American Foreign Policy over the next decade. Deterring a great power challenge. You see, the world today for most countries is stable, peaceful and open and it rests on an order built by the United States. Since the end of the cold war, that order has not been challenged by any other major world player until now. Russias actions in the ukraine are a serious challenge and president obama has responded to them seriously enacting some sanctions and rallying support in western europe and reassuring eastern europe. The president s critics in washington feel this isnt enough and that hes showing dangerous weakness. In a spirited essay, the writer a conservative, says obama is forgetting the chief lesson of american Foreign Policy. Instead of leaning back, washington needs a pervasive forward involvement in the affairs of the world, he says. The model of a successful american strategy is the fdr Truman Administration as world war ii ended. Even when new threats formed, that administration maintained massive military power and talked and acted tough. But he then notes seemingly unaware of the implications what followed in the later years of the Truman Administration was the soviet union challenged america across the globe, china turned communist and deeply antiamerican, and north korea invaded south korea. In other words, all of the things that leaning forward were meant to deter happened anyway. The main example undermines his central logic. And todays tasks are far more complicated than previous ones. The United States is seeking to deter china from expansion while also attempting to integrate it into the Global Economy and global order. Even with russia, the goal is not to force the collapse of the russian regime, which would not be replaced by a prowestern liberal democracy, but rather to deter moscows aggressive instincts and hope over time it will evolve along a more cooperative line. Imagine if the United States were to decide to combat china fully and frontally, building up its naval presence in the pacific, creating new bases and adopting a more aggressive and forceful attitude. China would surely respond in a variety of ways, military, political and economic. This would alarm almost all the countries in asia, even the ones worried today about beijings assertiveness because china is their largest trading partner and key to their economic wellbeing. What they want from washington is a kind of emergency insurance policy, not a new cold war. Even with russia while European Countries have understood that moscow needs to pay a price for its behavior in ukraine, they all want russia as an economic partner. Their goal is to set a price for bad behavior but maintain economic and political bonds and hope that these grow over time. The challenge for washington then is not simple deterrence but deterrence and integration. A sophisticated, complicated task but the right one. Leaning forward sounds great. Echoing as it does show sandbergs famous mantra to lean in. While thats a powerful and inspirational idea for women in the workplace, it is a simplistic, dangerous guide for a superpower in a complex world. For more, go to cnn. Com fareed and read my Washington Post column this week. Lets get started. So lets get to some of the deeper issues surrounding the release of Sergeant Bowe bergdahl and the swap of taliban prisoners for him. Joining me is david rohde, the reuters columnist taken hostage by the taliban and held for more than seven months. Bret stephens is Foreign Affairs columnist for wall street journal and peter bergen is National Security analyst and director of National Security studies at the new america foundation. Bret, ill start with you. You have written a fiery column this week in which you asked a former soldier what he thought should be done with bergdahl. The former operator suggested a firing squad might be appropriate. I wrote that in part because this was just after the weekend where the administration, you heard susan rice talk about bergdahl having served with honor and distinction but in the military community it became clear very quickly that he served with not the greatest honor and distinction and theres a great deal of anger. This special forces operations soldier i talked to was involved in trying to locate him and he claimed american soldiers died in the search for bergdahl. I know thats controversial. My point wasnt to endorse that view, but simply to suggest that not everyone shared in the administrations enthusiasm for the release of the soldier in exchange for these five hardened taliban commanders. Should we have done everything we could to bring him back as we do with other prisoners of war . We should have made a great effort to bring him back absolute wli,ly, irrespective of the questions of his desertion. I dont think this is about the circumstances of bergdahls service. I think its about the price the administration was prepared to pay for his release and also the way in which they played this. I understand there are agonizing moral choices that an american president faces when dealing with the lives of servicemen. I wonder if we didnt pay too high a price to have him