Transcripts For CSPAN Hearing On Self-Driving Cars 20160319

Challenges remain of people becoming comfortable being passengers and their own car. Mayaps the greatest hurdle be a Regulatory Environment of a patchwork of state and federal laws unable to keep pace with the evolving technologies. Everything from Driver Assist functions like lane departure warnings to completely anonymous Autonomous Vehicles mobilitysform profoundly affecting issues. Since 2014, thousands of americans have lost their lives to car accidents. More than 90 of these accidents are linked to human error, driver choices, intoxication, and distraction. Automated vehicles have the potential to reduce the number genetically. Unlike human drivers, Automated Vehicles do not get tired, drunk, or distracted. Combating drunk driving has been a particular priority for me. Carolina program is one successful program. Im eager to hear how Autonomous Vehicles can further reduce accidents due to drunk driving. Promise tovehicles improve the quality of life for the disabled community. Population ages, families no longer have to struggle with the difficult decision of when to take the keys away from mom or dad. If the car does all that driving, the time in the car could bet productive productive. With no more gridlock, traffic will move more efficiently. Even fee fuel economy is likely to improve. Have theancements possibility to reshape communities. Imagine a technology that would revolutionize parking, as we know it, allowing land to be reclaimed and repurposed. To implement the future, we need to challenge ourselves to overcome the 20th century convention of what a car should mirrors, ar view steering wheel, and even the concept of a human driver. Because so much is possible, we cannot stymie innovation due to a lack of imagination. Governments needed to rethink how they license vehicles for the future. United states needs to remain. He cradle of innovation in addition, questions regarding security, infrastructure need answers. Ofcongress, the Department Transportation, industry, and stakeholders Work Together. We will see all the benefits promised. This morning, the committee have the great opportunity to see some of this technology in action, when we brought self drive to capitol hill. Folks like it and text the providedn and tesla vehicles. I want to thank them for making those vehicles available. This afternoon, we are joined by kespanies with direct sta and automated technology. Beer also joined by dr. Cummings of duke university. Thank you for your service to our country. We look forward to all of eyewitnesses to learn more about for theyre doing future. Before we hit from the witnesses, we will see a short video, assuming the technology works. First up, senator nelson. We are coming up on 395, i. Ngaged the automated switch is of a sudden, the car speeding up. They say it will go with the vehicles in the front and back. Now, we are approaching the on ramp onto 395, and it is a sharp turn, and the vehicle is still speeding up. They say, trust the vehicle. As we approach the concrete instincts could not resist. I grab the wheel, touch the break, and took over manual control. Happenedhat would have . They said, if you left your hands off the wheel, it would have made that sharp turn, and come on around. Im here to tell you that [laughter] if this is working, the way it appears that is, there are many lies that can be saved by preventing preventable accidents. Looked downsuddenly at your cell phone, and all of a sudden the car in front of you stop, or one comes over into your lane . Things like efficiency and increaseity could also considerably. , withouted communities reliable means of transportation, can finally be integrated into the national economy. In so many states, this technology could be beneficial to seniors, and those with disabilities. We have to have that did treat the technology right so that self driving cars can live up to their promise. In the federal government, we have a Critical Role to make the Regulatory Environment and the Legal Environment in which American Business does business is able to develop and manufacture these vehicles. It means we are going to have to, in our case, exercise responsible oversight. As we have seen, committee, on other subjects, such as the akata airbags and gm ignition switch recalls. Into major snowball problems. With an autonomous car, the stakes are all the more going to be high. You can imagine, in this world of Cyber Security, and cyberattacks, imagine what would happen to Autonomous Vehicles to hacked while they are on the road. One small defect could end in a massive crisis. Will have to get together to find a solution. Coverups. They did not let me get behind the wheel. They probably figured, if you could navigate a spaceship, you could navigate a driverless vehicle. It was a trust shall terrestrial challenge. I want to submit to the record a letter from the Department Transportation. It will be included without objection. We have before us a great panel. I want to welcome them here. First, the director of self turning cars from google x. The Vice President of General Motors company. The Vice President from delphi automotive. The Vice President of Government Relations for lyft, and as i mentioned earlier, dr. Cummings, director of human and autonomy lab from duke university. Welcome to all of you. Thank you for biggest pay today. The doctor,t with and then proceed. If each of you could stay within the fiveminute time allotment so we have ample time for questions. Thank you all for being here. Ive been leading google self 2009. G car Program Since the video that we would have showed earlier demonstrates our excitement in this technology. Self turning cars can help us change not only could the roads be much safer, but it could ring reach to thosen who might be excluded by their inability to drive a car. We believe that to realize the benefits, and many more, you need cars that are fully self driving. The cars need to be designed to do all the work. We are testing self driving prototype the of goals in three different states. Over the past seven years, we have driven 1. 4 million miles ind autonomous mode autonomous mode. Today, congress has the huge opportunity to help ensure that employeding cars be at scale. We currently face patchwork of regulations that has the potential to become unworkable. 23 states have introduced 54 pieces of legislation that Autonomous Vehicles. If every state is left to go to own way, it would be extremely impractical to operate Autonomous Cars across state boundaries. Helpfulve been clarifications, but current regulations were written at a time when a car driving itself was science fiction. Congressional action is needed to keep pace. We propose that congress moved authority approve no that would allow the deployment of Innovative Safety technologies, while ensuring prompt and transparent process. We look forward to working with dot, and that, nitsa. The importance of getting Self Driving Car Technology safely into peoples hands is best summed up by those who need it most. During a recent technology to discuss the to technology, regulators heard from a man who is the lead line. What he said is what this is really about is who gets access to technology and commerce, and im frankly tired of people with disabilities not being able to ask of commerce. Our team at google believes that self turning cars can remove transportation barriers from our society. Thank you for creating a path to this technology and your time and consideration today. Good afternoon. My position inside General Motors is Vice President of what planning and strategy. I think about what will happen to our industry over time, what the opportunities are, and how to position General Motors to take advantage of those technologies. General motors has been very active in the autonomous space with several recent announcements. These relate to our goal of earning customers for life. There are four principal areas to the initiative. Autonomous driving, 970, of adjudication, and ridesharing. All of these are built on the same bedrock principle. Safety. Ock must be i like to focus you minutes on autonomy. Gm has a long history with Autonomous Vehicle research. From our partnership with Carnegie Mellon university, which, in 2007, autonomously covered 60 miles at an average speed of 14 miles per hour, to our acquisition last week of cruise automation, gm is rapidly technology. We are deploying technologies across more of our portfolio and additionalinging safety enhancing technologies