Ground . Ill talk to experts on both sides of the english channel. Finally the great chef and humanitarian jose andres. Hes provided more than 30 million meals to the hungry during the pandemic. I will ask him why he says America Needs a new cabinet position, a secretary of food. First, heres my take. The world is turning its back on globalization, free trade and multilateral substitutioinstitu. Spurred on by the covid19 pandemic, politicians and commentators talk about bringing home supply chains and bolstering domestic production. This shift is likely to endure. How should we make sense of a seismic event that took place a few weeks ago, with almost no discussion in the United States. In a virtual ceremony on november 15th, 15 asiapacific countries signed the Worlds Largest free trade pact, the regional comprehensive economic partnership. The states account for 30 of global gdp, thats larger than nafta or the European Union. Many of the same nations signed two years early another free trade pact called the Transpacific Partnership. The United States, of course, had spearheaded the Transpacific Partnership but donald trump withdraw the United States and sat by while the rest of the asiapacif asiapacific battled ahead with integration. America has pivoted inwards. That, of course, is entirely in keeping with trumps professed economic nationalism. He campaigned for the presidency vowing to address what he saw as the scandal of americas trade deficit which to him was the greatest symbol of the countrys disastrous policies. But, in fact, under donald trump, the trade deficit has gone up and up. It is now on track to reach its highest level in 12 years. By any measure, trumps trade policies have failed. He promised to bring manufacturing jobs roaring back. In fact, the percentage of jobs in manufacturing has stayed roughly the same since he came into office. He claimed that Foreign Countries like china and mexico would pay for his tariffs. Many studies show that American Consumers have footed most of the bill. He promised that china would buy many more american goods. In fact, they are importing less from america than they were in 2017. What jobs have been preserved have come at a staggering cost. According to the peterson institute, for every job saved in the Steel Industry through trumps tariffs, u. S. Businesses and consumers have had to pay 900,000 per job. The pandemic far from making the case for on shoring shows its dangerous. When covid19 hit, countries around the world faced severe shortages of vital items from face masks to cotton swabs. Thanks to foreign producers, most of these demands were met within a few weeks or months. The vaccine race is a massive Global Endeavor involving scientists, technicians and manufacturing facilities across the world. It would be inconceivable to develop and produce billions of vaccine doses without Global Supply chains. Some have suggested in the face of this pandemic that the u. S. Should onshore production of key medical supplies. But how do we know which ones to prioritize . What if the next Global Crisis comes in the form of a nonairborne disease or a s tsunami. It makes sense to maintain some Strategic Reserves of medical supplies. Its wise to ensure that the u. S. Is not totally dependent for any key product on any one country, especially china. But taking modest measures like these hardly spell the end of globalization. The abject failure of trumps trade wars does not seem to have sunk in in washington where democrats and republicans alike seem to want to continue his approach just more intelligently than he did. In a smart essay on foreign affairs, Shannon Oneil points to what the real answer may be, quote, rather than too much free trade, the United States has too little. U. S. Companies have preferential access to less than 10 of the worlds consumers. Mexico and canada maintain such access to over 50 of global markets. The United States is the only country in the advanced industrial world following a protectionist path. Most other countries understand that the best way to raise incomes at home is to expand markets abroad, buying and selling from the rest of the world. The United States has 4 of the worlds population. It needs to trade with the other 96 if it wants to improve its citizens lives. Go to cnn. Com fareed for a link to my Washington Post column this week. Lets get started. 189 boxes of pfizers covid19 vaccines are being shipped out across america from a facility in michigan this morning. This comes after the drug Company Received emergency authorization on friday. They hope to start delivering the vaccine to patients tomorrow. Next up for consideration for emergency authorization is modernas vaccine which uses similar revolutionary mrna technology as pfizers. On friday the u. S. Announced it was ordering 100 million more doses of modernas version, doubling its original order. To understand better the prospects for the vaccine, i spoke with modernas chairman and cofounder noubar afeyan. He has more than 100 patented inventions to his name. Noubar afeyan, welcome, pleasure to have you on the show. Great to be here, fareed. It seems astonishing the speed with which this has happened. If i think back to even ten years ago when people would talk about vaccines, it was not uncommon to talk about taking about ten years for a vaccine to develop. This one was developed in nine months, roughly speaking. What explains this massive ramp up in speed . I think its a combination of things. Part of it is technological advances. The ones that have been able