redeemed. This is one soldier being exchanged for five. Five taliban five or a thousand. I think israelis make a mistake and they pay for it in the fact that it creates a moral hazard so that hamas, hezbollah, have an incentive to take other americans. Who is the next american, by the way, who is going to be taken hostage in exchange for ransom. Peter bergen, you understand this very well. Whats the distinction we should think about between an army sergeant, who is regarded as a prisoner of war, and we routinely do prisoner of war exchanges as does every country in the world and hostage for a terrorist group where we are told we shouldnt do this kind of thing because of moral hazard, it encourages hostagetaking. You dont want to reward terrorism. I think bret is right. It was not the circumstances of how bergdahl left his post is immaterial. We are talking about prisoner of war exchange. I think you raise a very good point, fareed. Youre not negotiating with a terrorist group from a technical point of view the Afghan Taliban is not designated by the u. S. Government as a terrorist group. The Haqqani Network, which is a subset is and there was a debate in administration to designate it or not and in the end they were designated. The big question that bret raised is how dangerous are these people . Who are they . There are three points you can make. Qatar is one of the richest countries in the world and Efficient Police state. They have made a guarantee these guys will be bound from travel. By the time they are allowed to travel, a year from now, u. S. Combat operations will be over for six months. We will not be in a state of war with afghanistan in quite the same way. So both from a legal and military perspective, its a very different situation at that point. At that point, you know, american presence will be much smaller so the idea they may well pose a threat, no one is pretending otherwise, but the threat they pose is a year if now whereas we got this guy back right now and that was a definite delivery rather than some punitive problem that may exist in a year from now. It may not be a big deal. Would you have done it . Fareed, this was always the deal. There was no well send you maybe two people or three people. The deal for these five guys was a deal. You either have a deal or you dont. What do you think when listening to this question of is he a prisoner of war or hostage of a terrorist group. You were a hostage as a reporter. Im surprised this case unfolded that theres been so little scrutiny of pakistan. I was held for seven months in pakistan. Bowe bergdahl was held there for five years. Last night on cnn, david said the Pakistani Military made no effort to pressure them to get bowe released. They made no effort to find him. Weve given at least 15 billion in aid to pakistan in this entire thing. Thats a huge question to me. If i can just interrupt. In your original New York Times article where you escape with a couple people, afghans, you escape from the taliban and make it to Pakistani Army post and your guys, afghans say dont go there. Theyll just take us back to exactly the place we came from. I agree. I dont know why there isnt more anger against pakistan. There was a mention of israel and its trades. France and other european governments in the last three years have paid over 100 million in ransom to al qaeda affiliates. They were looking for u. S. Soldiers before this case was done. Theyre looking for u. S. Civilians. Theres a half dozen u. S. Civilians in captivity right now today. So bowe must answer questions but vilifying this one soldier instead of looking at the larger dynamic is unfair. David rightly points out there are americans being held all over the place. We have a set number of things we can give them. Do we really want to get in the business of constantly bribing Haqqani Network people, taliban people, al qaeda people, because americans get themselves into trouble in this was not an american tourist. This is an american soldier who was fighting in a military operation. There is good evidence that theres a former cia officer who is being held by iran. Exactly what price or may have been held by iran for many years. What price will we pay for him . Judgments have to be made by any administration about the value and the sacrifice a country exacts. For the sake of the redemption of the captive. This is a difficult moral issue. I can understand how they wrestle with this issue and say quietly well bring him back. This was treated as an occasion, what was supposed to be a great triumph for the administration and clear cut case where all americans were supposed to celebrate. Im not surprised that a lot of soldiers that paid a high price looking for bergdahl are not so impressed by the administrations claims. Thank you, gentlemen. David rohde, stay with us. When we come back, well go indepth with you on what it is like to be held by the taliban. Red and puffy and itchy and burning. Id lift my arm and the pain back here was excruciating. I couldnt lift my arms to drum or to dance. When i was drumming and moving my rib cage and my arms like this it hurt across here. When i went