like forward collision warning to vehicles at all price points, including inexpensive models like the chevrolet spark. Gm wants to bring a vehicle to Vehicle Technology late this year in the catalog. This will enable vehicles to communicate important safety and mobility information toward other. Super cruise is a feature that allows for handsfree and feet free driving on the highway, 17. Ch will debut in the 20 it will be crucial to increase the automation in the future. Additionally, our recent investment into the side sharing provides aft, ridesharing platform for potential deployment programs. Our acquisition last week of cruise, it has moved quickly to test Autonomous Technology in San Franciscos very challenging city environment. Its rapid 12 that capability, when combined with gms resources and expertise, will further accelerate excel are efforts in automation. These are being spearheaded by the engineering team, focused on accelerating the deployment of Autonomous Vehicles. Make no mistake. Our focus will be on doing the safely. Steplieve the next logical to public availability will be controlled rideshare projects, such as those we are planning with lyft. This will allow the public to safely experience Autonomous Vehicles, without personal investment. This could protect Public Safety through the ownership and control of the vehicles by the vehicle manufacturer. This style of deployment encourages partnerships with local and state governments which will ensure full Public Benefits of the technology. Closing, we propose policy changing for the adoption of safe high level automation through realworld projects. We look forward to working with congress to spur the development of these technologies as safely and rapidly as possible. I look forward to answering your questions. Good afternoon. Thank you, chairman and members of the committee on commerce, and technology for giving me this opportunity. I am from delphi, a high company that produces solutions for the automotive sector. I would like to start by. Hanking the committee in particular, i would like to s sponsorsill for their effort to get stickers enacted. It will speed the abd adoption Driver Assistd program. Step towardsficant Automated Vehicles. In our video, which we unfortunately not able to show, last year we made a historic 1300 mile journey from San Francisco to your city with a car that for night 9 of driving time was not driven with human input. It took place during Daylight Hours and had an engineer behind thewheel to intervene when vehicle could not clearly perform on its own. It performed flawlessly. Time. Ained alert entire one of the primary takeaways from the crosscountry drive is we have Technology Available today in the consumer marketplace that can onmatically reduce deaths the roads. Theyre not just by savers, but, as demonstrated by the drive, the Building Blocks of Automated Vehicles in the future. Survey confirmed, it will help to drive consumer automated of technology. It has been announced, requiring Passenger Vehicles to achieve a five star rating. It is important that we promulgate this quickly. In an automated future, we need to be able to communicate with not just the driver and owner, but the surrounding environment, knowing wendy Traffic Signals will change. When traffic is heaviest, it drive vehicles to autonomously. It is also important to consider the manner in which existing vehicles can be retrofitted to accommodate that requirements. There are actually 252 million u. S. Les registered in the roadways within average age of 11. 5 years. Is builttrofitting into the process, the roll up may take decades. Indigestion to supporting technologies that are needed, congress and the misdirection and state governments will need to provide the flexibility and migratory framework necessary to allow driverless Car Development and deployment. Sorry that if the hazard of not numbering the pages. Having myard of not reading glasses. Finally, as we talk about cyber Cyber Security, we are acutely aware of security. Meet at the just pay in activities to further improve Cyber Security threats and coordination across the country. Agencies tong with ensure that we meet requirements and leverage open Source Information protocols. Thank you again for the time and opportunity to testify before. He Committee Members of the committee, good afternoon. I as a Vice President of Government Relations for lyft. Thank you for the opportunity to testify today on this exciting and important topic. You have the best engineering minds in the world who has made this possible. And you have lyft, a company fitted to bring this technology country. Ers across the there are two other components that will determine the future of Autonomous Vehicles. The first is the interaction of everyday people with these new vehicles. The second is the much more unpredictable interface of the government with this entirely new transportation resource. Has a unique exterior in these two areas, and that is where i will focus the technology. Firstaunched as the platform to give other people the ability to give people rights and their own vehicles. We knew that certain critical factors needed to be addressed. First, it had to be safe. Checksve background followed by transparency and accountability for people involved in the ride. Innovations that involve afeedback sumer majority of our writers are women. Second, the service had to be efficient for the drivers. It is easy for a driver to apply to drive on the platform. They can initiate the process on their platform, but difficult for them to qualify. For consumers, we knew that a vehicle had to arrive within of pressing a button for to feel it a Good Opportunity alternative to driving your own card. These have enabled a new Transportation Industry to evolve. By any measure, it is remarkable, and would not have happened if it was not safe, affordable, and convenient. This rapid evolution of the chest station industry has clear demonstrated that consumers are increasingly willing to give up the ceiling will steering bill, and instead have a vehicle arrive in the push of a button. In 1983, 40 6 of 16 years a drivers license. Now that is 24 . Wanteds something that i more than anything else when i was 16 years old. Real and very fundamental issues in. We are on the doorstep of another evolutionary leap in transportation and technology were concepts that were once only imagine in sciencefiction are on the verge of becoming a reality. The partnership with General Motors is based on the knowledge that Autonomous Vehicles can and benefits to safety parking, just to name a few. The fastest way to bring the benefits of Autonomous Vehicles to consumers is via ridesharing like lyft. To be sure, there are serious challenges to be faced. The greatest potential obstacle on. Constrictive legislative including, a patchwork of local laws. Relations unnecessary, but regulatory restraints and inconsistency and consistency are equally important for this industry to reach its potential. This is an area where lyft has learned valuable lessons. Three years ago, only one state had released a migratory framework for the right share industry. Now, 30 states have enacted. This is the experience that lyft brings to the table as we embark on a mission of providing Autonomous Vehicles to the public, with the help of the body and a commitment that regulation does not inhibit innovation, we can proceed. We look forward to working with this committee to ensure that Autonomous Vehicles can arrive onely and efficiently americas roads. I am happy to answer any questions that you might have. Thank you. Thank you. Chairman, and, distinguished members of the committee. Thank you for the opportunity to discuss issues regarding the future of self driving cars. I was the Program Manager for a 100 million navy carrier that has the same sense is that you will see on many Autonomous Cars today. Im currently conducting research on the interaction between self driving cars and pedestrians. While i enthusiastically support the research of self driving cars, unless optimistic about a system. He field t here are the limitations. The first is operation in bad weather, including standing water on roadways, drizzling and, sun and downpours, snow. Coupling these limitations with the inability of self driving cars to follow u instructions on the roads means that they should not operate near elemen schools at this tim. It is relatively easy to spoof self driving vehicles. Without proper Safety Practices in place, they could he commandeered to do the things. Represents aing worstcase scenario, there are other disruptive problems to be considered. It is not uncommon for people to drive with gps jammers in their trunks which could be disruptive to the system. Research has shown that a 60 laser device can trick self driving cars into perceiving objects that are not there. People will attempt to get ahead of the cars, or simply have fun. Lastly, privacy and control of a factor. Ata will be these cars have cameras that look in and out of the vehicle. Who has access to this data . These and other issues need to be addressed before the deployment of the cars take place, but his day there are clear advantages, how can we get there with minimal risk exposure . Xooglepinion, the hasunced that its car driven 1. 