Valero joined the program and William Youmans follows at 8 30. Washington journal begins with your phone calls at 7 00 a. M. For the next 55 minutes, an American History tv exclusive. Our cities tour visits tucson, arizona. For five years, weve traveled across the u. S. To explore literary and historic sites. You can watch more of our visits at cspan. Org citiestour. The mission was peace through the torrents. Our job was to project a credible threat, to be here every day, demonstrating to the soviet union that even if they launched a surprise for strike against us, we would be able to ride that out and retaliate quickly and with enough force that we would devastate the even if they were to launch their missiles first. Were going to take you to a museum about 25 miles south of Downtown Tucson. We are in the Launch Control center of the missile site. Here, using all of this equipment, the crew has a birds eye view of the condition of the missile and the missile site. It is also from here that the crew would launch the missile if they were able to do so. In order to launch the missile, the crew needs a number of things. First of all, they have to receive a launch order that will tell them to execute their missile and what times theyre are going to do that. In order to do that, they need two launch keys, one for the crew commander, and one for the deputy crew commander. In launch keys are secured the emergency war order safe. By twoe is secured padlocks, and these are combination padlocks. Each lock belonged to a specific officer on the crew. Lockis the crew commanders and this is the deputy crew commanders lock. Only the officer who owns the lock knows the combination to the lock. Locks, weceive those set the combinations. And that combination is classified top secret because it is guarding topsecret equipment. So the two officers, after they received the launch order, they would come to the safe, remove their locks, retrieve the launch keys. The crew commanders launch key is inserted here. And the deputy crew commanders launch key is inserted here. The placement of these keys is intentional and it serves a very important purpose. It guarantees that both of the officers will have to act together to launch the missile. In order to launch the missile both of these keys have to be turned at the exact same moment. The key switches are springloaded. If you let go, it automatically falls back to the off position. The keys are also too far apart for one person to be able to turn both keys. This means that both officers have to agree that they are going to launch their missile, and they have to cooperate in order to do that. Once they turn their keys, it to launch theds missile itself. It is going to launch from its underground duct where it is sitting with propellant already on board. It will take about 30 minutes to reach its target. Target, thates its target is going to cease to exist. This small elevator is what the crew and maintenance teams would use to access other levels of the missile site. Were going to head another 100 feet underground and end up on level seven, where we can walk into the launch duct and stand directly underneath the missile. So we are in the launch duct here on level seven. We need to watch our head as we go in. We will be standing directly underneath the missile. When the missile was operational, the stage one engine would have been mounted right here. It had two thrust chambers. They would have been next ending below these cutouts. If you look to your left, you sprayee a large water nozzle. Theres a ring of them that in circles the launch duct. When the launch sequence is pumping 160e start gallons a second of water into the concrete deflector at the bottom of the launch duct. When the stage one engine fires, the heat interacts with the water, creates steam, and the with theks together lines on this mesh that the walls of the launch duct. Those Work Together to dampen and absorb enough of the noise and vibration created by the stage one engine when it fires. That, the stage one engine which generates 430 pounds of thrust at liftoff, 747s inlike having two the launch duct, if we dont do something to absorb all that noise and vibration, it is going to vibrate the missile to pieces. It is going to explode in the launch duct. It is never going to launch. That was one of the huge challenges the engineers overcame that enabled titan 2 to launch from within the launch duct. So this is level to of the launch duct. There are about 120 feet or so of the launch dock beneath us. We are looking at the upper section. Were looking at stage two of the titan intercontinental ballistic missile. The brown cone is the reentry vehicle. The reentry vehicle is what carried the warhead. Its the only part of the missile thats actually going to reach its target. , theield was nine megatons explosive equivalent of 9 million tons of tnt. Thats enough destructive capability to decimate an area 900 square miles. If you were to drop the equivalent on the city of tucson, the city of tucson would cease to exist. There were 52 altogether, 18 of them based upon tucson, arizona. Another 18 were based around wichita, kansas. The final set were based around little rock, arkansas. That was just part of the Nuclear Triad that the United States was using during