to do that fast are based on a brandnew technology that has been developed over the last decade that you mentioned. But part of it is the severity of the conditions, which means that the attack rate of this virus is high enough that we can recruit and test the vaccine very quickly. Thats not the case in typical vaccine trials where while there is a threat, its actually fair fairly defuse. And the third is theres been an unprecedented, coordinated effort this time around that brought together scientific community, april players, local officials to conduct trials and all of that i think together creates the current opportunity. I would also say when we entered this year, none of us have heard about this virus. And so probably we didnt have enough time to think about how long this might take. We needed to go as fast as possible. And it turns out that we could go fast for all the reasons i mentioned. Do you think operation warp speed initiated by the Trump Administration was crucial . Operation warp speed was in fact crucial for what weve seen and we said that repeatedly. The people that they appointed to the top, both based on Vaccine Knowledge and from the military side, logistics distribution, and the divisiveness of which they brought all of the different factors together and kept everybody focused on the mission at hand, theres a lot of reasons why its difficult to collaborate and they made it relatively easy to collaborate. And so i do give them credit for the divisiveness and the urgency with which they have everybody operating. Lets talk about the Science Behind your vaccine. There are two i guess two of them, right, which are mrna vaccines. And i think its such a breakthrough that i do want to spend a moment. Explain why this is different. General speaking with a vaccine, you take a physical piece of the virus and you inject it in a person to provioke antibodies i the person to help the person fight the disease. Youre taking a piece of information, almost like a computer code rather than having to physically, biologically manufacture or tame a part of a protein. You almost turned a process that was boutique biology into industrial computer science, right . We absolutely have turned it into information science. What you can now do is introduce into cells a piece of information for the specific molecule you want to make. In our case, in the case of covid19, the spike protein. That ominous looking protrusion outside of the virus. It turns out, that the protein that the virus uses to get into our cells and thats the protein we need to neutralize for the immune system to have effective defense for us. When a person gets presents with the virus, then its standing on guard. If you were able to take this messenger rna, this code, where can this go . Can you give us whats the most optimistic scenario . Will you be able to do an aids vaccine or deal with cancer . We have ongoing programs in cancer and, in fact, that program helped accelerate what we did for covid. Likewise with aids, weve begun to do some work in that area. Hiv has a set of unique challenges. But why not . I do think this approach should be tried, will be tried and hopefully will be tried without the presumption that it will take ten years to do this because if we can move in the way weve moved in this case, in other cases, i think that going forward, we should not resign ourselves to the notion that we have to coexist with a significant number of pathogens causing lives to be lost. One of the good things that can come out of this trauma were all in is a new way and a new attitude to defend ourselves. Let me ask you something about the nature of the science and these enterprises that you founded i think you founded 40 different companies. Youre an immigrant. Youve come to america from lebanon, canada, very hundreds of years ago your family came from armenia. I notice that other vaccines are started by turkish immigrants in germany. Do you worry about vaccine nationalism, about a kind of closing of borders, about national competition, or do you think thats all rhetoric right now . Well, i worry about it if it was real and i would certainly counteract it as best i could because at the end of the day were one the reason this is called pandemic is its affecting all of us globally. And so a response should be global and i think that that nationalism is really more about a concern versus the current reality. By the way, this pandemic will not go away if there are certain pockets where its flaring in others that are not because its going to spread again. So we are only going to be all secure in everyone is secure . Indeed. Noubar afeyan, pleasure to have you on. Thank you, sir. Thank you. Next on gps, it is looking more and more likely that the United Kingdom will not come to an agreement with the European Union. There are 18 days until they crash out of the eu. What will that look like for europe, for the United Kingdom and for the world . , but im not a new customer. Well, actually now, new and existing customers can get our best smartphone deal. Its historic. That is historic. Which means. Im making history, right . Yea, i dont know if id exactly sa wow. Me, dave brown. Existing customer who got the greatest deal in history. Just like every other customer gets. Oh thats cool too. Its not complicated. At t is making history. Everyone gets our best smartphone deals. Oh my gosh you made it did you put some ah, kale in the greens . We didnt forget about you welcome to the family. Thank you. Wooooow. Experience the power of sanctuary at the lincoln