to the doctor and said whats happening to me his first question was did you have chickenpox . I didnt even really know what shingles was. I thought it was something that, you know, old people got. I didnt want to have clothes on. I didnt want to have clothes off. If someone asked me lets go dancing that would have been impossible. Theyre the days to take care of business. When possibilities become reality. With centurylink as your trusted partner, our visionary Cloud Infrastructure and Global Broadband network free you to focus on what matters. With Custom Communications solutions and responsive, dedicated support, we constantly evolve to meet your needs. Every day of the week. Centurylink® your link to whats next. You know that dream. On my count. The one where you step up and save the day . Make it happen. crowd oh no. Introducing verizon xlte. Hey guys, i got it right here weve doubled our 4g lte bandwidth in cities coast to coast. So take on more. With xlte. For best results, use verizon. And thats epic, bro, weve forgotten just how good good is. Good is setting a personal best before going for a world record. Good is swinging to get on base before swinging for a home run. [ crowd cheering ] good is choosing not to overshoot the moon, but to land right on it and do some experiments. So start your day off good with a coffee thats good cup after cup. Maxwell house. Good to the last drop add brand new belongings from nationwide insurance. And well replace destroyed or stolen items with brandnew versions. We put members first. Join the nation. Nationwide is on your side what we probably wont hear for a long time from Bowe Bergdahl is details about what it was like to be held by americas afghan enemy. One man who knows just what that is like is david rohde. He was reporting in afghanistan for the New York Times on november 10th, 2008, when he was taken captive by the taliban. He remained their hostage for seven months and ten days, most of the time over the border in the tribal areas of pakistan. Rohde is a twotime Pulitzer Prize winner and now a columnist for reuters. What was the first thing that happens to you when youre taken captive . The first thing is you think theyre going to kill you frankly. I was grabbed just outside of kabul in afghanistan and then what they immediately did and they did this with bergdahl is moved me over the border into pakistan. Thats one of the worst moments because you realize once they have you in this safe haven in pakistan, its not are they going to kill me, its how long is this going to last . They give you food. They give you water. When i got sick during the seven months, they would give me medicine. Then it becomes a sense theyre going to hold me forever and keep me barely alive for as long as it takes to get what they want. Do they talk to you . They did initially. Then it gets very boring. Youre completely isolated. Weeks turn into months. You just wonder if youre going to be forgotten. What do you think about that in that period . Are you at this point after a while do you lose the fear that one morning someone is going to come in and kill you . Yes, you do. Youre this thing theyre keeping alive to sort of trade for what they want later on. Its incredibly isolating. I had this afghan journalist who spoke english and i could talk to him. Whats different in bergdahls case is he was completely alone. I learned a local language. You try to humanize yourself and keep yourself alive so you tell them stories about your life and you talk about family, anything human to stay away from politics. You say stay away from politics because they would get very angry . They had these sort of delusional ideas about the United States and about what they would do for a hostage. The initial demands for my release were 25 million in cash and 15 prisoners from Guantanamo Bay cuba. When we escaped it was 7 million in cash and seven prisoners from Guantanamo Bay, cuba. When they have you where there is a safe haven, theres no reason to make a deal. In the end i escaped, i went to a military base only a half mile from the house where we were being held captive. Pakistani soldiers never came out of bases to see what taliban were doing. They had total control of these towns. When you get there, you insist that you are able to make a phone call to the United States to let people know because you were worried that the Pakistani Military would just hand you back to the taliban. I want to be very specific here. I am here because this brave, afghan journalist helped me escape that night and then there was a brave Pakistani Army captain there are many brave soldiers in the Pakistani Army that are fighting the taliban and dying. That captain let me on the base. He apologized to me. He said as a pakistani, as a muslim for my captivity. There are moderates in pakistan that really hate the taliban as well. There seems to be a real serious problem with policies of pakistani generals in terms of the taliban. The taliban, the people who captured you, the people who kept you, what were they like as human beings . Tough kind of guerrilla warfare types . I felt the younger men were naive and knew