the cold war. There are also another thousand minutemen Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles on alert at the same time as the titan 2 was operational. Well, in 1978 the air force opened the career field to women. What had previously been closed, because it had been a combat position, when the air force transitioned to the all volunteer force, they realized they were not going to be able to man all of the titan 2 sites. They wouldnt have enough people. The decision was made to open the career field to women. I was in college at the university of virginia at the time, in reserve officer training, rotc. So, i was actually recruited in the very early days of the career being open to women. I was actually a crew commander. I commanded a fourperson titan two missile combat crew at the site when it was operational. I was stationed here from 1980 to 1984. When i first came back here after they opened the museum at, it was 1998. The museum had been open for about 12 years. The site had been off alert since 1982. I happened to come back here to live after i got out of the air force. An uncle visited me. He really wanted to come here. I remember, when we came to the access portal into the entrapment area, the smell of the missile site was the same. It hit me with the impact that i had expected. Hadnt expected. I think there is something to be said for the fact that a sense of smell can trigger some of your more intense memories and i thought that was really true. Looking back on it now, with the benefit of hindsight, i think i started my adult career. The first job i ever had is an adult, the most important i will ever have in my career. I started my career at the apex. Everything that came after that was one level below. I will never have as much responsibility in my lifetime again as i had when i was a crew commander here. We have a Twofold Mission here. Our first is to preserve and interpret the National Historic landmark sites. To provide stewardship for the site. The second part of our mission is to provide a framework for the public and the discussion that the public is having about the future of Nuclear Weapons in the world. The generation thats coming up now, the young people that are in their 20s and 30s, they are the people who are going to have to confront what the future of Nuclear Weapons are going to be around the world. You cant do that just by reading about it. People really have no concept about Nuclear Weapons and how they work, how expensive they are to maintain and the destructive capabilities that they have. So, what we do here is we provide a framework for people to think about. Those kinds of questions, to get those kinds of answers so that they can make their own decisions about how they want to influence the future of Nuclear Weapons in the world. So, i think that as a National Historic landmark site, this facility is performing an Important Role now, as important as it did during the cold war, when it was part of our frontline defense. Davis air force bases located in tucson. We visited the base to learn about its mission. Ive been on site or a little over two years. We see these around 1978 to 1979. We still fly in jets that old. This was felt to go low and slow , to stop tanks. They have been adapted to the current times. Now it has moved into an all weather, day and night, anytime type of fighter. The big fight probably came in desert storm, where their capabilities were most widely seen. My squadron is the combat squadron. We have 18 assigned combat aircraft that are ready to go anywhere the nation asks us in a short period of time. Jet, veryk at the high mounted engine to keep things from getting inside the engine. The engine is separated from the fuselage. Big wings, a lot of lift. Whats unique about it is that the nose here, these main gear dont ever actually go fully into the jet when we fly. The tires are still visible. We could land and still break the aircraft, even without here. Gear. We have 11 pylons for weapon stations. Each of these can carry a variety of bombs and missiles. Bombs with a targeting pod, underground missiles, a full complement of weapons. The gun starts pretty much here and takes up the entire length of the aircraft. If you look down the front of the jet, notice it is offset. That is so that the gun stays perfectly in the center of the plane. I dont taxi with my nose gear between my legs. It is offset. A big bubble canopy. Two hydraulic systems. Two electrical systems. We try to get as far away from each other as possible. Once it exits the hydraulic area, one goes this way, one goes this way. So that if we take a bullet it doesnt hit both systems is at once. If we do get it by a bullet, it doesnt cause a fire. For gasno liquid there vapors to explode. All the fuel cells can be separated from each other. If i lose part of a wing, i can separate that system so i dont lose all of my fuel. The jet has come back missing parts of its engine, missing part of its tail. It is meant to take a beating. This is the equipment room. Kind of like an nfl players locker room. Its where we come to get dressed. My role is to train the new guys coming through or the other guys coming back from other assignments from the pentagon. Coming back for a refresher course. We are a Training Unit for