4 million miles. I applaud that, but new york taxis drive 1. 4 million miles just over a day. Demonstrations are substitute for principled testing. 275 million miles must be driven fatality free. That means we need a significantly accelerated self driving program, but it is not simply sufficient for the cars to the operated in california or south texas to reach the miles. They need to be tested for what are called the corner cases, extreme conditions, in which the cars will operate. We know that sensors are not reliable in extreme weather. We know humans will get in the backseat was a think the car is on autopilot. We know people will try to hack in to be systems. Given heavy dependence on probably stick reasoning and the shared domain, there are many unknowns that the systems will encounter. There are no knows that are not being openly tested in a rigorous manner that would be expected. For example, the faa has clear certification process is for aircraft software. We would never let aircraft use automated landings without verifiable evidence tested by the faa. Moreover, they should make data publicly available for expert validation. Many reiterate that as a professor in robotics and human interaction, im wholeheartedly in support of the research for self driving cars. These systems will not be ready for fielding until we move away from demonstrations to technology and evidencebased testing. To this end, in collaboration with the private industry, its nitsa needs to provide more leadership in the space. If you want to turn to the monitor, this is something the firstl be some of people outside of google to ever drive. Here we go. What she really liked is it slow down before curve, and accelerated after the curve. She is trying to get me to do it that way. If i had a self driving car, i could spend more time hanging out with my kids. Life has to do with a lot of Little Things. A lot of those Little Things have to do with getting from place to place. There is a big part of my life that is missing and that a self driving vehicle could bring back to me. I love this. In 2015, delphis car drove itself across the country from coasttocoast. Now, we are applying everything we have learned to the next step. This year it is in las vegas. Everythingr talks science, the guy crossing the street on foot or by, the nearby mcdonalds or starbucks. Why . To make it safer for all of us. Delphi drive available. Technology can save livesimately 11,000 annually. Last year, we took technologies that were on the road today and technologies that we think will be on the road in the next few years, and equipped the car to talk to a different variety of information sources. Vehicle to vehicle. Vehicle to pedestrian. Vehicle to everything. You can take information from a lot of different sources, on top of all the sensors you have, and forlete the scenario better decisionmaking to improve the experience in the cockpit. We want you, as a passenger, to feel comfortable in the car. Delphi drive ending in 1000 feet. Prepare to take over. Thank you again, all of you, for being here, and sharing your thoughts on the subject. We will get into questions now. I wanted to start by asking the general one. I believe were talking about something that often was thought of as very futuristic. There are manufacturers who expect that these cars will be on the market in just a few years. All of you had to rent rolls in this area. When do you think his types of cars will be ready and available in the marketplace . If anybody would like to respond to that. What is the timeframe we are talking about . Idea of introducing this to the public is through rideshare access. We would introduce it originally drivers because we do agree we need to collect systems make sure the are operating, as we expect them to, before we actually start deploying the vehicles without drivers. We think this offers a framework that we can develop and deploy in a very safe way. Your question on timing. We would expect vehicles with within the appear next couple of years, and when they start working without drivers will depend on how the technology develops, and what the criteria agreed with regulators are. How will the partnership between lyft ngm more rapidly advance availability . Thank you for the question. I think the starting point for the answer is our experience in the explosion of the ridesharing industry. A few short years ago, the idea of getting into a strangers car was a unheard of. It was something your mother warned you against. Yet, through the Safety Innovations that lyft implemented, week of people very comfortable with the idea of getting in some of the elses car. It allowed us to expand to 200 different cities in less than four years. It is visibility, not only to use animation, and enhance the customer experience, but to reach a mass audience that we think we will be using to ensure Quick Deployment of Autonomous Vehicles to the community at large. We have the ability to reach a nationwide audience quickly with our technology. Frankly, given the cost most likely involved, this will be the most costeffective way getting it to the public as well. This is the role that we envision for ourselves in the process. If i could get some of you to react to the concerns mentioned by dr. Coming. Whether, hacking, privacy. How do these vehicles you talk about them not performing as well under those circumstances. For those of you involved in the development and testing, how do you respond . I think the first thing to know is when we talk about automated cars, we talk about multiple types of sensors. Each of the technologies has strengths and weaknesses. In some cases, vision may be compromised by weather, but radar is very strong in weather. Imilarly in other conditions the key is to have a multi sensor approach, expanding the range of coverage. It is true, sensors have and weaknesses, but by combining them, you have a much package. Ble certainly much more capable than a driver relying on vision alone. M nitsa has said there rulemaking. Tional r are you concerned that the ability to deploy these technologies will be impeded by what could be a very lengthy rulemaking process . That is an important question. Many of the companies at the table here have been involved in developing this technology. Americans for much of the hip position in the space. We look at what is happening in europe and china, and they are hot on her heels. Not a day goes by where a company, particularly from china, is trying to recruit engineers from our team. From our perspective, this technology is advancing at an incredible rate. Andeed to see the benefits the economic benefits in america first. If finding a way to give them an approval process to expedite in a safe way, to allow us to use this technology in the united states. This could be to the companies who want to respond. It was recently determined that the google self driving system can be interpreted as the driver for the sake of the rules. Conversely, the california dmv is requiring a licensed operator to be present in the Autonomous Vehicle. How will the concept of driver resolveand how can it potential conflicts like the one i mentioned . To the point of Technology Without a driver, at some point, you need to designate the vehicle can operate without a driver. I think the interpretation, in order to encourage the rollout is appropriate. As far as working with the states, we, at General Motors, will continue to work the states to craft legislation, understanding the consomme roles that the states and federal government play. To see the federal role in rolei should say, having a in ensuring that there is safety in a nationwide market . Does the federal government have a role . What would obviously be an issue is if we end up with widely varied patchwork of regulations that