very little about the world. They see afghanistan and islam as under threat from christian, jewish and hindu conspiracy and to obliterate islam from the earth. They are told this over and over again and its an alternate reality. What did you feel like when you escaped . I sort of couldnt believe it was real. We had talked about escaping for a while. Our guards were asleep at night and we snuck out of the room and went on a roof and used a car tow rope i had found to lower ourselves down a wall. We were desperate. I came to loathe my captors, particularly the commanders that grabbed us. He invited me to an interview in afghanistan. I remember stepping over that wire onto this Pakistani Military base and meeting this captain and it was just i couldnt believe it. People asked me what is bergdahl going through . The first few days i remember being worried that i would wake up before i went to bed the first night i was on the air base in bagram, i would wake up the next morning and it would all be a dream. Did it take you a while to adjust . Hes been there more than six times as long. Exactly. Seven months versus five years. So its much more its much longer and much more difficult experience for him. I had issues sleeping. I eventually was thrilled to be home. Hes going to have a lot of challenges and a lot of issues but he should be able to there are vietnam prisoners of war and people do live full lives after this happens and i know theres anger at him and he has many, many questions to answer. It was also whatever caused him to leave the base that night, i guarantee you that he regrets that. He regretted it every day the last five years and hes going to have this enormous burden to carry for the rest of his life. David, pleasure to have you on. Thank you. When we come back, why one of the most important cases before the Supreme Court is about teeth whitening. Really. I will explain. But when we put something in the ground, feed it, and care for it, dont we grow something more . We grow big celebrations, and personal victories. We grow new beginnings, and better endings. Grand gestures, and perfect quiet. We grow escape, bragging rights, happier happy hours. So lets gro something greater with miraclegro. What will you grow . Share your story at miraclegro. Com. I got more advice than i knew what to do with. What i needed was information i could trust on how to take care of me and my baby. Luckily, unitedhealthcare has a Simple Program that helps moms stay on track with their doctors and get the right care and guidancebefore and after the baby is born. Simple is good right now. anncr vo innovations that work for you. Thats health in numbers. Unitedhealthcare. Check the weather. Borrow teds wheelbarrow. Post big tomato pics. Buy a birdhouse for sparrows. Download gardening apps. Answer my wifes texts. Search how to sculpt hedges into a trex. I can do all that with my android from tracfone for as low as 7 a month. [ male announcer ] unbeatable nationwide coverage, no contract. For a limited time, save 50 on the zte valet. Now just 49. 99. Tracfone. Do everything for less. Now just 49. 99. That corporate trial by fire when every slacker gets his due. And yet, theres someone around the office who hasnt had a Performance Review in a while. Someone whose poor performance is slowing down the entire organization. Im looking at you phone company dsl. Check your speed. See how fast your internet can be. Switch now and add voice and tv for 34. 90. Comcast business built for business. Now for our what in the world segment. All eyes will be on the u. S. Supreme court this month as it issues its final decisions before recessing for the summer. When it comes back in session on the first monday of october, it will likely hear a critical case. The case is not about money and politics or affirmative action or powers of the presidency. Its about whether you can get your teeth whitened at a kiosk in the mall. What in the world . You see, Teeth Whitening Services have been in high demand since 1989. As with any billion dollar business, people are keen to capitalize on the trend. In 2003, nondentists in North Carolina started to provide peroxide white ening at significantly lower prices than dentists. Not surprisingly, the dentists started complaining. In this case, North Carolinas doctors of dentistry complained to the states board of dental examiners, the agency that regulates industry in the state. The board in response issued dozens of cease and desist letters to nonlicensed whiteners in salons and malls. In 2010, the federal trade Commission Found that the board, which consisted mostly of dentists, was trying to squash competition and violated antitrust laws. This legal battle is not just about teeth whitening as you might have guessed. The ruling will have far reaching implications for all of us. But first, let me explain what the case says about the u. S. Economy. In the last 60 years, america has seen an explosion in licensing. In the 1950s, only 5 of the workers of america were licensed. Today, almost onethird of the workforce has to be licensed from fortune tellers to shampooers to florists. Many states require a