wish list sales event. Sign and drive off in a new lincoln with zero down, zero due at signing, and a complimentary first months payment. My husband would have been on the sidelines. But not anymore an alternative to pills voltaren is the first full prescription strength nonsteroidal antiinflammatory gel to target pain directly at the source for powerful arthritis pain relief. Voltaren. The joy of movement. In case theres no deal on brexit, the British Royal navy has put Patrol Vessels on stand by to protect United Kingdom waters. The deadline, the end of the year is just 18 days away. If the two sides cannot come to agreement, britain will crash out of the European Union. I want to find out the sentiment on both sides of the english channel. Zanny Minton Beddoes joins me from london and Christine Ockrent is in paris. Shes a journalist for French Public radio. Zanny, let me start with you by asking a simple question, this is a big deal both for britain and europe because britain is large trading partner for europe. Its in both sides interest to make some kind of a deal. Why is this falling apart . Is it because there are deep structural interests that are at odds or all a miscalculation . So first of all, i think theres a little bit more of a glimmer of hope that has appeared in the last three or four hours. Both sides have agreed to continue talking. Today was the deadline to stop talking. They agreed to continue w. T. With the eu, nothing is decided until five minutes before midnight and we have ten days to go. Im not ruling out that there could be a deal. The sentiment is grim right now and there seems to be a applicable impasse on both sides. I think its worth going back to sort of the basics of why were here. We left, the brits left the European Union legally on the 31st of january of this year, but we put in place a transition arrangement that was due to the last for the rest of the year, during which time a new arrangement was meant to be negotiated. The scope of that trade arrangement has become very, very thin. Its a long way from the deeply integrated marked access that we have right now. On the table was still tarifffree and quotefree access for goods. Thats the best that were aiming for. But there are two big issues that have got in the way of that. One is fish. Fish which account for way less than 1 of gdp, both in france and other countries of the European Union and in britain, and the other is something called the level Playing Field. And the level Playing Field is a requirement by the eu that it wants to make sure that if we, the brits, are to have tariffs and quotefree access, we dont undercut the european rules on environment or social standards or other things. They wanted to have a mechanism where if they think we have undercut them, they can put in tariffs. And the brits, Boris Johnson in particular, thinks this is an unexceptable infringement of european sovereignty. Both of those issues could be sold by compromise. Three things have got in the way. One is miscalculation. I think both sides are miscalculated. The europeans thought that the brits would feel in the end they had the case, because the cost of crashing out is bigger for us than anyone else. But i think at the same time they misunderstood the depths of feeling particularly in the johnson government. The second is a catastrophic loss of trust. Quite understandably, the europeans dont trust Boris Johnson because he has shown himself capable of reneging on commitments made. And the political optics on both sides. People are playing to their domestic audience. President macron is playing to his fishermen and Boris Johnson is playing to the hard brexiters on this side of the channel. For him the reality is because the deal will be so thin, even if we agreed to it, theres going to be a lot of disruption, a lot of visible disruption in the uk if theres a deal. Theres a political calculus here amongst the tory part that maybe crashing out isnt so bad because you can blame the europeans. Its terrible indictment of state craft on both sides that we got here. But we are where we are. We have 18 days to go. Its not over yet. Christine, how much of this is Boris Johnson . This is a guy who was a correspondent at the European Union headquarters and used to famously write these columns ridiculing the eu, making up facts, is there a deep distrust of him personally . Well, Boris Johnson is seen as a sort of trumplike populist. But the kind of guy who said last year that brexit would be a catastrophe for us and he said, wouldnt that be wonderful, we could do whatever we want. So i think the has been agreed on today a few hours ago has much to do with positioning the blame claim. Brussels doesnt want to give boris the political bullness to say its because of these awful europeans. And, of course, you know, fareed, brexit has really vanished from the list of eu priorities, even if covid, of course, makes economic hardships so much worse. And we know, just look at figures, Great Britain makes more than half of its trade with a single markets on the continent and thats access to some 530 million consumers. We know that whatever form it takes, brexit will be much worse unfortunately for the british economy, the british consumers, the city of london than it will for our own economies. There are domestic political issues and thats true, you know, everywhere. But Boris Johnson and his team got selfdiluted. They lost complete ground. They do not understand that the bloc of the 27 Member States would stick together and refuse to take boris on