is inconsistent from state to state, obviously, when we develop these vehicles, would envision them crossing state lines. We need and support the initiative to give guidance to the states on legislation in this area, and look forward to that initiative. Nelson . Or we do a lot of neat things to protect national security. , gpsattacks, worms jamming, etc. What are we going to do to protect this technology . I think this problem of cyberphysical security is not drones. Que to in all industries. There are many lessons to be learned. The military is working on technologies that are helping. Companies are getting into the community, bringing new technologies to bear. Maturityt is the mate of the industry that we will have to see. It will not be easy. Here and im peers sure they will we will have to start having dedicated focus in these areas, instead of giving at up to the military, for example, to develop. The committee, we are going to mark of the faa bill. One of the things we are concerned about is you put a drone in the flight path of an airliner, and advocates sucked into the engine, that is catastrophic failure. There are technologies that have the demonstrated to chairman and me of taking over that drone. That is available. Later, we are probably going to have to employ that in the essay of airports. What is the protection for the Autonomous Vehicle that these types of technologies you solve the 60 Minutes Program where they completely take over the car. What is the answer . Anybody. Gms standpoint, we think Cyber Security is an important area. It is something we spent time thinking about. We have more data connected vehicles on the road by far. We started inhouse, a cyber organization, and inside it, we use a technique learned from other industries, identify oneeam to abilities. The Senior Executive in charge of this report on a regular basis to both the ceo and the board on these matters. The senior exec that also happens to be the vice chairman of the committee that was set up to share information amongst phonen the industry on abilities. We believe that committee has been very effective. You think the capability of protecting against this, even without it being extremely expensive let me flip now. What about privacy . What about privacy . Somebodyt to thank you very much. Testimony,ned in my inhas to be a safe platform order for to work. Part of that is ensuring safety of the users and drivers. It is something we have been 100 committed to since we launched, and devote a terminus amount of resources to. That isan internal team constant redoing our privacy policies. Approximately 1 5 of our overall team constitutes engineers, and a similar number dedicated to trust and safety. This demonstrates how much resources we dedicate to ensuring safety and the privacy of our users. What you are saying is technology will allow you to protect privacy of people, even in the Autonomous Vehicle. Is athink technology means. If first starts with a commitment and dedication to ensuring it. I think that is the point im trying to make here. It is why we wanted to partner like generalny motors. We n do the deployment had to be employed in a way that protects safety. Have a lotea that we of experience in in a company int serviced one state back 2012, and 200 cities now. Would need to confer with apple since they seem to be pretty good on its privacy, being able to get into the iphone of the terrorist. Is the federal Government Agency prepared to deal with all this . Just the think it is responsibility of any one particular party. It will take a collaborative effort between industry and regulatory agencies. As welly is important, talk about initiatives, working together to promote standardization any uniform approach, but to do so in an effective rate of tory framework. Regulatory framework it has to be collaborative for to be truly effective. Thank you for your leadership on this issue. Im disappointed that did not get a chance to see one of the cars earlier this morning. I would have enjoyed that. By the way, thank you for being here, for your expertise. The chairman was asking a , whenon which is when will this be available. I guess the next question is is integrated into the current car an you own, or do you buy Autonomous Vehicle to use one of these things . We believe strongly that we need to design a vehicle with at its mind, and look entire electronic Information System to make sure we can get the highest level of protection in the vehicles. We believe that going forward, you are going to buy vehicles that may look similar to vehicles on the road, but aside, will be designed Autonomous Vehicles. It would be a new car . Yes. That is one of the event of the right sharing model. People can experience the Technology Without going out and buying a new car. With real can see human beings and grill settings feel settings, without them buying the vehicle. Thek any technology, Autonomous Technology will be very sensitive when you start. As referenced earlier, you need an array of different sensing technologies as well as sophisticated computing power. It is hard for me to predict what they will cost. As with any new technology, much depends on how quickly we can deploy in volume and build scale. We think this right sharing forwardts us move t in volume even with a relatively high initial cost. Usingyou anticipate electrical vehicles or . Ombustion we are interested in electronic because we will be operating in urban environments where people are interested in reducing pollution. I noticed on the screen, a lot of the shots were the Las Vegas Strip very good. That youunderstanding were also very involved in the testing. Is this accurate, working trekkie with the department of Motor Vehicle struggle that is correct. To beate of nevada wanted and be a first in the nation. How important was that . Sand placed a line in the over how important this technology was and brought it to national attention. At the same time, i think it manyd off something that of us are worried about with this potential patchwork of regulations that potentially lead to a challenge in delivering technology broadly. Vehicle, if im not mistaken, and i understand you had an unexpected obstruction. Can you explain to us what that was . Sure. One of the reasons we enjoyed testing a las vegas is it provides a lot of diversity of cases and a challenging environment, including some of the pedestrians that are there may either be intoxicated or little unpredictable in terms of where they are going on the roadways. As we were driving around , on a regular basis, we had pedestrians coming out into the path of the vehicle. The vehicle seeing them accurately and taking passiona precautionary measures, was slowing down. It highlights to us the fact that the sensors work all the way around, 360 degrees around the car, at all times. The car sees much better than we, as a human driver, actually see. And never failed to find a person and avoid them. I understand one stepped out in front of the vehicle, and it pointed it. It did. Very good. I have senator booker next. One of the big concerns i our had in washington is Global Economy is being fueled more more by innovation. America is by far the global exporter of innovation and ingenuity. We have been for generations. The problem im seeing more more is youre not creating of a gateway machine or environment that cultivates and spurs innovation and keeps us competitive. Ive seen this with the fda, with the faa, what theyre doing with Drone Technology which is not being integrated on more novated more outside of our country. Michael prince of the is safety, but in this time of great research, innovation, and to vomit, it is difficult for me to companies described a in the u. S. Rules compared with testing in europe. I dont like the cs falling behind to see us falling behind. If this was around during the time of the wright brothers, we would have never gotten off the ground in exploring air travel. We were the first to introduce legislation on Autonomous Vehicles, but other countries now are clearly leapfrogging by offering more flexibly to test this technology. In the u k, for example, it is rapidly moving forward. Nissans allowed and toyota to test since 2013. In your experience, are we falling behind because other countries are creating a better Regulatory Environment for testing . What is the environment like in thes of dealing with development of this technology . What can we, as are just players do, to make sure that our relation keep up with the pace of this technology not just keep up, but