certification before you can practice your profession. And that large rise in credentials has caused a rise in costs for us consumers. According to a paper in the university of pennsylvania law review, occupational licensing can raise wages by as much as 18 and those higher wages get passed on of course to the consumer. More than 800 professions now have to be certified or licensed at the state level. Joining what used to be a select group like lawyers and doctors. A university of minnesota professor makes a compelling argument for the increasing that mass in minnesota to become a cosmetologist, you have to put in more school time than to be a lawyer. In texas you need 300 hours of course work just to work in the wig trade. Im sure wig making is a fine art but regulations like this are ludicrous and hurt the working poor the most. Let anyone who thinks they can arrange a bouquet set up shop as a florist and let the market decide if theyre any good, not some absurd board of accreditation. Mostly made up of florists. In late may, Republican House majority leader, eric cantor decided to take on beauty salon licenses and urged governors from across the country to reform of licensing practices which he argued create barriers for lowincome workers. Thats a start. Of course there should be safeguards and regulations but for the most part these certificates are simply a way for groups to restrict the number of people entering their fields. In other words, to keep out competition. And it is a serious problem for the american economy. Hampering growth and burdening the system with nonsensical rules and regulation. Republicans and democrats seem to have found some Common Ground on this issue. Maybe we cant get bipartisan reform of immigration or taxes or Energy Policy but we might get it on wig licensing. Up next on gps paradise lost. While the battle begins over the obama administrations new Carbon Emissions cap, another nation is slowly being submerged by rising sea levels. Ill speak to the president who is not going down without a fight. [ male announcer ] if youre taking multiple medications, does your mouth often feel dry . A dry mouth can be a side effect of many medications but it can also lead to tooth decay and bad breath. Thats why theres biotene. Available as an oral rinse, toothpaste, spray or gel, biotene can provide soothing relief, and it helps keep your mouth healthy, too. Remember, while your medication is doing you good, a dry mouth isnt. Biotene for people who suffer from dry mouth. A dry mouth isnt. But with less energy, moodiness, and a low sex drive, i had to do something. I saw my doctor. A blood test showed it was low testosterone, not age. We talked about axiron the only underarm low t treatment that can restore t levels to normal in about two weeks in most men. Axiron is not for use in women or anyone younger than 18 or men with prostate or breast cancer. Women, especially those who are or who may become pregnant, and children should avoid contact where axiron is applied as unexpected signs of puberty in children or changes in body hair or increased acne in women may occur. Report these symptoms to your doctor. Tell your doctor about all medical conditions and medications. Serious side effects could include increased risk of prostate cancer, worsening prostate symptoms, decreased sperm count, ankle, feet or body swelling, enlarged or painful breasts, problems breathing while sleeping and blood clots in the legs. Common side effects include skin redness or irritation where applied, increased red blood cell count, headache, diarrhea, vomiting, and increase in psa. Ask your doctor about axiron. The annual company retreat. Planned, as usual, by this guy. Nature lover. People person. And you put up with it all. Because he also booked you a room. At this place. Planet earths number one accomodation site booking. Com booking. Yeah there was like an i haderuption on my skingles. And burning. Id lift my arm and the pain back here was excruciating. When i went to the doctor his first question was did you have chickenpox . I thought it was something that, you know, old people got. President obamas ambitious cap on Carbon Emissions sparked a lot of debate this week but for another country the Climate Change debate is more than words and policies. It is a matter of survival. An island nation in the Pacific Ocean that 100,000 people call home is the canary in the coal mine. It could be uninhabitable just 30 years from now thanks to rising sea levels. Understand that this would be an entire nation wiped out by Climate Change. Here to talk about the problem and the plan to save his people is the president of the island. Pleasure to have you on. Thank you for having and giving me this opportunity. Tell me about your country. Why is it particularly susceptible to Climate Change. I think whats important here to understand is the geography of the island. They are very small islands barely two meters above sea level. Unlike most countries, if the sea level rises, we dont have anywhere to move back toward. We dont have any high ground to move towards. We are so vulnerable. You have 33 islands. Nowhere are