are probably only 500 disorder specialist worldwide. Not everyone is lucky enough to be close to a Referral Center that has experts. D ng back to question about bs deep brain stimulation. This goes deep in the brain, and an electrode provides stimulation at a set frequency. The simulation asked to interrupt the abnormal signals in the brain. The development of deep brain stimulation was a major boom for the treatment of parkinsons disease. Probably the most important development. It is a terrific surgery for the right person. The most important thing in considering deep brain stimulation is first, what does it do . What does it help with . Are you the right candidate for the surgeries . It is not a cure. It is a therapy. It never works better than the medicine works when it is working with us. I assume you are on medications for parkinsons disease. The medications we have for parkinsons disease are not treatc, they do the underlying causes, they only treat the symptoms on a daytoday basis. For most patients, that works well, but for some, in which it stops working correctly, that is when we consider dbs. New york todays times there was a reprint of an article from 1987 as part of the special remembrance package of mohammed on the. It says that in 1987, there was consideration of doing surgery. It says he was drifting in and out at that time. His personal physician said there was no reason for the event 45yearold to consider the surgery because it was still experimental. Based on his symptoms at that time, how much has changed in the interim . Has the surgery gotten less experimental, more reliable . Or, are the considerations, have they remained the same . Lot has changed since that time. It is no longer experimental, it is standard care. For patients of parkinsons, the main complications that people develop our motor fluctuations are motor fluctuations. Dyskinesias are extra movements. Patients who have dyskinesias moving, while in their chair. Dbss standard care now for patients for whom i medication is no longer adequate. It is definitely not for everyone. Has anhe Disorder CenterInterdisciplinary Team that consists of the rolla justs psychologists, speech therapists, and everyone and evaluation. We believe the intricacy interdisciplinary care is the the rightg to deliver services to the right people. Host were talking with Christopher Hess about parkinsons disease. Have experience with parkinsons disease can join the conversation at 202 7488000. All others can join in on the. Onversation at 202 7488001 up next, we have donald calling from washington, d. C. With experience with parkinsons disease. Good morning. You are on with dr. Hess. Caller thank you. Interest, ingreat niharticle published by a about the use of fecal transplants, which apparently were originally done for treating people with gastrointestinal problems, that they found that it helped with tremors having to do with parkinsons. You have anything they can say about that . Guest parkinsons disease is definitely a disease that affects just about every part of in they, every system body. Our chairman at the wrist in florida says it is the most complicated disease because it is very difficult to find a body system that does not involve. With gastrointestinal symptoms, people with parkinsons disease have slow transit through because drug test will attract. Unfamiliar with the idea of fecal transplants for patients to change the microflora in the gut. I have not yet heard reliable evidence that it can reduce tremor in trials. It could potentially be useful in the future. Host what are the prospects of finding a cure to parkinsons in the future . The prospects are good. We are on the right track. We have delineated exactly what we have to do. Ive talked about the development of a narrow protective neuro. Lement it is a stepbystep process. As a researcher, you stand on the shoulders of those before you and it is very important to be careful and methodical in how you approach these things. I think we are on the right path. Certainly, it is an exciting parkinsonsy of disease, but our understanding of the brain, in general. We have jim on the phone with dr. Hess. Caller good morning, dr. P i parkinsonsd with it is aou tell me if complication of another disease . Is a lewy body dementia disorder that has the same pathological signature as parkinsons disease. If you took the symptoms of a person with advanced parkinsons and lewy body dementia, you would not be able to tell the difference. Bodynts who have believed dementia, they often develop visual hallucinations and Cognitive Impairment in the first years of the disease. In parkinsons disease, although you can see mild impairment before or at the time of diagnosis for the most part, more Cognitive Impairment does not happen until later in the disease. The differences between lewy body dementia and parkinsons disease is one that is still controversial. As i said, the time of hallucination before is completely arbitrary at the this point. Where the distinction is more important is telling patients what to expect in the future. Assuming the diagnosis is correct, you can talk with your doctor about how your course will be different from that of a person with regular parkinsons disease. Especially trying to maximize your quality of life. Host it is believed that trauma, in the case of mohammed ali trauma suffered from his boxing career may have contributed to parkinsons disease. Is this an issue that those in other sports, perhaps football, places where we have seen people talk about concussions, and such is this a concern that should be raised in that area too . Caller this is certainly guest this is certainly an area of active research. There are a lot of sports