the younger guys. It is made out of instructors that are very experienced. Most of us have two to three deployments already. Weve been flying for 4, 5, 6 years. Now they come back with that experience to teach the young guys. You get a wide birth of experience, a lot of Lessons Learned that we passed on to the new guys and young guys to make them better than they were. This is our helmet mounted system. You get the piece right here known as the monocle and it projects a lot of information. Im looking out on the window on the ground and i can see where the friendly czar, where the targets are, where other aircraft are. This gives us a lot more capability, a lot more efficient use of our systems on board. Its all tied into this. With our visor coming down, with protection from the sun and everything, there is a track around here that tells the aircraft exactly where we are looking. It is all tied in through this cable that plugs into the jet as well. Really, the big thing about this, Newer Technology to an older aircraft, that is bringing us back into the game with helping us acquire targets, find and fix those targets efficiently, making us a very viable option and making us a little better than we were. The workload can get intensive. We have new and special ways of doing things. Right now we are in the 612 air base Operations Center. Providing commandandcontrol for the air force south of mexico. We are going to watch them, make sure that we take off and land on time. With decision level Information Available to him. As you can imagine in south america, is returned on trying the weather is very turbulent. We are trying to do save operations. We try to give a constant watch on whats going on in that area. We have tracking capabilities to let you know who is flying and whether they should be there or not. On the right side is the federal Aviation Administration shows aircraft coming from the states on down to south america. Monitoring whats going on with those aircraft as well. A lot of information we try to have on board so the commander level the commander has that decisionmaking capability. Another big part of the mission here is helping with the counter missions, battling terrorists, etc. You can imagine, if criminal entities can get south america up, so could a terrorist. We are watching that as well. When someone is new to our organization, it comes to the history of the area to economic, diplomatic, all kinds of different aspects of the area that we are concerned about. We have a weeklong course and other formal courses that people go through. This air Operations Center is considered a weapons system. Positions to hold testing to maintain the sort of thing. The Electronic Combat Group is made up of five squadrons, the force, maintenance, and formal Training Units. They provide electronic aircraft attack capabilities. The capabilities of the uc138 is commonly referred to as jamming. Thats basically the Electronic Combat Groups mission. We like to request for capability requirements with different types of missions, strike missions, weapons, or special Operations Forces on the ground. We coordinate with planners and request capabilities when we get airborne. We talk to the personnel that we are supposed to check in with. It limits the enemies who have the ability to coordinate any kind of effect on friendly forces. We basically give them a window of movement on the air and on the ground. There are 13 on the standard crew. Theres a navigator and at Flight Engineer on the maintenance deck. A senior enlisted mission crew member with two officers in the back who are responsible for the mission portion. That can be tailored to what ever the Mission Needs are. In different locations that we are currently in, we have got as few as eight or nine on board. One thing that separates us from the normal c138s flying around, this provides us again without jamming capability and targeting of the low band rain range. Looking at the tail, its a system coming back up and going into the middle of the aircraft there. We also have some other transmit antennas as well. It contains more as we stuff around here with defense systems. As we stuff around here, some defensive systems we have seen in previous models. Are equipped in the engines for the h model c 130s. One difference that separates us as we do not carry externals. We have spear pods. It provides us with additional forsport capability additional transit capability targets. Underneath the aircraft we see a lot more of the antennas that separate us from the slick. Most of them are required on board to keep the mission downrange. Big picture . These models were the original models off the Assembly Line and upgraded to the compass call specifications. That is what we ended up here with now. From 1973 to 1964, the models have been giving us faithful service for the last 50 or 60 years. There is more to the uss arizona than being bombed at pearl harbor. For 25 yearss it and thousands of men served on her. There were over 1500 men on the ship. I wanted to show the history as well is what the daily life and the culture was like for sailors. Is a photograph of the launching of the arizona in the brooklyn, new York Navy Yard on june 19, 1915. Was between 50000 and 70,000 people present at the launching. And this