ensure that america leads. The key things has been done. That was the stickers act and the fast acts. That allows for technologies that are foundational for automated driving. That is good for the u. S. , for these technologies. It builds on success as you do that. I think the other piece that is in terms of how you support standing up for evaluating reallife use cases, or pilots, if you will that is what we are seeing other countries doing. Supporting getting these systems up and running as quickly as possible. That takes infrastructure. Upport the government is best equipped to execute and manage. That is another big area where we would welcome the support of these agencies. When you talk about of, we are planning for smart cities. We need to be thinking five years ahead, 10 years ahead, the ability to have smart devices, and the like. The markings on the roadways, basically prepping the infrastructure to be ready for these technologies. Were talking about large investments in infrastructure coming from the federal government. Federal and state. Good example. Is a they have a test track. I was going to say, we have only been encouraged by the way that secretary fox has recognize itis and is important to Work Together to develop technology safely, and find ways to deploy it. We thoroughly dont know, at the technology development, all the answers. I think we have seen flexibly to learn as we go, and respond to what we learned. Trying to imagine what the future looks like, shouldnt we be focused on testing right now to create rules for a Good Environment for testing . Actually, so far, we have learned we dont happen to good challenges with testing. The technology is venting very rapidly. Where we are most concerned is about bringing this to market and regulations that would limit the operations of technology. That is where we think congress and the federal government can help pave the way. I want to give a public thank goodo gm for being such partners working with us in a cooperative manner. We appreciate your support as well. Thank you, mr. Chairman. I have to say, as a senator from michigan and representing the motor city, im very excited about these incredible elements in our Auto Industry and to see auto manufacturers coming together with suppliers, with technology companies, all cooperating together to create partnerships that will create an awful lot of new jobs and the two extraordinary breakthroughs in terms of vehicle safety, as well as performance. As we heard from your testimony and others, dealing with mobility challenges generally for fairies and images. I want to thank the witnesses for being here today to discuss this frontier. We know there are still some significant challenges that we will be facing as policymakers to actually see this realize. It is clear that what we are on the cusp of his Disruptive Technology in the auto sector, unlike anything we have seen for i dont know how many decades. It is many, many decades since we have seen this Disruptive Technology. As we heard today, by think it is important to repeat, we know that over 38,000 people died on. Ur highways last year your companies are dropping technology so that we could very well reduce that number, saving tens of thousands of lives. That is why i believe, as members of congress, we have to do everything we can to make sure efforts are not delayed or unnecessarily deterred. That means the congress has to thoroughly test. Pectrum sharing connect to all technology should not be copper mice by someone connected to a toaster, or light switch. The technologies of today and tomorrow must be safe from Cyber Threats and protect user privacy as well. We must avoid a patchwork of regulations that would only implementation of these technologies. We must think carefully about the insurance implications as well and the possibility of liability shifting to the manufacturers, as human control of the vehicles dissipates. Finally, we must increase investment in research and 12 it. I support the 10 year 3. 9 billion proposal for this purpose. Particularly, the 200 million 2017 budget thata would accelerate these programs. I think is particularly essential that a portion of this money go towards funding a designated National Facility were academic, industry, and come together all and testing product of and certification. As we have heard, countries like sweden, korea, china, japan have already established these test sites. We need to do that as well. University of michigan is involved in some detailed testing on a track that brings all the manufacturers together. Perhaps i could just get some comment from some of you on how important it is to have a National Testing facility that can bring all the manufacturers together, the suppliers together. It is not to any good to have a great product if it is not working in conjunction with everybody else out on the roads. As was mentioned, in all weather conditions as well. Snow and ice is important to test. Perhaps your comments as to how important it is for us, as government officials, to create a National Center for testing. I think that would be great. The one concern is that the testator would be available to a more Academic Community for that foundation that the tests are meeting standards that we think they should. That should be led by academics . Groups, notnt necessarily academics, but i would be happy to. [laughter] to your point, it is very important that we do find a way to thoroughly test these technologies. As you indicate, it will take a lot of work amongst various companies and suppliers and regulators. I do think having a way that we can approach this in accordion fashion would be very important to us going forward. We very much valued opportunity to test in all weather conditions. Ands why we have done tests would love to learn more. Report that the Department Transportation just released concludedv osed that cars deviate further from design,ventional vehicle certification becomes a lot more difficult and dependent on new standards, and how we interpret those standards. I would encourage your companies to continue submitting questions so that working together with Automotive Industry and government can determine how to address regulatory advances, which you agree, we need to have. I also encourage you to share testing data as well to ensure to assist them in ensuring National Standards for vehicle functions. Perhaps some comments on how you are working, sharing information. There was discussion of new targeted authority as well. If you could elaborate, i would appreciate it. Nitsa is our regulatory agency. We have a very long relationship with them. We have worked together collaboratively with them around this topic. We look forward to learning more on both sides and continuing to and their Regulatory Authority because, i think that we downsized many times, we want to develop and deploy this technology safely. Our primary concern and making sure that we can do it safely is are important to the class i cannot agree more. Taking the feedback in a corporate and then to the program. We are very excited about secretary foxs decision in building guidelines over the next six months and taking part in the public workshop which will bring a degree of transparency. Thank you. Much. Nk you very people were killed and distracted driving crashes. Another 431,000 are injured. This is a fast tax for state besides cannot get to receive some of the funding. , we know these were helpful. We talk about advances in Automated Vehicles. Know it is a major expanding problem for kids. Two people were hurt. One man was killed. 