the phone a few days ago. So did emmanuel macron. The brits have tried until the very end and will still keep trying to actually break that consensus. It hasnt worked. It hasnt worked because we on the continent, we know that the biggest asset of the European Union in economic terms, in trade terms, is that single market. And thats why. We dont trust to play fair competition rules and has been very well explained. The key issue which we the negotiators will keep probably discussing in the coming few days has to do with these rules. And when we so indeed the british government, the government of the country which brought us the rule of law break the very agreement on the most difficult issue having to do with the irish order, the border between christine, were going to have to and we saw Boris Johnson just trample upon it. Then they conceded and they say, well be back. Were going to have leave it at that. Im sorry to interrupt. But we are looking at this all of this on this side of the atlantic with this because it means that a divided west, a europe that will not be as unified as it perhaps once was and should be. Thank you, thank you both very much. Next, why lloyd austin might not be the right man to run the pentagon. With key nutrients that support your immune system to help you feel more confident whether youre heading out here, or even in here. Get ready, with the advanced hydration of pedialyte. Tech every customer has their own safelite story. This couple was on a camping trip. When their windshield got a chip. They drove to safelite for a sameday repair. And with their insurance, it was no cost to them. Woman really . Tech thats service you can trust. Singers safelite repair, safelite replace. Responds to snoringautomatically. So no hiding under your pillow. Or opting for the couch. Your best sleep. All night. Every night. Experience the mattress ranked 1 in Customer Satisfaction by jd power two years in a row. When why are we alwaysiful hair, shown the same thing . 1 in Customer Satisfaction wheres my bounce . My glamour . My fire . All hair is beautiful. These dove shampoo and conditioners are custom formulated for different hair types. Find the right dove care for your hair. Earlier this week president elect joe biden picked general lloyd austin to be secretary of defense. If confirmed, he would be the nations first africanamerican to hold that office. But his selecton is historic in another way. A law dating back to 1947 stipulates that secretaries of defense who served in the military must have seven years between their service in uniform and their role in running the pentagon. General austin retired four years ago. The first who broke the rule was general martishall and the seco, general mattis. Joining me now is jim golby. Hes a senior fellow at the Clements Center and recent author of an oped on this subject. Welcome. Let me start by saying that i think that you and i will both agree, the issue is not whether lloyd austin is a very panel man. Hes an extremely capable man who served with great distinction as the commander of centcom. The issue is this rule. So why dont you explain why in 1947 this rule was put in place. Thanks so much for having me on the show. In 1947 we were in the drawdown from world war ii and it was the first time that the United States was going to have a standing army. So congress in its wisdom created two positions, the secretary of defense, a civilian, and the chairman of the joint chiefs, a military officer, and they gave them both different roles. We have a lot of generals in the pentagon. But what we really need is a strong civilian leader who can carry out the value judgments and political choices that we need our political leaders to make that can oversee the military, that can manage the politics with the president , the congress, the other departments and agencies, and perhaps most importantly who can defend those policies to the american people. Now, the first exception was made for general marshall, but both people dont remember, it was under very extraordinary circumstances. It really was. It was right after the end of world war ii. We were facing a massive budget crisis. We just found ourselves immersed in the korean war and it was a tense situation with a failing secretary of defense who had just left office and a president , harry truman, who is really reeling and looking for some ways to bolster his administration. And at the time, marshall was one of the most respected people in the country and it was almost a sign of trumans weakness that he had to turn to marshall, not a sign of his strength. Marshall, of course, had organized, he had run the entire Defense Forces during world war ii and Franklin Roosevelt called him the organizer of victory. But even there you point out that despite general marshalls towering reputation, he did have difficul difficulty reining in generals, in particular, doug mcarthur. George marshall is one of my heroes and one of the greatest soldier statesmen that we have. But when he was in position of secretary of defense, he wasnt the right fit. As the korean war developed, you had a crisis between general mcarthur in korea and president truman. And marshall stood back. It wasnt necessarily favorite, it made him harder to intervene. Am i right that he was the chief of staff and marshall was merely a colonel at that point . It might have been difficult for him to overrule somebody to whom he had been in such a junior position. Absolutely. And mcarthur was a towering figure and it would will be difficult for almost anyone to