you more than seven feet above sea level, correct . We have one single island but its the small island but the rest are atoll islands with that structure i explained to you. 32 of the 33 would be underwater in other words . They would be underwater given the projections being put forward. What does it look like right now . What are you beginning to already see . The severe inundation of the coastline on all of the different islands. Earlier this year the first three months we had very high tides, unprecedented, which destroyed a lot of the coastline and destroyed a lot of property and our neighboring Island Country declared a state of emergency. We suffered the same problems. We have sustained a lot of damage and we have to do a lot of repair work. What does daily life look like because you need Drinking Water and how do you what are the effects already in terms of those kinds of things . I think the disturbing thing that we see more frequently is its happening in more communities. With the attrition of the sea water coming into the freshwater ponds destroying food crops. That is happening. How long do you think you have . Perhaps by 20 years time well see some very drastic impacts. People might say why dont you just build some sea walls . We have been building sea walls over the years. That has not provided us with the answers and the question is what do you propose to do . Well, its been a very difficult question to answer. You have two plans i read about. One is a Japanese Company makes floating islands that you want to buy. Well, in fact we have many plans. We have to look and consider all possible ideas no matter how unrealistic. No matter how impossible because we are faced with an impossible situation. Yes, the japanese have come up with potential solutions. We are looking at that seriously as we are looking at alternatives very seriously. The other alternative you are looking at seriously is to buy land in fiji. We have actually bought land in fiji. How much land . About 6,000 acres. Thats a lot of very good land. The question you would ask me which i probably would not answer you is do you propose to relocate your people there . My answer at this point in time is not immediately. I think its an investment. Its going to provide Food Security but let me make this point. Earlier this year i had a state visit from the president of fiji and he was kind enough to speak on behalf of the fijian people to say in the event that we do need to relocate their people then fiji would be willing and ready to accommodate. What role does america play in all of this . America up to now has been on the sidelines of the debate of Climate Change. The recent developments that im watching with a lot of interest and the rest of the attention of the International Community is doing the same is the change in policy. We see this as a very significant change not only in the u. S. Governments position, but i think it will send a lot of very strong signals to the rest of the International Community. What do you think will eventually convince the United States and china and india to get serious about Climate Change . Let me make the point that whatever is agreed within the United States today with china, it will not have a bearing on our future because already its too late for us. So we are that canary. But hopefully that experience will send a very strong message that we might be on different on the frontline today but others will be on the frontline the next and the next and the next. You do think its too late for you . According to the science and the projections, i dont think the science is telling us it is already too late for us. So we have been asking the Global Community to say, okay, think about the future. Speculation of what would happen. Dont forget those are already affected for whom it is too late. Were working together collectively with the countries in the like situation where the marshall islands, the impact of Climate Change is total annihilation of our nations. President tong, pleasure to have you on. Thank you for having me. Next on gps all people are created equal, right . Not so fast according to my next guest. He has some controversial new science to share with us. Peace of mind is important when youre running a successful business. So we provide it services you can rely on. With centurylink as your trusted it partner, youll experience reliable uptime for the network and services you depend on. Multilayered Security Solutions keep your information safe, and secure. And responsive dedicated support meets your needs, and eases your mind. Centurylink. Your link to whats next. And thats epic, bro, weve forgotten just how good good is. Good is setting a personal best before going for a world record. Good is swinging to get on base before swinging for a home run. [ crowd cheering ] good is choosing not to overshoot the moon, but to land right on it and do some experiments. So start your day off good with a coffee thats good cup after cup. Maxwell house. Good to the last drop maxwell house. Trwith secure wifie for your business. It also comes with public wifi for your customers. Not so with internet from