that have impacts to the head. Repeated injuries to the head, concussions, or similar head injuries can produce a neurodegenerative process after the head injuries occur, an area of active research. It is difficult to say, with regard to mohammed ali. The only way is to actually look at the brain. Most people who treat parkinsons disease believe he had parkinsons disease mutation. To a genetic he was 42 years old at the time of diagnosis. His symptoms were unilateral and progressed over time. Clinically, he acted much more like a patient with parkinsons disease. It is difficult to say whether, or how much, head injuries played a role in what he had. Yost next up, we have ja calling game. Good morning. Caller i actually going to make a couple of comments that i will get off the line and let dr. Hess discussed. Parkinsonser had from the time i was born until he died when he was 96. I think there are different types of parkinsons, Different Levels of progression. One thing that i think was really radical that people do not talk about is the depth of depression in parkinsons. Severe depression that is even resistant to things like prozac and lexapro. One has to almost use adderall, or Something Like that to help lift them. That causes them to move left, talk less, and affects their. Espiratory function this is a sad thing. The other thing i want to say is parkinsons patients, very often, like in the bathroom, if they were to close their eyes in the shower, they could easily fall over. Also, climbing out of the shower oub is something that is sewe dangerous. I think these things should also be mentioned by physicians, nurses. This is what we call a lifeanddeath host situation. Lets give dr. Has a chance to respond to that. Guest this caller made some really excellent points. The first and he pointed out is that not everyone has the same clinical course. This is true. Some patients can go many, many years without developing much more than a tremor. There are other patients that can have a much more aggressive course of the disease. That absolutely correct what we call parkinsons disease, this constellation of differentprobably has processes that lead to it. It is very possible that what we call parkinsons disease now will later be better understood. The other point he made was about nonmotor symptoms. For a long time, researchers were focused on the motor symptoms. Tremors, rigidity, slowness. What we found is that there are many nonmotor symptoms of the disease that can be more disabling an action cause more problems than the motor symptoms of the disease. Some of the nonmotor symptoms include things like apathy and depression, sometimes very profound. Difficultyn have a sleeping. Wherean have hypotension their body does not regulate Blood Pressure well. There is a major push in society and the American Academy of neurological the organizations to really focus on the nonmotor functions of the disease. These are the things that correlate most with quality of life. I will address his last point. Postural instability. This is tough. Of all of the medications we have to treat parkinsons disease, we do not do a good job with deep brain stimulation or medications to treat postural instability. The recommendations that the caller made a really important are really important. It really is so complicated. Next, we have ann calling in from illinois, also with experience from parkinsons disease. Caller good morning. It is ohio, by the way. With my had to do husband, he did have parkinsons and his late 80s. It did not have the progression or the speed or the more aggressive type. In my family, there was quite a tremor,enign intention sort of like the thing that , andrine hepburn had others in the media. Would you be able to talk about what are the differences . Linked . Two i understand parkinsons because i am a nurse. Benign intention is a more personal thing. I wonder if you would be able to talk about that a little. Guest essential tremor, what used be called the nine essential tremor is another Movement Disorder. It reduces tremor, a higher frequency of the head. It usually occurs while the person is engaged in action. It does not have many of the other symptoms of parkinsons disease although people can look at touch parkinsonian if they have a tremor. Where you see overlap is there seems to the an increased risk in developing parkinsons disease when a person has a tremor. The treatment is completely different. In patients that have tried that , other methods can also be very effective. Host next, we have chris, also with experience with parkinsons disease. Good morning. You are on with dr. Hess. Caller my wife was diagnosed in 2008 at age 26 with parkinsons disease. She has had both db surgeries. We were wondering if there is any leeway or information on Stem Cell Research. Guest that is a great question. Arem cells ourselves that cells that have not reached their full potential. Interest inot of replacing the cells that are degenerating in the area of the brain where they normally are with stem cells. There have been fetal transplants in the past that have shown mild success but overall did not work as well as we had hoped. We have successfully inserted a in an area ofene the brain that is involved in parkinsons. There are currently trials going on with regard to Stem Cell Research. The most important thing to remember with this topic is Stem Cell Research is still very early, very preliminary. It is not something that anyone. Hould be offering at a cost if you are involved in the or research, it should be listed on clinical trials. Linicaltrials. Gov we are doing the research to find if this is something that is potentially viable as a treatment and way too improve