deal with him. But it was difficult for George Marshall to deal with him because of the history they had. He had been a colonel when mcarthur was a chief of staff of the army. And just because of the long history that they had together. Thats part of why congress created this law in the first place, to make sure that we didnt have closeness between officers. And just to emphasize, the lack of supervision can have huge consequences. Mcarthur disobeyed orders triggering the intervention of china in the korean war that meant that the United States could no longer dominate the war and win and then threatened to use nuclear weapons. And then those circumstances it was truman had to fire mcarthur. Absolutely. The consequences can be severe. You make a point in the oped which i think is the Central Point which is that the great danger here is that if republicans and democrats starts picking generals to be chief of staff or secretary of defense, it fundamentally changes the nature of the military, the reputation of the military, and the apolitical attitude that we expect off the military. Elaborate on that. Because that really strikes me as central. Absolutely. The military is the most respected institution in society and the main reasons thats the case is because its nonpartisan and because its effective. If you start to blur the line between partisan politics and the military, it erodes both of those things. We could end up in a place where they look Like Supreme Court judges today. You create biases and interference and you sort of erode these fundamental fire walls that we had before. Really the secretary of state and the chairman of the joint chiefs are the dash in this phrase Civil Military relations. The secretary of defense comes from the civilian side and makes sure that society is represented and the joint chief of staffs tries to make sure the military side is represented. And its at that point where you have this relationship that goes back and forth. But weve maintained that firewall, we maintained those different rules for that reason, we want to have a nonpartisan effective military. Pleasure to have you on. That was really illuminating. Thank you. Great. Thanks so much. Up next on gps, jose andres has a plan to make sure no americans go hungry. Of brain performance. Memory, focus, accuracy, learning, and concentration. Try our new gummies for 30 days and see the difference. Who knows where that button is . I dont have silent. Everyone does right up here. It happens to all of us. We buy a new home, and we turn into our parents. What i do is help new homeowners overcome this. What is that, an adjustable spanner . Good choice, steve. 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Jose andres has a plan. Hes the man behind world central kitchens great work. Chef, welcome. Let me ask you, why are we in this situation . This is a country that pays tens of billions of dollars to farmers, often to, you know to let food go to waste and yet you have people in america starving. Well, great point. Why are we in this situation . For a very simple reason. Because we have a congress and a white house that they are not recognizing that today we have hunger crisis in america. The only way you can find solutions to the issues is to recognize that you have a problem. You mentioned about the richest country in the world, yes, we are. But somehow weve been throwing potatoes and milk away. Weve been paying more than 60 billion to farmers to throw food away in a moment that americans are going hungry. The white house, president trump, can do something about it today. Congress can do something about it today. This problem has to be fixed and it has an easy solution. The white house and the congress, especially in the senate right now, they dont care about the americans going hungry. Describe what you have seen in terms of americans who are on food stamps, even with that money, how hard it is for them to actually feed themselves. Listen, all across america, weve seen hunger lines. Weve seen feeding america, churches, synagogues, many soup kitchens trying to cover the demand for food for families who cannot do these. Its becoming a fight between republicans and democrats. We should be taking care of americans that fall behind. It would be a great way to increase the food stamps, the amount of money that every family can receive, and lets make sure they can use it in farmers markets, in the local diners, in the local restaurants. Its an underused tool where congress could be feeding america by activating and improving programs that they work for the last 50 years, but in this moment, they demand that Congress Step up and brings Good Solutions and good ideas that try and keep every american fed. You want to create a secretary for food. Explain, you know, briefly why will that help . Because food is so much more than the department of agricultural. Food touches very much everything. Food is health. Food is nutrition. Food is job creation. Food is immigration. Right now we have hundreds of thousands of undocumented immigrants that are the ones working on the farms to make sure that people like you and i have food on the shelves of the supermarkets, so we can be feeding america. We need to see food as an issue that touches everything. So the solution needs to be holistic, 360 degree. If we have a secretary of food and a person near the white house, near the president , we see that food is a National Security issue. All of a sudden, we can bring every department across government to make sure that we stop the problem