the phone company. I would email the phone company to inquire as to why they have shortchanged these customers. But that would require wifi. Switch to comcast Business Internet and get two Wifi Networks included. Comcast business built for business. Common belief in the 21st century is that skin color tells us nothing other than skin color, that underneath it all people are the same. Not quite according to my next guest. Nicholas wade is the author of the controversial new book a troublesome inheritance. A journalist that covers science, most notably genetics for the New York Times. Set out what you think is the important scientific finding that undergirds this book. That we have always thought that there was no real genetic difference among the races. We might all look different but underneath it were the same. The main scientific finding of the book is Human Evolution as we can now tell from looking into a human gee gnome has been very rapid and very recent and its also been regional. And the regionality underlines the fact of race. Because the populations on each continent have been evolving independently since we left our african homeland so about 50,000 years ago. Since evolution happens all the time, its a continuous unstoppable process that as population splits, the two halves will continue to evolve but independently. Over time they will accumulate differences between each other and eventually theyll become new species. So that as these groups sitting on different continents evolve, they acquire different characteristics and therefore its fair to say that different racial or ethnic regional groupings of people, whites, blacks, europeans, asians, are going to have different characteristics. Right. Now, the first question i would have is so that part of it i think people can understand. You see that east asians are generally lactose intolerant. You go on to say that while those differences are there, there are also probably differences in terms of political, social organization. That europeans are probably better at living in rule based societies that have democracy and liberty. Yes. I say that theres no reason to assume that the head is exempt from evolution. Our social behavior is as much subject to evolution change as any other part of our body. Another thing you talk about is how people adapt to extreme circumstances and your examples are eskimos or those that live at high altitudes and compare that to jews and capitalism. The jews have been able to adapt so well to capitalism because they were persecuted so much. There is a mystery of jewish super achievement for sure, but when i look, there were other small populations that were treated badly, discriminated. Expelled from various countries and in that case it didnt seem to produce high achievement. So why this seems like an argument backwards. You found the one case where there was high achievement and you attributed it to genetics. But all the cases where theres low achievement and they were persecuted, you didnt attribute to genetics. I dont think the persecution had anything to do with jewish achievement. I think the answer more probably lies in literacy. From a very early time, from 6380 onwards, it is required that jews be literate. That is because there was an historical reason why this happened. Right. But i mean, this is not genetic. It puts a constraint on there. If you have a population where you need to be literate to be a member of the population, generation after generation you can imagine people dropping out. Indeed historically, there was an enormous reduction in the Jewish Population as many opted out. Everyone was living by farming in these days. Education is of little interest to a farmer. Its very expensive. The size of the Jewish Population did reduce substantially in the four centuries after the first century. And one possibility is that this created a Natural Selection for people who took easily to literacy. You had people say the new republic is written an article and others that say this book is simply racist. What do you say about that . Well, thats completely untrue. Many people have based their opposition to racism on the idea that race does not have a biological basis. But this is factually untrue. It seems that one should oppose racism as a matter of principle and if you oppose it as a matter of principle, you dont care what the views say because youre going to change. Theres nothing in the human genes that supports racism. This view that i mentioned to you, that we should pretend that there is no biological basis to race. Nicolas wade, good to have you on. Thanks. Coming up next, why the anniversary of the square in china. And theres no excuse why a gaspowered heavyduty truck cant do everything you ask of it. No excuse at all. The new 6. 