79 news old. He is doing anything he can to get his newspaper. Every single day, there should be Something Like that. I think what that example highlights is the role that systems can play. With system like lane departure drivers,and other ultimately, theyre taking evasive action as it gets more automated. Those are countermeasures to the effective distraction or the driver is not paying attention. That is the immediate safety ,enefit that is available now which is what were so excited about. Youre getting that out there into the consumer base. Path, continue down that automated driving in the sensors that go with it we will avoid the situations. That is the ultimate safety benefit. I think distracted driving are to the point where of thomas vehicles can also address the large percentage of our accidents progress to drunkendriving or speed related accidents. There is a very large percentage automatedthem vehicles should be able to address that an existential way. This is the heart of this work. Estimates were killed on the roads. Theyre is so much opportunity between here and now. Technology will never be perfect. But, the opportunity to reduce those accidents and tragedies is incredible. Senator, this is one of the things we want to bring to the equation. Look at the issue of drunk driving. It has now been determined by more than one Research Project the advent of ridesharing has reduced incidence of drunk driving. Deploy Safety Technology to consumers on a mass level is what is contributing to the discussion. By enabling the ridesharing platform like lift, we can bring these to the public on a massive scale. Theyre much quicker than other models. Here, alln weigh in these things are absolutely true. This is definitely something that is going to address these problems. I think the real trouble that we are up against is the hybrid time, were in a very strange time where we will see more technologies introduced and it will actually increased distractions. Recently, tesla suffered from a driver getting in the backseat of the car was on autopilot. Tesla made it quite clear that you needed to be in the seat. If i think that Human Behavior is that if humans think the car is pretty good, the behavior will be worse. The best thing we can do is for everyone to get out of their car today and have them all be driverless tomorrow. That would be the safest thing we could do. , were we have gremlins on the same road and teslas on the same road, and google cars, we will really have to be careful about we had it set up human economy. We have seen this completely grew the research. At theears ago, were point where we had technology that could drive on the freeway. Imagine a product where you get in the car, drive it, press a button, and then come address for you. We had 140 employees testing capability. And how they love product. They thought it was fantastic. The Vice President to General Motors said to their customers, driving is the distraction. We saw that live. And, it comes down to the fact that at some point, these technologies are just so good that people over trusted. Even when theyre told they should not. Are is, again, while we pushing toward softer vehicles. These technologies exist to make sure that if people are going to climb into the backseat, or not going to pay attention, the system can mourn them. Theyll get their attention back on the road. The recordo go on just one more question. Im on the almost out of time. A thomas vehicles and increased mobility for senior citizens. It is what i no longer call a solution nominee. That is too negative. I have been told that it is a silver search of more seniors. So, ill be curious. Adolescent questioners questions later on about how there can be questions for seniors as well. We will be there soon. This is my neighbor from minnesota. Thank you. We will have great application for people who need and a thomas car to keep them awake. That is until he get to south dakota. You mean when they are driving through south dakota. [laughter] thank you. Thank you for testifying. It is refreshing to hear about the innovation in the job creation that is actually occurring outside of washington. Kudos. My home in montana is the fourthlargest state. We have the second highest rate of vehicle ownership. Public roads. S of 95 of them are rural. Our interstate highways can go 80 miles row a per hour. I see these thomas vehicles as having the potential for significant safety improvement. All, and driver fatigue, my wife and i were heading out for dinner, we saw they were investigating a highway patrol. Most likely the guy fatigue. It was a man for my hometown. Billions of dollars lost. Thousands of lives lost. Will a thomas vehicles help reduce driver fatigue and fatalities . Model, they are not driving anymore. The issue is mediated. Even in the case of the studies that are talked about earlier, where we had 140 people use these vehicles. One of the most touching stories was a woman who lives 90 minutes from work. That sheus coming in wanted to cook for her family and exercise. Should do not have the time. She use the car for a week. She said every day she got home and she was able to go for a run and cook for her family because she was not exhausted from fighting traffic. Softwarehese are the elements of social benefit. They will be innumerable. We look at the driver. We have eyes on the road. There blinking. We can now determine the state of the driver. Those technologies will roll out this year. We have driving capabilities. I want talk a little bit. How will we reduce these fatalities . How about semithomas . Semi autonomous . There capable of responsibly driving. At the paste the technologies are moving, i would hope we can get to these a thomas vehicles relatively quickly. And, they will be a solution for several of these issues. Drunk driving also, read a horrible crash. It killed three people. Those two weeks ago. Think about the way that google is working. Is there some way we could detect that if youre the eastbound lane, or westbound, you could detect a run with situation in preventing . That . Ossible to prevent that is possible. Were crating vehicles that would not make that mistake. Geofencing models would be in place to create that. And come animalvehicle collisions, that is a big issue. Their population is up. Help and moose are up as well. Again, billions of dollars. Hundreds of thousands of deaths, potentially. How will this reduce vehicle collisions. We have an array of sensors between writer and cameras, i think the potential exists for vehicles to be even more respect perceptive. In michigan, we have an issue with deer on the highway. I think these technologies offer a real opportunity. Is often at night. Have a swerving oftentimes resulted in significant injuries. On talk to mr. Abelson. We have all heard the stories of current vehicles operating systems in hack. The same one from last summer. At the impact continues to grow, this becomes ever more real. What is gm do to make current vehicles be secure . Particular, we have a dedicated Organization Spending time on these issues. It is managed by a Senior Executive in the country. We have learned from other industries how to improve these issues. We employ teams that are not involved in the teams, their only trying to find a vulnerability. Only one week ago, i spent time with an engineer. All of things he did to try to get any compromise the module, that is very impressive heard as i said, we also have an Industry Group that shares best practices as well as reports of vulnerabilities. Maybe vicechairman of the group. The car needs to be redesigned. Thank you for your time and testimony today. We will figure out how this will impact our society and our safety, and our economy. 2005 withf things a time when auto steer tractors became the latest rage. We use a tool for productivity. ,oday, based on that experience if your 12 inch accuracy, or drilling we come it cost 7,000 to retrofit. We moved down to one inch accuracy at 28,000. It did not come off the Assembly Line with auto steer. You know, if youre dealing with a car that is going down the interstate, the questions of is something of accuracy. Were talking radar and satellite. Vehicles will use gps, they will also use other sensors and camusso very High Definition maps. As you are rolling vehicles off of the Assembly Line that technologies and capabilities of the factory line , and we retrofit older vehicles , how will we make sure, who is the responsible body . The ones we will make sure the used car has an aftermarket Autonomous System placed on it is up to the same sort of calibration and specifics . In our view, for some reasons cybere discussed, security and safety, we do not see those technologies is being affable and retrofitting vehicles. Touch a number of fundamental systems in the car. Of trying to retrofit the system on an existing car, will not work. Somebody has to develop that like they did for Farm Equipment right . Said, we do not see a path to that. Is there a state . Think that there is a state getting this better than other states . Who are they and what is so good about . I think that is an important question. We have seen many states that have impressed expressed enthusiasm about this technology. Toyre looking for ways improve that. What we found is that in most places, that the best action is to take no action. In general, the technologies can be safely tested today in many states. What we are really looking for is the leadership that are secretary fox is announced in