is a ticket to the launching. Of the arizona. If you happen to be one of those fortunate people, you were issued one of these tickets. This is the champagne bottle uss to christen the arizona. This is donated to us by the woman who christened the ship. She was 16 at the time and she was considered the most beautiful girl in arizona. It turns out that her dad was the dignitary who was friends with then governor george tried. And he petitioned the governor to let his daughter kristen the ship. Christen the ship. Thiscase documents the history of the uss arizona. In the case in the center, we have a log for the uss arizona. It is a reference of Historical Data documenting weapon systems on board the ship, it also showed where the ship was. It talks about where was from 1917 to 1918. So, primarily at that point, the uss arizona was part of the Atlantic Fleet that was floating along the east coast, new york i 1917, baltimore, maryland in mid 1918. Inn it goes down to france mid june 1918. The arizona1920s, joined the pacific state. So, it would travel to hawaii numerous times in the pacific fleet. I dont think most people realize that the uss arizona was at pearl harbor before december 7, 1941. They would do war games or maneuvers to get them ready in case of an attack or prepare them for any war movements. In this last case, we have a copy of the schedule of punishment. This is a really interesting document. It lists verarious offenses thaa sailor could engage in and the punishments they would receive for the specific offense. So, youre late in turning up for duty, you got extra duty. You assaulted another person in the navy, you would get courtmartial. To me, really shows what the culture was like on board the ship. And these things, each sailor would endure and do something for them to talk about to be a sailor on for the arizona. 1in 9234, warner bros. In 1934, they filmed on board the uss arizona. He we have a photo of james cagney. The number of the sailors on board the ship served as extras on the film. As a thank you warner bros. Had a special screening, special screening of the film on board the ship. This is a program to that screen. As a thank you for the sailors who lend their time in the ship to the production of this fi lm. Ofs documents the bombing pearl harbor on december 7, 1941. The first doctrine we have is the plan of the day for the uss helena. What was going to take place on the ship throughout the day, daily duties. This is from december 7, 1941, the day of the bombing. As you can say from this see from this document, the bombing was a total surprise. There were going to go about their day is any other day for about dailying duties. It shows how everyone is completely taken off guard, this bombing was totally unexpected and they scrambled to prepare for the bombing. Havee center here, we various pieces of shrapnel, taken from pearl harbor. Down here we have a 50 caliber machine gun. Above that we have a five inch antiaircraft shrapnel time fuse, these are both american in origin. Next to that, is a piece of aluminum from a downed japanese zero. Of the have a photograph Japanese Submarine that was in pearl harbor that was rammed by a destroyer and sunk. Beneath that we have the volta meter that was pried from that submarine. Next to that we have a from decemberra 7, 1941, talking about the bombing that has just occurred on pearl harbor, at pearl harbor. We have a number of newspapers in our collection from various states documenting the bombing that took place. This is the only item we have, the only newspaper we have from the territory of why. So of hawaii. This case commemorates men who were at the bombing of pearl harbor as well as those who passed on the attack at pearl harbor. This first document is the first 10 account of the bombing by william a firsthand account of the bombing. He survived and was on board the ship. He was talking about how it was totally unexpected. He was going about his daily duties and pretty much chaos they scrambled to run to their post to do their duties, to defend the ship. Over here we have a volume listing the rank, file numbers and next of kin for men on board the uss arizona on december 7, 1941. Below that we have a piece of the actual deck from the uss arizona, pried up off the ship. Here we have a photograph of the uss arizona, they performed a show, a competition on december 6, 1941. The band, legend has it, came in second in the competition and all the men in that photograph died the next day during the attack on pearl harbor. Working on this project made me think about what it wouldve been likefor me. If i made the decision to go into the navy, how my life wouldve been different and just being a teenager on a ship missing your faimily. One in that time to cut loose and he with your friends and thinking about the hardships they must have gone through being alone on a ship. And even being bombed on the ship at pearl harbor. Trying to put myself into that, making a connection with those people is pretty heartwarming and certain periods. Presidio. T the tucson this is where metropolitan tucson springs from. It looks darn close to what was here to begin with. I would like to say the soul of the presidio is in each of these breaks. They do contain dirt from the original. The tower is really