symptoms. The most important thing with regard to stem cells is keep in ofd that there are a lot advertisements and physicians who will offer these therapies and theres absolutely no basis at this point for the offering at no cost. Its still very early in the stage. Host we are talking with dr. Christopher hess at the center for Movement Disorders. He has also worked for the Veterans Administration parkinsons Disease Consortium south florida. Up next, we have sonya calling in. Good morning, you are on with dr. Hess. Caller thank you for being on cspan. Have celiac disease and severe restless legs. They put me on parkinsons. Edicines it kind of helped. Now, im kind of wondering, i also get a lot of shaking in my a lot,nd im offbalance and get headaches a lot of times. And very careful with showers. Could there be a correlation the dream glands, and you mentioned about the Blood Pressure part not working. Could there be something going on in there that should be checked . Host lets give dr. Has the chance to respond. Guest with regards to what you and, with adrenal glands your disease, there is not a correlation with parkinsons disease. Restless leg syndrome is something that happens in patients with parkinsons disease during an even before the course of the deceased. We have come to understand it there are symptoms that patients develop years before the onset of motor symptoms. During this time, we believe that the neurons are already deteriorating. By the time that someone develops motor symptoms of parkinsons disease, the majority of the neurons have already died and most of the one of the biggest signs that patients develop his restless leg syndrome. Parkinsons medicines are an effective treatment for restless leg syndrome for many patients. I have to point out that although many patients with parkinsons disease previously had restless legs syndrome, not everybody with restless leg syndrome has parkinsons disease. Based on the symptoms you are describing, assuming it is a correct diagnosis, i recommend that you get it evaluated. Host next, we have steve calling in from maryland, also with experience with parkinsons. Caller what a good program to start saturday morning, to have such an expert. And answer to my question could help people in countries like india. By cousin died from parkinsons, and now my uncle is suffering from it for the last 10 years, or so. What can they do in the society like that that can help them . Guest we are working to try and train Movement Disorder experts around the world. There are Movement Disorder experts in india as well. Treat medications that parkinsons disease are not expensive and available in some form, just about everywhere in the world. Like where youes dont have experts that have an appreciation for taking care of of a personplici complexity , swallowing evaluations, having something go down the wrong way in the lungs and developing an infection. Talking about constipation. These issues are something that move it disorder experts should be discussing with their patients. It is very difficult when people do not have access to Movement Disorder experts. One thing that is useful is the internet now. Just about every corner of the globe is connected. At Parkinsons Foundation is parkinsons. Org. They can be called and provide accurate and uptodate information and also refer to specialists. Host up next, we have jennifer calling from south dakota, also someone with experience with parkinsons. You are on, go ahead. Imer thank you, g calling because i am involved in several exercise groups and some support groups for people with parkinsons disease. I find, when i am sharing with my peers, not that many of them have what i find to be one of the biggest factors. That is quite a bit of pain, especially in my back. This is not mentioned in the literature. They talk about tremors, swallowing. I have those things and dont connect them with pain, but i have pain in my limbs and especially my upper and lower back. Guest ets give dr. Hess a chance to respond to that. Guest pain was something described in the earliest descriptions of parkinsons disease. It is very, very common in parkinsons disease. There are different types of pain. There is central pain, but probably the most common form of pain is when people are stiff and slow and they change their walking patterns, they put abnormal forces on their joints. The spine, knees, hips. They adjust,in, and developed pain in another area. It is very common to have pain in parkinsons disease. What you really need to do is see a bit disorder specialist and try to sort out if the pain is associated directly with parkinsons disease or if it is secondary and associated with changes in your joints, related to having had parkinsons. Host up next, we have jana calling from louisiana. You are on with dr. Hess. Caller how are you . Guest very well. Caller first of all, im curious if parkinsons in itself is fatal. Link in my hands it probably started as an early teenager. I assumed it was anxiety. It has almost come to a standstill. It is not because of intolerance because i have been very careful to wait and amount of time. Host i want dr. Hess to have a chance to respond. Were coming up on the end of the show. The caller mentioned a term or from a young age. That sounds more like a central tremor. Many patients with a central tremor can go on to develop parkinsons disease. In your case, i think the most important thing is ensure you have accurate diagnosis of front. Host dr. Christopher hess, assistant assessor at the University Florida center for Movement Disorders, thank you for joining us today. Guest my pleasure. Host that is all for today. We will be back tomorrow morning at 7 00. Have a good saturday