bringing guidelines to the division. Who is doing the best job of not doing anything . [laughter] im sure i do not have a good answer. Your question i have come out of curiosity, the example of the deer come i guess youre driving , you maybeterstate have a child that runs for a soccer ball into a road, how are going to address issues of the moral choice that a computer is going to have to make . Whether it goes left, if there is a car next to it, or goes right into the ditch . Opposite, it will be carrying passengers. How do we research that and study that . I think that is an important point. This is a question that humanity has struggled with for hundreds of years. Philosophically, there is not a correct answer. The approach we are taking is to try to reduce that to practice where we can ask the implement and see the broader safety economic and mobility values. So that the way we think about this is, lets try our hardest to avoid collisions with road users. And, try your hardest to avoid vehicles and, avoid vehicles that do not move in the world. Until parents come if youre in the vehicle, this is the way it will behave. And come up will make the decision. Am i ok with that . I would only add, i think the intent, as we talked about, is to do the best we can to make sure these vehicles never get put into these situations. So, again, with the emphasis on developing these come i think we have real opportunities. In colorado, we had 100,000 new residents 20142015. That was depending on what numbers you look at. 80 of Population Group there between colorado. And, this technology is one of the keys to allowing a thriving ski industry resort in the mountains where your limited to the number of tunnels you can put in a mountain. For both a cost perspective and a physics perspective. Think that this is a fascinating opportunity. I look forward to learning more from you, as we progress. There are a lot of reasons people are moving to colorado. [laughter] automation is probably a good thing for that. We made it more thomas cars for that reason. Thank you senator. Thank you. ,ou know, these new vehicles computers on wheels, it is amazing was happening. Highwayent out onto the , across the 14th street bridge, vehicle,mmented tesla i would write, i looked left, is like look, no hands. Im just driving along. It was amazing. It was impressive. Clearly, the promise of the new era is there. Im glad i took the demonstration this morning. 2013, again, last year, i asked 20 automakers what theyre doing to protect our computers on wheels, what i found is that they are not doing enough. After reviewing the original responses from the automakers, i released a report, the report is entitled tracking and hacking security and privacy gaps. It puts american drivers at risk. Here is what we learned from the study. Feeds no longer need a crowbar to break into a car. They just need an iphone. Todays cars are also collecting tremendous amounts of personal driving information. Cars know where youre coming where you have been come how fast and slow you drive. Even the mileage since her last oil change. Some of that is good. Some of it is important to have an together. If all the vehicles out there were fairly autonomous, and we were all relied upon computers and not human drivers, from the start, to get to where you arent where you want to go, those on their abilities will become more pronounced in our society. So, of questions for the panel. Thate need forcible rules protect driver privacy and security. And, introduced with senator blumenthal the security and privacy in your car act. The spy car act that directs the national Highway Safety administration in the federal trade commission to establish federal standards to secure our cars and protect their privacy. For members of the panel, i would like to to answer this question on mandatory standards. Including, hacking protection, all Access Points in the car should be equipped with reasonable measures to protect against hacking. Data security measures. It means that all collected information should be secured. Litigation so that vehicles are equipped with technology that can detect and report hacking attempts, in real time. So, what do you think . I am in general agreement with all this. The concerns that i have is that it is happening so quickly that government institutions cannot keep pace. The government cannot hire the same people that chris is hiring at google. , i want they companies to build hacking protection. I also think you need a regulatory framework. That is lambasting. I say yes. Im saying i do not think its a not think they have the staff to help that. They do not have lawyers to do with the meltdown. Agencies to get the Technical Expertise that they need. It would be important to have the rules and personnel to do that. I think that is a real challenge. Thank you for the question. We are not only fully committed to ensuring that we prevent instances of cyber hacking, or violations of you are user privacy. We are in support of wellthoughtout principles that codify her previously existing attempts to ensure that. Before,s have discussed the solutions need to be very well thought out. We need a contingency of what these principles of like. We are dealing with a national technology. In order to do that, we need to make sure whatever privacy principles we put in, that it is consistent across the country. Do we need mandatory standards . We really have not determined whether we need them or not, what we have determined is that it does help to standardized testing. Standardized testing in stimulus approaching. How do we get there . We support the trade of information. With suppliers, i think the point of regulations is dealing with this fastchanging area. We think that the more flexible approach is preferable. Google gets attacked on a regular basis. We have hundreds of people dedicated to Cyber Security. All you want to do with that it is a very dynamic space. It is important to adapt these principles. I understand what youre saying. Her 30 years ago and so the same thing about airbags and seatbelts and how they should just leave it to individual companies. That it would be hard to mandate a specific error back. I understand the issue with consistency. At the same time, people want airbags to protect their children. They can expect certain standards. I was hit by a car when i was five years old. I was chasing to nineyearolds. I can see how difficult it was for the driver. We are moving forward. I just want to make sure that we do not have these unnecessary accidents. Clearly, hackers will have the ability to break into these vehicles. We have a lot of very smart young people who need to stop playing games of this technology. The kinds of protections eu building can be voluntary, but of 10 copies do it and tended not, then those 10 will be identified by hackers playing games on the highway. I think the sooner we start the discussion, the sooner we will accept that possibility. Thank you. Thank you senator markey. Thank you for being here. May i suggest that the answer to the question, should there be mandatory safety and privacy standards that is yes. I didnt hear that. I didnt hear that from all the witnesses. I heard answers that disagree implied maybe, maybe there should be. The clear need come it seems to me and for the sake of this technology, the answer should be yes. That is the credibility and faith you want to establish is that your technology is meeting mandatory standards. Ask, are we equipped right now to establish the standards . No, they are not. In your opinion, should this technology we implement and widely . I think we need to address these issues before we had wide dissemination of the technology. Disagree . Itnesses always be delivered about privacy. We speak a lot about private security. From a privacy standpoint, we are very clear. We operate only where customers usedwhat the data is being for, and only retain the data as long as it needs to. You agree there should be mandatory standard struggle, no, i think operating with privacy is a very important part of how weak implement this. I think we will continue to work with regulars on what is appropriate. I have to say and i am not a technology person, im just a country boy from connecticut if i asked somebody, do you think the red light means stop, and they came back and said, well, let me put it this way, and under these circumstances, we have Great Respect for stoplights, etc. I would say, the answer again theause credibility that this technology has made become exceedingly fragile