4liter hemipowered ram heavy duty. Guts. Glory. Ram. I got more advice than i knew what to do with. What i needed was information i could trust on how to take care of me and my baby. Luckily, unitedhealthcare has a Simple Program that helps moms stay on track with their doctors and get the right care and guidancebefore and after the baby is born. Simple is good right now. anncr vo innovations that work for you. Thats health in numbers. Unitedhealthcare. But when we put something in the ground, feed it, and care for it, dont we grow something more . We grow big celebrations, and personal victories. We grow new beginnings, and better endings. Grand gestures, and perfect quiet. We grow escape, bragging rights, happier happy hours. So lets gro something greater with miraclegro. What will you grow . Share your story at miraclegro. Com. What will you grow . Shinglesthe blisters tremendously as a pilot. And the pain in my scalp area and down the back of my neck was intense. It would have been virtually impossible in that confined space with the rash to move to change radio frequencies. I would just stop and literally freeze up. I mean it hurt. I couldnt even get up and drive let alone teach somebody and be responsible in an airplane. When my doctor told me that shingles came from the chickenpox virus i was very surprised. For two weeks i sat up in bed because i couldnt lay down. I had the scabs all throughout the side of my head and into the upper neck region. I didnt want to do anything except go to sleep and have the pain be over. As a pilot that meant i was grounded. After pope francis recent tour of the holy land, today the holy land comes to rome. The president s of the Palestinian Authority are visiting vatican city. It brings me to my question of the week. When did the holy establish diplomatic relations. A, 1948, b, 1978, c, 1993, d, 2000. The year that Pope John Paul ii traveled to israel. Stay tuned and well tell you the correct answer. This weeks book of the week is age of ambition. China has changed since the Tiananmen Square protest. To the rising expectations among every day chinese, it talks about the chinese dream and business and governments and religion. If you want to understand modern china, read this book. Wednesday was the 25th anniversary of the 1989 tiananmen crackdown. Despite massive protests, it wasnt news in china. June 4th, the anniversary of the protests, is sometimes called internet maintenance day in china because of all of the temporary censorship the government imposes. And if you were behind the great firewall on wednesday, you couldnt search for term s like june 4th or tiananmen, things like campus upheaval between spring and summer, the roman numerals for 1989, student movement, h squared, which is 64. Three days after june 1st, march 96. The list goes on and on and on. The connect answer to the challenge question is c, it wasnt until 1993, 46 years after israels founding that the vatican in israel established diplomatic relations. The early 90s were a smooth moving time and the Peace Process was proceeding and more and more countries were starting to recognize israel. Israels foreign minister was perez, and when perez met with Pope John Paul ii, he was hopeful that the vatican would recognize israel. Thanks to all of you for being part of my program this week. I will see you next week. Hello, everyone. Im fredricka whitfield. U. S. Secretary of state john kerry speaking out for the first time on the release of Sergeant Bowe bergdahl. His response to the critics. To leave an american behind in the hands of people who would torture him, cut off his head, do any number of things, we would consciously choose to do that . And an unlikely meeting at the vatican. The leaders of israel brought at odds. California chrome fell short of winning the triple crown and now his coowner is making headlines for calling the other horse owners cowards. That story behind that, coming up. It would have been i am comprehensible to consciously leave an american behind, the words of secretary of state john kerry speaking for the first time on the firestorm over the swap of u. S. Bowe bergdahl for five taliban leaders. Kerry sat down with elise labott and ask how closely will the five released taliban prisoners be watched . Were told that these five can roam around the country, pretty vague on what the restrictions and monitoring are. Tell me about that. And on a scale of one to ten, ten being the most confident, how confident are you that the qataris are going to be able to keep a close eye on these guys . They are not the only ones keeping an eye on them. The u. S. Is going to keep an eye on them . Im just telling you that they are not going to be the only ones keeping an eye on them and there are requirements and if they are violated, we have the ability to do things. Elise, i am not telling you that they dont have some ability at some point to go back and get involved but they also have the ability to get killed doing that. I dont think anybody should doubt the capacity of the United States of america to protect americans. No one should doubt the capacity of america to protect americans. And the president has always said he will do whatever is necessary in order to protect the United States of america. So these guys pick a fight with us in the future or now or at any time at enormous risk and we have proven what we are capable of doing with al qaeda, the core al qaeda in west pakistan afghanistan. Some people say Bowe Bergdahl is being swiftboated. Did he ser