good. Its a real effective place. Whats really wonderful about this museum is the fact that its built on the spot where the actual presidio stood. On the ground we actually have an outline of where it was and of course, due to modern construction standards, the new walls can of offset. The presidio is marked. You can take a walk downtown to see exactly where it was. The design goes back to roman times. The spanish do it a certain way and they follow it all the way up. Pile after pile of tall adobe bricks. Interestingly they are not really worried about the native peoples attacking. They were not really worried about the brought the british, they were worried about the russians invading. What we have learned about the west is that there was a lot more Cooperation Among the different people than opposition. This is where people would live. Heres two exhibits. This is a family exhibit over here. Anita is actually making chocolate for the afternoon drink. This is a fun exhibit. She is dressed exactly like a woman would have been at the time. We took it from a painting. But we do with this display is we change out the vegetables. First, seasonal. People did not have much at this time. If there is a chair, its probably a stump to sit on, thats probably for the father or the priest, mostly. Behind me you can see that she has white and blue white and blue out there. Majorica. With a few other items. She is not going to have much jewelry. Something that she is wearing, they talk about women having a wool shawl. She would have a cotton one for summertime. She would also spend whatever it took to get a really good silk shawl. They dressed very similar to women back east in the colony. Its not too different out here for that. We have a few other things on display. Wheat hanging. A little. A loom. A spinning wheel, rather. We know that in at least one of the places they did some insight cooking. Mustve been smoky inside here. The other side here, we have so few single soldiers that they actually had a small barracks situation. More like an apartment that i compared to 1981 army. Theres not much, they where most of it. Cups and everything, they eat on the floor on pillows. Everything would be pretty primitive. Wooden bowls. We do see some glassware that of course would be very precious. Religion plays an important part for these people. The blessed mother. You would see a lot of this. When in spend a lot of money on masses. The church makes a lot of money off the women at the presidios. When the first europeans arrived in the 1690s, there was a native American Village in the area of where Downtown Tucson is today. The name of the area was, in its native language, the base of the black hill. That is where the name tucson comes from. Archaeologists have investigated the area and it is called tucsons birthplace. They have recovered the remains of habitation and irrigation going back thousands of years. The evidence of continuous habitation goes on 4000 years and canal irrigation goes back at least 3500 years. Tucson is currently the longest continuously inhabited place in the United States that has been documented, archaeologically. When the first europeans arrived in the area in the 1690s, they found native American Villages along the santa cruz river. There was a village right here in the area where Downtown Tucson is today. And they established a Christian Mission at the location of the native American Village of tucson. Directly across the village, on the east side, 1775 they established a fort to guard this northern frontier. In the 1950s, there was an archaeological dig beneath a parking lot here. They found the Remnant Foundation of the presidio wall. Directly beneath that, they found the remains of a 1000yearold native american penthouse. So, since the 1950s they have known that the presidio and native American Occupation that preceded it were preserved here beneath the parking lot and streets of Downtown Tucson. It seems these days that we continue to forget our history and america is a egg, vast lace. A big vast place. The Tucson Presidio represents the fac that as americans, we are capable of sharing everybodys history and recognizing everybodys contribution. The Tucson Presidio is especially good at looking what made it a wonderful place. The desert landscape, the amount of wildlife that you see, the amazing sunsets, the variation in terrain. This park goes all the way up to mixed conifer, close to 9000 feet. The diversity is amazing. Thats one thing that makes this park pretty special, the diversity of vegetation. The wildlife. And the landscape that greets you everywhere. Saguaro National Monument was established in 1933. One of the primary reasons was for the protectant of this Cactus Forest here. In the 1930s, it was a vast and dense stand of large and small saguaros that cover the whole valley. In repeat photography of the site, it was shown that the Cactus Forest appeared to be disappearing. Many of the mature ones were dying and not many new ones were being recruited. We have since learned that impacts from grazing and also from the widespread harvest of mesquite trees impacted this Cactus Forest. Saguaros depend on a nurse tree early in their growth when getting established while being protected from the extreme heat and sun. And then