if people cannot trust standards that are uniform and not necessarily for you, but all the other actors that may come into this space at some point. I dont want to belabor this point, but it is one of the reasons why we have introduced this legislation. For everyone who says, the can do Sector Companies it voluntarily, i would have in that argument is answer to this question was yes, we will respect many choice. Tandards that are applicable i went for a ride today in one of the vehicles that uses the current technology. It is impressive. It occurred to me that when i heard the comparison between the of the dakotas, montana, that i was also driving guest today in Downtown Manhattan in the midst of a rainstorm. I was not driving myself, i was writing, thankfully. I just dont know how this technology will fare in terms of safety in that kind of environment. Suggestingclose by that there really is a need to develop rules of the road here and standards and distinctions of spaces to ensure that driving in the public, safety and privacy will be respected. Thank you for being here. I look forward to working with you. I healed to my friend from massachusetts. Think the gentleman. Can we go down on the privacy issue . Question ofh the safety. What about privacy . To think this should be a mandatory minimum for Privacy Protection, which is put on the books so that owners have to be made explicitly aware of data without losing access to key navigation or and ensure that it not be used for advertising or marketing purposes . , yes. I think these are issues we are facing across a number of industries and technologies. The fact of the matter is these cars will be one big datagathering machine. That once thisay happens the car is really do need to talk to each other and back to the manufacturers in the near term, they need to talk , but they will be gathering a lot of data. Its not clear what they will be doing with that data. At least like you said, allow me to know what is happening. You think there should be rules that the information not be used for marketing purposes. Lets have very strict policies in place where personal data cannot be used shouldnt be mandatory . Developed standards is the question. If i could draw this back to ride sharing, where my area of experience is, what we have experienced there is we put upon ourselves a lot of high standards with respect to safety. With respect to insurance, we ide 1 million of insurance. , lets take me as a passenger and someone in the boston area. , do youne wants names think there should be a Privacy Protection for that, even though who iswould want to know coming into that area. Dont you think that there should be a prohibition . The point im trying to raise is there should unique situations that we need to be mindful of in developing standards for this kind of thing. Assuming you are doing the right thing, why would you have a problem which is working to create a standard that could be across policies that have been enacted in their own volition become the standard for the industry. It is important to be sure the those were. What mandatory . O we would like to be part of that discussion. You should first decide yes or no. That would eat helpful. You dont have a yes or no . , i believe we for phil fulf i know you do. You all the Bad Companies need a minimal standard. Assuming your company doesnt do anything wrong, you still need a statute. You dont think we need a statute . Has a variety of policies. What you think about making that foundation a standard. I would have to submit an answer to the record on that. Yes isn, i think only the answer. Thank you. You can answer the question anyway you want. A couple of questions to close things out. Of has to do with the issue consumer acceptance. This is a very new technology. Anytime new Technology Comes to the market, you have consumers who will commit because it is. Ew and exciting whohave other consumers prefer the look and feel of Traditional Driving and may resist Autonomous Vehicles because they have reservations about giving up control of cars. From a consumer standpoint, what are the challenges you see in terms of spurring demand, if you will, of Autonomous Vehicles. Including some of the underserved communities, we think deploying this Technology Allows us to do it in a very effective way. We will do it in a very safe way, but people dont need to purchase the Autonomous Vehicle to get their First Experience with the technology. I think with all new technologies, as people can experience, they will get more comfortable. Showed thateport the minority are prepared. We think is really important that we have a broad application of technologies. From our experience, when someone first hears about it, it seems far out there, but without fail, when someone comes in, thinking it is smoke and five minutes of someone writing in the vehicle, they are in the back like any other day. I think having people have the chance to experience it will increase adoption very quickly. , during yourwup test,s what happened the reactions of consumers who have ridden insult driving cars . To they feel safe . And you indicated they feel like they have an experience it seems like it would initially be a little hard, wanted to control things. The first find is five minutes is a little intense. Drives015 minutes, it quite well. 50 minutes on, it drives better than me, is there impression. We are fairly confident that when people tried out, they are going to enjoy it. One of the other comments we get frequently is it is very boring, not very exciting. Very quickly, the driving is no longer the activity you are focused on. You are focused on whatever it is you are doing. That is exactly what we want the technology to bring. It is about doing whatever you want to do a need to do during that time. In order to make sure this is readily available for the public andarge, it has to be safe costeffective. This is essentially the same challenges that we were facing two years ago. A few years later, it has probably become one of the most popular modes of transportation today. In order to ensure that consumers are ready to adopt it, we need to ensure it is safe. In order to ensure it is cost efficient, rideshare must be involved. I would like to add one thing. Timing is everything. That is no question someone is going to die in new technology. The question is when, and what will be due to minimize that . Toa death or fatality were ther, it would set back integration of this technology. We being academics in what to beity do Testing Technology out there so that any accident that would happen can be prevented. This was very helpful. It seems like there is enormous potential there on so many levels. First of foremost is safety, if we can reduce by any amount, fatalities, that would be a remarkable accomplishment. Economic gains, productivity, quality of life, environmental congestion, all of these things that we talk about in Society Today seems to me we could have enormous benefits. Always, of course, with an eye towards safety and making sure we are doing things in the right way. One of the things that was raised about today is the issue that sorttacks, and taken. G, measures being that is something that people ofl inevitably raise a lot concerns about given the Cyber Threats we face. With Autonomous Vehicles, there exception. Im interested in the response you gave to the question. Particularly, with redundancy builtin, any types of gaps that occur, if there were some sort of disruption in the activity, it sounds like you have given this a lot of thought and alive Research Authority been done. We want to continue it, and the sure ensure that we do our job in the safest manner possible, but not any way that creates a barrier to something we think has a two minutes of sight to the economy and safety of our nation. Making your Time Available to us today. We look forward to continuing the conversation about this. The sky seems to be the limit. Thank you all they much. I would conclude with the open forecord remains two weeks, during which time, record inbmit to the the committee as soon as possible. Thank you very much. This hearing is adjourned. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2015] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] today, cspans road to the white house coverage continues live starting at 2 00 eastern here on cspan. Senate minority leader harry reid tied the rise of donald trump to the republican leadership. Rise the trumps consequence of republican strategies. His remarks are just under one hour