and we start investing into Real Food Solutions that feed america and in the process. We put america at work making sure that restaurants are feeding, farmers can keep producing, keep getting paid. Feeding the hungry, we restart the economy and we give dignity to the man and woman that want to be part of the solution. Let me ask you finally, chef, youve done such great work in america but you also have a broader perspective. You must be seeing what im seeing which is that the reports that are coming in now from the poorer countries are even more worrying. That you are really it seems like were on the verge of a kind of Global Hunger crisis triggered by this pandemic. You are right. I just came back from columbia. I came back from guatemala, honduras, we need to see that not only america has the potential to feed americans, but america should be taking leaders to make sure we dont have a food problem that will grow big n bigger in the next weeks of months. We had a plague in africa. We had drought, we had fires. Workers cannot go to the houses, and theyre shutting down. We take food for granted. We need to make sure that the white house, america, and the rich countries of the world, united nations, finally they see food as a true agent of change to improve the lives of people, but we need to give food the respect it deserves. Remember, we are in the middle of the holidays. Hanukkah. Im a christian boy. Were about to be in christmas. Why so many senators that they keep saying they are people of faith, people of christianity. I want to remind them one thing, jesus fed the apostles, but jesus made sure no person would be hungry. He multiplied bread and fishes. They have power if the white house doesnt want to do this, to use fema right now and use emergency funds to maybe that hunger will never be a problem. You are telling me youre a person of faith, stop saying it and do something about it right now. We can end the hunger issue in america. Powerful words, chef. Thank you so much. Thank you. And we will be back. Ok. Lets see what youve got, oculus. Dont look down, dont look down . Whoo its ok. Im ok. Lets go. Hey. How do i. . Relax. Get into it yeah ive got it whoa. Rated e for everyone. Vicks vapopatch. Easy to wear with soothing vicks vapors for her, for you, for the whole family. Trusted soothing vapors, from vicks tech every customer has their own safelite story. This couple was on a camping trip. When their windshield got a chip. They drove to safelite for a sameday repair. And with their insurance, it was no cost to them. Woman really . Tech thats service you can trust. Singers safelite repair, safelite replace. You can earn your degree faster and for less with relevant Life Experience and eligible transfer credits. Because your experience matters. See how much you can save on your degree at phoenix. Edu. Youre all, youre all i need youre all, youre all i need as long as i got you then baby you know that youve got me, oh yea. It has been a terrible year for planet earth, a deadly virus, economic collapse, wildfires, police brutality, terror attacks. But im here to give you some good news about the planet. The 2015 paris climbed accord set 2 degrees celsius as the upper limit for acceptable warming, but weak pledges at the time and president trumps later withdrawal, made the goal seem impossible, but they may by in release. In just the past few months, the Worlds Largest emitter, china, vowed to achieve carbon knew reality by 2060. The worlds second largest elected a candidate who pledged Carbon Neutrality by 2050. These targets are sufficiently ambitious to keep Global Warming to 2. 1 degrees celsius, just above where we need to be. Of course, setting distant targets is easier than enacting sweeping changes, but covid has provided an opening. For example, the eu has agreed to an unprecedented package that includes more than half a trillion dollars for ecofriendsly targets. Biden wants to top that with a green spending program, unlikely to happen if republicans hold the senate, but he has a good shot of folding green projects into his build back better recovery package. After decades of predictions that the world would reach peak oil, covid19 along with Renewable Energy and electric cars may have finally made that a reality. 2019 was a peak, according to an analysis by carbon brief. This prediction is based on frastsds by the oil giant bp, which recently announced plans to move aggressively into clean energy. 2020 was a year of challenges, but also a year of rising to challenges. We still have a long way to go on climbed change, but it seems humanity is on its way to solving this crisis. Thanks to all of for you being part of my program this week. I will see you next week. \s so you can wake up in a winter slumberland. And give a little comfort to everyone on your list. The fluffiest down duvet youll ever feel, soft and light percale sheets, a cool, supportive mattress and plush pillows, for your best nights sleep. So go ahead, give the gift of a better bedroom with 10 off for a limited time at casper. Com for members like martin. An air force veteran made of doing whats right, not whats easy. So when a hailstorm hit, usaa reached out before he could even inspect the damage. Thats how you do it right. Usaa insurance is made just the way martins family needs it with hasslefree claims, he got paid before his neighbor even got started. Because doing right by our members, thats whats right. Usaa. What youre made of, were made for. Usaa were made for. 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