also from the cold temperatures starting in winter. If a seed falls and a young saguaro can establish under the nurse tree, that can help to ensure that its going to grow. Thats approaching 200 years, potentially older, the really large ones. They can be a couple of centuries old. Usually they are starting to grow their first arms after 50 years. As time has progressed, you can see that there is a healthy forest of mesquite in here. They are now acting as they should again. One thing that you dont see behind me, because of all of them, is the fact that there are a lot of young saguaros. We have done extensive surveys in the area, using volunteers and scientists who have come out here and walked the landscape in a grid to document all of the saguaros on the landscape here. Even though you cant see it across the valley, there are many, many more saguaros coming up and turning into those more majestic saguaros because of those that in the decades to come because of their because they are thriving on the monitoring. We continue to do a census with established plots. We count how many cavities were in the saguaros, monitoring that population through time. That will help with more on whats happening in the population. We are on the historic cactus loop of our district of the park. We refer to this as the mountain district. This roadway was constructed by the ccc and has served as a primary, you know, tourist loop on the way to get out into the park and see the cactus and vegetation. You have an opportunity to see most of whats in the park. Gila monsters, jackrabbits, road runners. Probably over 100 bird species. Also, this unique Sonoran Desert vegetation. Prickly pear cactus. Our namesake saguaro cactus. And many other species. Lookhat you have to pretty close to find them with the others that are large and dominant on the landscape. People just referred to the desert and they think of sparse landscape thats hot with nothing there, but as you can see out the window, this place is thick with vegetation. It still really green right now because of the monsoon rain. Its a sea of plants and wildlife out there. 2015 was the highest visitation on record. We continue to see those numbers increase this year. People are finding their park here at Saguaro National park. Across the country i think visitation has been increasing since the centennial. All of the initiatives the people engage with the parks. In their community and across the country, i think that this has been extremely successful. We want to be reaching out to the diversity of our communities. Improving our visitation. Not just in numbers, but in richness of visitors at the parks. Representing what america is today. I grew up south of here as a kid, but then i came here and got my undergrad, graduate degree here. I have been in tucson for 26 years. We have an exploding population. We are about 40 latino. I came to college but id never been to the national park. I got recruited as the Community Engagement coordinator. They said i was the target audience of the next 100 years. It was almost an experiment to see what it would take to engage and focus on my demographic. Historically the park service has not been inviting, but over the past five years there has been an effort to engage not just folks of color, but folks with different abilities. Making sure it successful folks with disabilities. Its what i think is keeping some folks away. To me it feels very limited, but we are not. We had funding to establish an accessible walkway. It was fortunately part of the old trail. We had a horse, vandalize, whether purposely or voluntarily, damage one of the trails. The committee came out and said we are sorry about that. We want to help out, give a small contribution. Folks take care of each other here in tucson. They really care that the parks are accessible to different folks. Having National Parks is one of those true american ideas that originated in the United States. The people in this country value the National Parks system and the resources that we have. You know, advocacy is really something thats important. Being relevant to the current park visitors is extremely important. We want to provide an opportunity for them to get outside and learn about the outdoors. These resources that wildlife is dependent upon but that we are also dependent upon here. Clean water, clean air, these things all originate in national. Parks. The more people i can visit and understand that, the more likely we are to have a generation that embraces the importance of that and wants to protect it into the future. Our visit to tucson, arizona, is an exclusive and we showed you to introduce you to cspan cities tour. For five years we have traveled to cities across the United States to explore their literary and historic sites. You can watch more of our visit that cspan. Org cities tour. Tonight on cspan, an interview with Nixon Administration secretary of state Henry Kissinger. Then a discussion about technology, journalism, and new media. And former senator tom harkin talks about the Food Marketing to children and childhood obesity. Former secretary of state Henry Kissinger recently sat down for an interview with former british Prime Minister john major where they discussed Foreign Policy in the Nixon Administration. Mr